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Zhang-Zheng H, Adu-Bredu S, Duah-Gyamfi A, Moore S, Addo-Danso SD, Amissah L, Valentini R, Djagbletey G, Anim-Adjei K, Quansah J, Sarpong B, Owusu-Afriyie K, Gvozdevaite A, Tang M, Ruiz-Jaen MC, Ibrahim F, Girardin CAJ, Rifai S, Dahlsjö CAL, Riutta T, Deng X, Sun Y, Prentice IC, Oliveras Menor I, Malhi Y. Contrasting carbon cycle along tropical forest aridity gradients in West Africa and Amazonia. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3158. [PMID: 38605006 PMCID: PMC11009382 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Tropical forests cover large areas of equatorial Africa and play a substantial role in the global carbon cycle. However, there has been a lack of biometric measurements to understand the forests' gross and net primary productivity (GPP, NPP) and their allocation. Here we present a detailed field assessment of the carbon budget of multiple forest sites in Africa, by monitoring 14 one-hectare plots along an aridity gradient in Ghana, West Africa. When compared with an equivalent aridity gradient in Amazonia, the studied West African forests generally had higher productivity and lower carbon use efficiency (CUE). The West African aridity gradient consistently shows the highest NPP, CUE, GPP, and autotrophic respiration at a medium-aridity site, Bobiri. Notably, NPP and GPP of the site are the highest yet reported anywhere for intact forests. Widely used data products substantially underestimate productivity when compared to biometric measurements in Amazonia and Africa. Our analysis suggests that the high productivity of the African forests is linked to their large GPP allocation to canopy and semi-deciduous characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyuan Zhang-Zheng
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
- Leverhulme Centre for Nature Recovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Stephen Adu-Bredu
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Natural Resources Management, CSIR College of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Akwasi Duah-Gyamfi
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Sam Moore
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shalom D Addo-Danso
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Lucy Amissah
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Gloria Djagbletey
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kelvin Anim-Adjei
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - John Quansah
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Bernice Sarpong
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kennedy Owusu-Afriyie
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Agne Gvozdevaite
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Minxue Tang
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, United Kingdom
| | - Maria C Ruiz-Jaen
- Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Panama City, Panama
| | - Forzia Ibrahim
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Cécile A J Girardin
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sami Rifai
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cecilia A L Dahlsjö
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Terhi Riutta
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xiongjie Deng
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yuheng Sun
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Iain Colin Prentice
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, United Kingdom
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Imma Oliveras Menor
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- AMAP (Botanique et Modelisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations), CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, IRD,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
- Leverhulme Centre for Nature Recovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Aguirre-Gutiérrez J, Malhi Y, Lewis SL, Fauset S, Adu-Bredu S, Affum-Baffoe K, Baker TR, Gvozdevaite A, Hubau W, Moore S, Peprah T, Ziemińska K, Phillips OL, Oliveras I. Long-term droughts may drive drier tropical forests towards increased functional, taxonomic and phylogenetic homogeneity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3346. [PMID: 32620761 PMCID: PMC7335099 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16973-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical ecosystems adapted to high water availability may be highly impacted by climatic changes that increase soil and atmospheric moisture deficits. Many tropical regions are experiencing significant changes in climatic conditions, which may induce strong shifts in taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of forest communities. However, it remains unclear if and to what extent tropical forests are shifting in these facets of diversity along climatic gradients in response to climate change. Here, we show that changes in climate affected all three facets of diversity in West Africa in recent decades. Taxonomic and functional diversity increased in wetter forests but tended to decrease in forests with drier climate. Phylogenetic diversity showed a large decrease along a wet-dry climatic gradient. Notably, we find that all three facets of diversity tended to be higher in wetter forests. Drier forests showed functional, taxonomic and phylogenetic homogenization. Understanding how different facets of diversity respond to a changing environment across climatic gradients is essential for effective long-term conservation of tropical forest ecosystems. Different aspects of biodiversity may not necessarily converge in their response to climate change. Here, the authors investigate 25-year shifts in taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of tropical forests along a spatial climate gradient in West Africa, showing that drier forests are less stable than wetter forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Aguirre-Gutiérrez
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Biodiversity Dynamics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon L Lewis
- Ecology and Global Change, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sophie Fauset
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Science, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Stephen Adu-Bredu
- CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, University Post Office, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Timothy R Baker
- Ecology and Global Change, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Agne Gvozdevaite
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wannes Hubau
- Ecology and Global Change, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Sam Moore
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Theresa Peprah
- CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, University Post Office, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kasia Ziemińska
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oliver L Phillips
- Ecology and Global Change, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Imma Oliveras
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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3
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Aguirre-Gutiérrez J, Oliveras I, Rifai S, Fauset S, Adu-Bredu S, Affum-Baffoe K, Baker TR, Feldpausch TR, Gvozdevaite A, Hubau W, Kraft NJB, Lewis SL, Moore S, Niinemets Ü, Peprah T, Phillips OL, Ziemińska K, Enquist B, Malhi Y. Drier tropical forests are susceptible to functional changes in response to a long-term drought. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:855-865. [PMID: 30828955 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Climatic changes have profound effects on the distribution of biodiversity, but untangling the links between climatic change and ecosystem functioning is challenging, particularly in high diversity systems such as tropical forests. Tropical forests may also show different responses to a changing climate, with baseline climatic conditions potentially inducing differences in the strength and timing of responses to droughts. Trait-based approaches provide an opportunity to link functional composition, ecosystem function and environmental changes. We demonstrate the power of such approaches by presenting a novel analysis of long-term responses of different tropical forest to climatic changes along a rainfall gradient. We explore how key ecosystem's biogeochemical properties have shifted over time as a consequence of multi-decadal drying. Notably, we find that drier tropical forests have increased their deciduous species abundance and generally changed more functionally than forests growing in wetter conditions, suggesting an enhanced ability to adapt ecologically to a drying environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Aguirre-Gutiérrez
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Biodiversity Dynamics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Imma Oliveras
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sami Rifai
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sophie Fauset
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Science, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Stephen Adu-Bredu
- CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, University Post Office, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Timothy R Baker
- Ecology and Global Change, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Deparment of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Agne Gvozdevaite
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wannes Hubau
- Ecology and Global Change, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Nathan J B Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Simon L Lewis
- Ecology and Global Change, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sam Moore
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Theresa Peprah
- CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, University Post Office, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Oliver L Phillips
- Ecology and Global Change, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | | | | | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Gvozdevaite A, Oliveras I, Domingues TF, Peprah T, Boakye M, Afriyie L, da Silva Peixoto K, de Farias J, Almeida de Oliveira E, Almeida Farias CC, Dos Santos Prestes NCC, Neyret M, Moore S, Schwantes Marimon B, Marimon Junior BH, Adu-Bredu S, Malhi Y. Leaf-level photosynthetic capacity dynamics in relation to soil and foliar nutrients along forest-savanna boundaries in Ghana and Brazil. Tree Physiol 2018; 38:1912-1925. [PMID: 30388271 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Forest-savanna boundaries extend across large parts of the tropics but the variability of photosynthetic capacity in relation to soil and foliar nutrients across these transition zones is poorly understood. For this reason, we compared photosynthetic capacity (maximum rate of carboxylation of Rubisco at 25 C° (Vcmax25), leaf mass, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) per unit leaf area (LMA, Narea, Parea and Karea, respectively), in relation to respective soil nutrients from 89 species at seven sites along forest-savanna ecotones in Ghana and Brazil. Contrary to our expectations, edaphic conditions were not reflected in foliar nutrient concentrations but LMA was slightly higher in lower fertility soils. Overall, each vegetation type within the ecotones demonstrated idiosyncratic and generally weak relationships between Vcmax25 and Narea, Parea and Karea. Species varied significantly in their Vcmax25 ↔ Narea relationship due to reduced investment of total Narea in photosynthetic machinery with increasing LMA. We suggest that studied species in the forest-savanna ecotones do not maximize Vcmax25 per given total Narea due to adaptation to intermittent water availability. Our findings have implications for global modeling of Vcmax25 and forest-savanna ecotone productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agne Gvozdevaite
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Imma Oliveras
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tomas Ferreira Domingues
- Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Theresa Peprah
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, KNUST, Ghana
| | - Mickey Boakye
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, KNUST, Ghana
| | - Lydia Afriyie
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, KNUST, Ghana
| | - Karine da Silva Peixoto
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Nova Xavantina, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Josenilton de Farias
