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Doshmangir L, Doshmangir P, Mobasseri K, Khodayari-Zarnaq R, Ahmadi Teymourlouy A, Sergeevich Gordeev V. Factors Affecting Health Policies for Older People in Iran. J Aging Soc Policy 2023; 35:859-881. [PMID: 37125863 DOI: 10.1080/08959420.2023.2205330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Globally, the number and proportion of people aged 60 years and older is growing fast. As people age, health needs become more complex, and the health system's responsiveness to older people's needs requires evidence-informed policies. Hence, this study explores the factors affecting the health policy development process for older people in Iran. We conducted 32 interviewers with people aged 60 years and older and 21 interviews with key informants involved in policy making related to older people. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Actors and stakeholders, policy structure, selected health policy processes, the health care service delivery system, government financial support, and community and culture building are the most influential factors in health policy making for older people. Government policies and health priority interventions are needed to address these influential factors for older people to ensure healthy aging over the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Doshmangir
- Department of Health Policy& Management, Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, School of Management & Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Management &Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parinaz Doshmangir
- School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khorshid Mobasseri
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Geriatric Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rahim Khodayari-Zarnaq
- Department of Health Policy& Management, Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, School of Management & Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ahmadi Teymourlouy
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management & Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vladimir Sergeevich Gordeev
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Afshari M, Teymourlouy AA, Maleki M, Asadi-Lari M. Enhancing global health diplomacy for non-communicable diseases: application of the global health network framework. Global Health 2023; 19:41. [PMID: 37344896 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-023-00944-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Understanding the characteristics of global policy actors and the political context in which they address diplomatic issues in the field of NCDs can play an important role in advancing NCD-related goals. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the network of global health actors in the field of NCDs in Iran. METHODS This study was conducted in 2020 using a qualitative methodology and framework analysis. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with subject-matter experts from all levels of diplomacy, including global, regional, and national, who had managerial, administrative, and academic experience. FINDINGS A total of 21 interviews were conducted with individuals who met the inclusion criteria. Following the framework of the World Health Network, the findings were divided into three general areas: the features of the network and the actors; the policy environment; and the characteristics of the issue. CONCLUSION A successful and sustainable program to combat NCDs requires the participation of multiple actors from governments, the private sector, and civil society at international, national, and local levels. The Global Network for Prevention and Control of NCDs should enhance the effectiveness of NCDs policies by highlighting the need to simultaneously improve the internal factors of the network, including relationships among the actors; external factors, including the policy environment; and the complex nature of NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Afshari
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ahmadi Teymourlouy
- Department of Health Service Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammadreza Maleki
- Department of Health Service Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Asadi-Lari
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Shabani A, Rajabi S, Alipanahi N, Ahmadi Teymourlouy A. Key Factors to Improve Pharmaceutical Industry's R&D Productivity: A Case Study of Iranian Pharmaceutical Holding. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2022; 36:117. [PMID: 36447552 PMCID: PMC9700404 DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.36.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Productivity is one of the most important factors of development in pharmaceutical companies, which is in direct contact with research and development (R&D) employees. The study aimed to identify and prioritize the effective factors for improving the R&D Activities of Iranian pharmaceutical holding. Methods: This case study was performed by a questionnaire designed into two sectors, demographic profile data, and nine attitude factors. The questionnaire was distributed to Iranian pharmaceutical holding. The main sampling targets were managers and employees of the R&D department. Cronbach's alpha considered the reliability of the questionnaire, and the validity of the questionnaire was measured by the content validity method. Descriptive analyses were done using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and variance. Also, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearson correlation coefficient, F test, and Friedman test were used as comparative and inferential analyses. Results: A total of 65 questionnaires were collected (43 are men and 22 are women) from 11 companies of an Iranian pharmaceutical holding. The 5-10 years of work experience with doctorate education levels were common. Based on the ranking done on the data using the Friedman test method, economic factors were recognized as the most important and individual factors as the least important factors. People aged 35-40 years had a higher frequency. Furthermore, there was a significant difference between considered factors and productivity of R&D. Conclusion: All current study's hypotheses show a significant difference in productivity in Iranian pharmaceutical companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Shabani
- School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Rajabi
- Iran University of Medical Sciences International Campus, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Alipanahi
- School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ahmadi Teymourlouy
- School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Asadi-Lari M, Ahmadi Teymourlouy A, Maleki M, Eslambolchi L, Afshari M. Challenges and opportunities for Iranian global health diplomacy: lessons learned from action for prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. Health Res Policy Syst 2021; 19:152. [PMID: 34952614 PMCID: PMC8703215 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-021-00800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The steady rise in noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) worldwide has been a key global health challenge. Governments have the primary responsibility for taking action to prevent and control NCDs. Given the growing importance of globalization of healthcare as well as the increasing use of soft power, governments need to identify challenges and opportunities to enhance global health diplomacy (GHD) for NCD prevention and control. The purpose of this qualitative research was to explain the challenges and opportunities of GHD for NCDs in Iran. METHODS This study was conducted in 2020 using a qualitative approach and through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 21 experts and specialists in related fields such as health policy, healthcare management, epidemiology and other related specialties. The participants were selected from all levels of diplomacy, including global, regional and national levels, with at least 3 years of experience in managerial, executive and scientific activities. Data analysis was performed by content analysis with an inductive approach. Data were analysed using inductive content analysis. RESULTS The identified challenges were categorized into five main themes, including content challenges, structural challenges, process challenges, governance challenges and cultural challenges. Opportunities extracted from the interviews were also categorized into four main themes, including strong political will, utilizing the capacity of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), multisectoral collaborations and a well-developed health system. CONCLUSIONS NCD prevention and control requires a multilateral collaboration-based solution. Recognition of the challenges and opportunities in GHD can help draw significant lessons for building the necessary capacities and implementing more effective policies to prevent and control NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Asadi-Lari
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ahmadi Teymourlouy
- Department of Health Service Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Maleki
- Department of Health Service Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Eslambolchi
- Health Management and Economics Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mahnaz Afshari
- Department of Health Service Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran.
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Asadi-Lari M, Ahmadi Teymourlouy A, Maleki M, Afshari M. Opportunities and challenges of global health diplomacy for prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:1193. [PMID: 34736461 PMCID: PMC8567539 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim The growing globalization has changed the goals and methods of diplomacy. Due to the challenges and complexities of dealing with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) at the national and international levels, policy makers require global health diplomacy (GHD) to achieve the goals of prevention and control of NCDs. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify the challenges and opportunities in GHD for NCDs. Methods A systematic review of articles was conducted by searching MEDLINE via PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase and by using Google and Google Scholar search engines. Additional articles were identified by reviewing reference lists and a number of special journals. The inclusion criteria include literature published in English from 2007 to 2020, and the exclusion criteria are literature published in any language other than English, absence of full text, dissertations, and duplicates. Overall, 32 articles met the requirements for inclusion in this review and were analyzed using content analysis in MAXQDA 10. Findings There are 32 published articles on GHD for NCDs. Identified challenges were classified into three levels: global (global health governance), national (Governance at the state level, health sector, and civil society), and industry. The progress on global health issues has created opportunities for the development of GHD for the prevention and control of NCDs. These opportunities were divided into three levels: international, national, and individual level. Conclusion Various challenges at the global level, national level, and industry led to less engagement of policymakers in GHD for prevention and control of NCDs and, as a consequence, a less coordinated approach to address prevention and control of NCDs worldwide. So, there is a need for more efforts of collective action and negotiation for tackling NCDs. Policymakers and managers of the health system should increase the advocacy, building a coalition with civil society, use negotiation and diplomacy to engage with other sectors and organizations, manage industry conflicts, and leverage foreign policy to promote health and welfare. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-021-07240-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Asadi-Lari
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ahmadi Teymourlouy
- Department of Health Service Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Maleki
- Department of Health Service Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Afshari