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Nova Xavantina, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Edmar Almeida de Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Nova Xavantina, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | | | | | - Margot Neyret
- Centre IRD France Nord - iEES Paris, 32, av. Henri Varagnat BONDY cedex, France
| | - Sam Moore
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Beatriz Schwantes Marimon
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Nova Xavantina, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon Junior
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Nova Xavantina, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Stephen Adu-Bredu
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, KNUST, Ghana
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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5
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Gvozdevaite A, Oliveras I, Domingues TF, Peprah T, Boakye M, Afriyie L, da Silva Peixoto K, de Farias J, Almeida de Oliveira E, Almeida Farias CC, Dos Santos Prestes NCC, Neyret M, Moore S, Schwantes Marimon B, Marimon Junior BH, Adu-Bredu S, Malhi Y. Leaf-level photosynthetic capacity dynamics in relation to soil and foliar nutrients along forest-savanna boundaries in Ghana and Brazil. Tree Physiol 2018; 38:1926. [PMID: 30551152 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Agne Gvozdevaite
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Imma Oliveras
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tomas Ferreira Domingues
- Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Theresa Peprah
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, KNUST, Ghana
| | - Mickey Boakye
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, KNUST, Ghana
| | - Lydia Afriyie
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, KNUST, Ghana
| | - Karine da Silva Peixoto
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Nova Xavantina, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Josenilton de Farias
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Nova Xavantina, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Edmar Almeida de Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Nova Xavantina, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | | | | | - Margot Neyret
- Centre IRD France Nord - iEES Paris, 32, av. Henri Varagnat BONDY cedex, France
| | - Sam Moore
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Beatriz Schwantes Marimon
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Nova Xavantina, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon Junior
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Nova Xavantina, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Stephen Adu-Bredu
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, KNUST, Ghana
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Moore S, Adu-Bredu S, Duah-Gyamfi A, Addo-Danso SD, Ibrahim F, Mbou AT, de Grandcourt A, Valentini R, Nicolini G, Djagbletey G, Owusu-Afriyie K, Gvozdevaite A, Oliveras I, Ruiz-Jaen MC, Malhi Y. Forest biomass, productivity and carbon cycling along a rainfall gradient in West Africa. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:e496-e510. [PMID: 28906052 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is one of the most important parameters in describing the functioning of any ecosystem and yet it arguably remains a poorly quantified and understood component of carbon cycling in tropical forests, especially outside of the Americas. We provide the first comprehensive analysis of NPP and its carbon allocation to woody, canopy and root growth components at contrasting lowland West African forests spanning a rainfall gradient. Using a standardized methodology to study evergreen (EF), semi-deciduous (SDF), dry forests (DF) and woody savanna (WS), we find that (i) climate is more closely related with above and belowground C stocks than with NPP (ii) total NPP is highest in the SDF site, then the EF followed by the DF and WS and that (iii) different forest types have distinct carbon allocation patterns whereby SDF allocate in excess of 50% to canopy production and the DF and WS sites allocate 40%-50% to woody production. Furthermore, we find that (iv) compared with canopy and root growth rates the woody growth rate of these forests is a poor proxy for their overall productivity and that (v) residence time is the primary driver in the productivity-allocation-turnover chain for the observed spatial differences in woody, leaf and root biomass across the rainfall gradient. Through a systematic assessment of forest productivity we demonstrate the importance of directly measuring the main components of above and belowground NPP and encourage the establishment of more permanent carbon intensive monitoring plots across the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Moore
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Adu-Bredu
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Akwasi Duah-Gyamfi
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, Ghana
- Michigan Technological University, School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Shalom D Addo-Danso
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, Ghana
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Forzia Ibrahim
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Armel T Mbou
- Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Leece, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Valentini
- Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Leece, Italy
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostock, Russia
| | - Giacomo Nicolini
- Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Leece, Italy
- Department for Innovation in Biological Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Gloria Djagbletey
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kennedy Owusu-Afriyie
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Agne Gvozdevaite
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Imma Oliveras
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria C Ruiz-Jaen
- Subregional Office for Mesoamerica, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Panama City, Panama
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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