- Department of Health Service Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Shahabi S, Pardhan S, Ahmadi Teymourlouy A, Skempes D, Shahali S, Mojgani P, Jalali M, Lankarani KB. Prioritizing solutions to incorporate Prosthetics and Orthotics services into Iranian health benefits package: Using an analytic hierarchy process. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253001. [PMID: 34101766 PMCID: PMC8186777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Health benefits package (HBP) is regarded as one of the main dimensions of health financing strategy. Even with increasing demands for prosthetics and orthotics (P&O) services to approximately 0.5% of the world's population, only 15% of vulnerable groups have the chance to make use of such benefits. Inadequate coverage of P&O services in the HBP is accordingly one of the leading reasons for this situation in many countries, including Iran. AIMS The main objective of this study was to find and prioritize solutions in order to facilitate and promote P&O services in the Iranian HBP. STUDY DESIGN A mixed-methods (qualitative-quantitative) research design was employed in this study. METHODS This study was conducted in two phases. First, semi-structured interviews were undertaken to retrieve potential solutions. Then an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) reflecting on seven criteria of acceptability, effectiveness, time, cost, feasibility, burden of disease, and fairness was performed to prioritize them. RESULTS In total, 26 individuals participated in semi-structured interviews and several policy solutions were proposed. Following the AHP, preventive interventions, infant-specific interventions, inpatient interventions, interventions until 6 years of age, and emergency interventions gained the highest priority to incorporate in the Iranian HBP. CONCLUSION A number of policy solutions were explored and prioritized for P&O services in the Iranian HBP. Our findings provide a framework for decision- and policy-makers in Iran and other countries aiming to curb the financial burdens of P&O users, especially in vulnerable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Shahabi
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahina Pardhan
- Vision and Eye Research Unit (VERU), School of Medicine, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmad Ahmadi Teymourlouy
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dimitrios Skempes
- Disability Policy and Implementation Research Group, Swiss Paraplegic Research (SPF), Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Shabnam Shahali
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Mojgani
- Iran-Helal Institute of Applied Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Emergency and Disaster Resilience, Red Crescent Society of The Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Jalali
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Bagheri Lankarani
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Shahabi S, Mojgani P, Shabaninejad H, Teymourlouy AA, Behzadifar M, Lankarani KB. Physical rehabilitation financing in Iran: a policy analysis using Kingdon's multiple streams. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:413. [PMID: 33941180 PMCID: PMC8094566 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-06447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate financing is a crucial function, securing that physical rehabilitation services (i.e., physiotherapy, occupational therapy, prosthetics and orthotics) are available with no financial hardship. Like many other countries, despite the adoption of various policies and strategies in recent decades, Iran enjoys no desirable physical rehabilitation financing (PRF). Accordingly, this qualitative study aimed to explore the PRF-related strategies and issues as well as their impacts on relevant policies in Iran. METHODS An analysis of PRF-related policies was conducted in Iran using semi-structured interviews and policy documents review. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were employed to select key informants, including health-policy makers, civil society, rehabilitation-policy makers, university professors, and practitioners. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the collected data. The analysis was framed within Kingdon's multiple streams. RESULTS The hindering factors for desirable financing were weak insurance coverage, lack of sustainable financial resources, fragmented financing, lack of split between provider and financer, high-cost of physical rehabilitation services, low engagement of relevant experts in policy-making processes, and corrupt activities. In the policy stream, the following factors were highlighted: involvement of sustainable financial resources, the use of external revenue sources, allocated resources' earmarking, the integration of the current funds to have better pooling, the use of incentive and timely payment mechanisms, the implementation of strategic purchasing principals, and the employment of effective rationing strategies. Moreover, parliament support, changes in administrations, international effects, pressures from interest campaigns and NGOs, and international sanctions were found as factors affecting the politics stream. CONCLUSION The study findings revealed that a variety of national and international factors affect PRF-related issues in Iran. The recently enacted laws indicate that the PRF policies have already been on the national health political agenda. The study reflected the multifaceted nature of barriers to optimal PRF in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Shahabi
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Parviz Mojgani
- Iran-Helal Institute of Applied Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Emergency and Disaster Resilience, Red Crescent Society of The Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Ahmadi Teymourlouy
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Behzadifar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Kamran Bagheri Lankarani
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Shahabi S, Skempes D, Shabaninejad H, Ahmadi Teymourlouy A, Behzadifar M, Bagheri Lankarani K. Corruption in the physiotherapy sector in Iran: common drivers and potential combating strategies. European Journal of Physiotherapy 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/21679169.2020.1849397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Shahabi
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Dimitrios Skempes
- Disability Policy and Implementation Research Group, Human Functioning Unit, Swiss Paraplegic Research (SPF), Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Hosein Shabaninejad
- Institute of Health and Society (IHS), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ahmad Ahmadi Teymourlouy
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Behzadifar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Kamran Bagheri Lankarani
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Shahabi S, Teymourlouy AA, Shabaninejad H, Kamali M, Lankarani KB, Mojgani P. Physical rehabilitation in Iran after international sanctions: explored findings from a qualitative study. Global Health 2020; 16:86. [PMID: 32967707 PMCID: PMC7510125 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-020-00618-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the main aims of sanctions are the political and economic pressures on governments, literature has demonstrated the harsh effects of sanctions on the general public, especially on the patients, poor and disabled people. Since the international sanctions regime negatively affected almost all dimensions of Iran’s health sector, this qualitative study was conducted to investigate the situation of the physical rehabilitation sector after these sanctions. Methods This qualitative study was conducted from January 2019 to June 2019 in Iran using Skype, telephone, and face-to-face in-depth semi-structured interviews. Purposive and snowball sampling approaches were used to identify the participants. Also, framework analysis approach was applied to analyze the collected data. Results In total, 38 individuals including health policy-maker, faculty member, rehabilitation expert, Physiotherapist, Occupational therapist, and Orthotist/Prosthetist, were involved in the study. Based on our findings, a number of challenges facing the Iranian physical rehabilitation sector during the international sanctions period included: 1) socioeconomic challenges (inadequate funding, rising inflation rate, high unemployment rate, catastrophic expenditures, and inappropriate employment status of practitioners); 2) education challenges (decreased international collaboration and shortage of training devices and materials); 3) international challenges (rising issues in accessing services for patients from neighborhood countries); and 4) service delivery challenges (shortage of raw materials for producing the orthoses and prostheses, hardening of the importing the needed equipment, inappropriate infrastructures, and impossibility to use external assistance). Conclusion After international sanctions, the Iranian physical rehabilitation sector has faced considerable multifaceted challenges. Therefore, the international community must be aware of the situation and be concerned about the irreparable consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Shahabi
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Ahmadi Teymourlouy
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Kamali
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Rehabilitation Management, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Bagheri Lankarani
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parviz Mojgani
- Iran-Helal Institute of Applied Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Shahabi S, Ahmadi Teymourlouy A, Shabaninejad H, Kamali M, Lankarani KB. Financing of physical rehabilitation services in Iran: a stakeholder and social network analysis. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20:599. [PMID: 32611339 PMCID: PMC7328275 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-05447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inadequate financing is one of the major barriers in securing equitable access to high-quality physical rehabilitation services, without imposing financial hardship. Despite this, no sufficient attention has been paid to physical rehabilitation services and no specific financial resources have been allocated to such services in many countries including Iran. Owing to the fact that effective decision- and policy-making requires identifying possible stakeholders and actors and their characteristics, in the current study a stakeholder analysis and also a social network analysis (SNA) was conducted to identify the potential stakeholders and also their characteristics involved in physical rehabilitation financing (PRF)-related policies in Iran. Methods The present study was performed in two phases. Firstly, semi-structured interviews and relevant document review were conducted to identify the stakeholders. Then, the position, power, interest, and influence of each stakeholder were determined using a web-based questionnaire. Secondly, SNA approach was utilized to map and visualize the interactions among stakeholders. Results The findings showed that there are different stakeholders in PRF-related decision- and policy-making processes in Iran. In addition, the position, power, interest, and influence level of the identified stakeholders were varied. Moreover, although some stakeholders, like the Ministry of Health and the parliament have the highest level of power and position, they lack sufficient interest to participate in PRF-policies. Furthermore, SNA demonstrated that social network density was low, which indicates the lack of proper collaboration and interaction among the stakeholders. Conclusion As many powerful and influential stakeholders had low interest levels to warrant participate in the FPR-related decision- and policy-making processes in Iran, employing careful and effective strategies, that is ongoing negotiations, receiving advocacy, and making senior managers and policy-makers aware can be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Shahabi
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Ahmadi Teymourlouy
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosein Shabaninejad
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mohammad Kamali
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Rehabilitation Management, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Bagheri Lankarani
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Afshari M, Ahmadi Teymourlouy A, Asadi-Lari M, Maleki M. Global Health diplomacy for noncommunicable diseases prevention and control: a systematic review. Global Health 2020; 16:41. [PMID: 32375804 PMCID: PMC7201808 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-020-00572-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are one of the main challenges of healthcare systems around the world. In addition to the technical level, it requires political negotiations and solutions, such as global health diplomacy (GHD), which involves the participation of a wide range of actors and stakeholders and innovative international health partnerships. This review aimed to draw lessons for strengthening linkages with a wide range of actors and stakeholders from the GHD literature for NCDs, and how policymakers and political leaders can effectively use international health partnerships to beat NCDs. METHODS This research was a systematic review of the literature on GHD for NCDs. All relevant articles published in English were identified by searching PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases, Google and Google Scholar search engines, and the reference lists of identified articles as well as a number of special journals. 30 articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed using content analysis in MAXQDA 10. The Global Health Diplomacy Pyramid and Blouin and Dubé's (2010) analytical framework for examining negotiations were used to classify the data. FINDINGS 30 articles have been published on GHD for NCDs. Five key themes, i.e. the specific problem requiring global collective action, key actors, their interests in the problem, potential negotiation process, and potential scenarios for collective action and 46 sub-themes were identified. Moreover, given the importance of collaboration on NCDs in the international arena, actors were categorized into three groups based on the GHD Pyramid: (1) core diplomacy, (2) multi-stakeholder diplomacy, and (3) informal diplomacy. CONCLUSION Development and adoption of a global policy to tackle the rise in NCDs in developed and developing countries require policymakers and political leaders that participate in GHD. Successful developments in global health policy depend on the performance of and respectful relationships among the stakeholders, and global health diplomats need to understand the complexities of the institutional structures and functional relationships of the international institutions involved in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Afshari
- Department of Health Service Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ahmadi Teymourlouy
- Department of Health Service Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Asadi-Lari
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Maleki
- Department of Health Service Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Shahabi S, Shabaninejad H, Kamali M, Jalali M, Ahmadi Teymourlouy A. The effects of ankle-foot orthoses on walking speed in patients with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rehabil 2019; 34:145-159. [DOI: 10.1177/0269215519887784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ankle-foot orthoses on speed walking in patients with stroke. Data sources: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, CENTRAL, PEDro, RehabData, RECAL, and ProQuest were searched from inception until 30 September 2019. Review methods: This study was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guideline statement. Risk of bias assessment was performed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Begg’s test and Egger’s regression method were used to assess the publication bias. Trim and fill analysis was also used to adjust any potential publication bias. Sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of individual studies. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. Results: Overall, 14 studies were included with a total of 1186 participants. A small-to-moderate and non-significant improvement in favor of the ankle-foot orthosis versus without ankle-foot orthosis (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.41, 95% confidence interval = −0.15 to 0.96), similar effects of ankle-foot orthosis and functional electrical stimulation (SMD = 0.00, 95% confidence interval = −0.16 to 0.16), and a small and non-significant improvement in favor of ankle-foot orthosis versus another type of ankle-foot orthosis (SMD = 0.22, 95% confidence interval = −0.05 to 0.49) in walking speed were found. However, the quality of evidence for all comparisons was low or very low. Conclusion: Despite reported positive effects in some studies, there is no firm evidence of any benefit of ankle-foot orthoses on walking speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Shahabi
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosein Shabaninejad
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Mohammad Kamali
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Rehabilitation Management, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Jalali
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ahmadi Teymourlouy
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hosseini SF, Aboudzadeh M, Sadeghi M, Ahmadi Teymourlouy A, Rostampour M. Assessment and estimation of 67Cu production yield via deuteron induced reactions on natZn and 70Zn. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 127:137-141. [PMID: 28599227 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
67Cu radioisotope is a beta particle-emitting nuclide used in radioimmunotherapy (RIT) as well as for imaging, tracer kinetic studies and dosimetry. 67Cu can be produced by bombarding natZn with deuterons. In this study, the physical yields of 67Cu via natZn(d,x)67Cu reaction channel as well as via subreactions of 68Zn(d,2pn)67Cu, 67Zn(d,2p)67Cu, 70Zn(d,2p3n)67Cu, 68Zn(d,x)67Ni(T1/2=21s)→67Cu and 70Zn(d,x)67Ni(T1/2=21s)→67Cu in the natZn target have been calculated by using the MCNPX-2.6, TALYS-1.8 and SRIM codes. Also, the total cross sections for production of 67Cu from natZn(d,x)67Cu reaction channel in the energy range of 15-45MeV have been estimated by TALYS code. The best reaction to produce 67Cu radionuclide in a carrier free form was chosen with deuteron energy around 30MeV on 70Zn thick target. Good agreement between the calculated results and the experimental values shows that the employed methods can be used for prediction and production estimation in cyclotron.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammadreza Aboudzadeh
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, P.O. Box: 11365-8486, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sadeghi
- Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 14155-6183, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Ahmadi Teymourlouy
- School of Pharmacy, International Campus, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 14155-6183, Tehran, Iran
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