Genetic Polymorphism of ITGA2 C807T Collagen Receptor Encoding Gene of Aspirin Therapy among Javanese-Indonesian Healthy Respondents

BACKGROUND: Aspirin is an antiplatelet drug commonly administered as primary and secondary prophylaxis to prevent thromboembolic events. However, there has been a common incidence of aspirin resistance that leads to a recurrent cerebrovascular disease. One of the causes of such event is the genetic polymorphisms of the integrin alpha-2 (ITGA2) gene that encodes the glycoprotein Ia (GPIa) receptor in the pharmacodynamics of aspirin. AIM: This study analyzed the genetic polymorphism of ITGA2 as the GPIa collagen receptor encoding gene of aspirin therapy among healthy Javanese, the largest ethnic group in Indonesia. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 100 respondents who met the inclusion criteria with their blood sample taken for DNA isolation. Identification of genetic polymorphism in the target SNPs was done using the PCR-RFLP method with 5’-CCTTAAAGCTACCGGCCCATGT-3’ forward primer and 5’-TTGGCCTATTAGCACCAAAACTTACC-3’ reverse primer as well as Hpy188Irestriction enzyme to fragment the target at position 244 in the C base. RESULTS: This study found that the dominant genotype and allele were CT (51%) and C (66.5%), respectively. CONCLUSION: The allele frequency of ITGA2 gene in this study was similar to that of the populations in other Asian countries. Further research regarding the effects of ITGA2 C807T polymorphism on the pharmacodynamics of aspirin as an antiplatelet is recommended to minimize atherothrombotic events and examine its interactions as a biomarker of the risk and prognosis of some cancer types.

A novel NKX2–5 double variant corresponds with familial atrial septal defect with arrhythmia in Indonesia

Background

The transcription factor NKX2–5 is essential for heart development during embryonic stages. The genetic variant of NKX2–5 is founded in many congenital heart diseases, especially atrial septal defect (ASD). Most of NKX2–5 variants in Asia based on Chinese population are single nucleotide polymorphisms. Whether the same variant of NKX2–5 is also involved in Southeast Asia population is still unknown. Therefore, we investigate the NKX2–5 variant in atrial septal defect population in Indonesia.

Purpose

To investigate the genetic variation of NKX2–5 in ASD in Indonesian population.

Methods

We screened 97 patients with ASD (including 23 familial patients) for sequence variant in NKX2–5. DNA samples were extracted from venous blood samples. The whole two coding exons of the NKX2–5 gene from DNA samples were amplified by multiplex PCR and directly sequenced. Variations were detected by comparison with the standard reference genome. The distribution of genotype frequency in atrial septal disease familial and non-familial were analyzed.

Results

We identified a novel heterozygous DNA sequence double variant (c413 G>A, rs1366528649 and c561 G>C, rs767559311) in exon 2 of NKX2–5 gene was identified only in 3 familial ASD patients. These patients are related to first-degree relatives. Patients with these double variants have septal defects and arrhythmias in young-to middle-aged adults (sinus node dysfunction dan atrial tachycardia). Moreover, one reported single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (c63 A>G, rs2277923) was detected in 83 patients (85.6%), as 20 patients (87%) were present among the familial group, and 63 patients (85.1%) were found from the non-familial group. The distribution of rs2277923 variation among the familial and non-familial groups was not different. Variation of rs2277923 has 2 genotypes: homozygous AG presented in 42 patients (43.3%) and heterozygous AG shown in 41 patients (42.3%). The distribution of both genotypes is also similar between familial and non-familial groups.

Conclusions

We discovered that the novel NKX2–5 double variants (rs1366528649 and rs767559311) might contribute to familial ASD risk, although the rs2277923 is the most commonly found variant in ASD patients in Indonesia.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Dana Masyarakat Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing UGM fiscal years 2020

[Serum MiRNA as Predictive and Prognosis Biomarker in Advanced Stage Non-small Cell Lung Cancer in Indonesia]

Background and objective

Lung cancer is the most common cause of death in men in the world and in Indonesia where non-small cell carcinoma lung cancer (NSCLC) constitutes 85% of all lung cancer cases. The high mortality rate is due to a poor prognosis and is often diagnosed as having advanced stages. If it is known at the initial stage, the prognosis of lung cancer will be better. Prognosis can be predicted with a marker of prognostic biology, one of which is micro RNA (miRNA). This study aims to prove that serum miRNA can be predictive biological marker and prognosis in NSCLC patients in Indonesia.

Methods

This study was cohort retrospective among 52 subjects in "Dharmais" Hospital National Cancer Center. Sample was obtained from patients' serum. MiR-34, miR-148, miR-155 and miR-222 serum are measured through Real-Time PCR (qPCR). Data were analyzed and interpreted with descriptive analysis, bivariate analysis (Mann Whitney-U for two type of variables or Kruskal-Wallis for more than two type of variables. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to know association between characteristic which are sociodemographic, performance status, clinico-pathology, and survival rate in miRNA expression.

Results

From this study, miRNA expression: miR-34 (46.15%), miR-148 (23.08%), miR-155 (40.38%) and miR-222 (32.69%). Performance status score was statistically significant correlation with miR-148 (P=0.049) and miR-222 (P=0.018). High miR-34 is associated with multiple M1b metastatic type (P=0.020), cancer cell type (adenocarcinoma, P=0.009) and adenocarcinoma epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation (negative, P=0.031). There was a significant correlation between the high miR-222 as a poor prognosis in advanced stage NSCLC with M1b metastasis (Median Survival/MS: 27 d, P=0.049) and positive EGFR mutations (MS: 74 d, P=0.049) and correlation of miR-155 with adenocarcinoma (MS: 69 d, P=0.034) and positive EGFR gene mutations (MS: 58 d, P=0.023).

Conclusion

High miR-34 expression in advanced stage NSCLC is the predictive factor for multiple metastatic, adenocarcinoma cell type and adenocarcinoma negative EGFR mutation. High expression of miR-155 and miR-222 are poor prognoses, especially high miR-222 found in metastasis M1b and positive EGFR mutation and miR-155 found in adenocarcinoma and positive EGFR gene mutations. Further studies regarding correlation between miRNA and survival rate are needed.

The Interaction between KCNJ11 Gene Polymorphism and Refined Carbohydrates Intake on Obesity in Indonesian Adolescents

Background:

Obesity has been associated with genetic and environmental factors. Although carbohydrate intake was previously shown to be associated with a high risk of obesity and insulin resistance, some studies reported that genetic factors also have a role in this association. KCNJ11 is a gene involved in protein K-ATP channels of pancreatic beta cells and previously associated with obesity.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to determine the interaction between KCNJ11 polymorphism with a high intake of refined carbohydrates in relation to the incidence of obesity in adolescents.

Method:

This was an observational study with a case-control design. The subjects of this study were male and female adolescents from 10 high schools in Yogyakarta. Dietary intake, body weight, and height were collected. KCNJ11 gene polymorphism was detected by polymerase Chain Reaction- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method.

Result:

There is a significant association between KCNJ11 polymorphism with a high intake of refined carbohydrates in the incidence of obesity in adolescents (OR = 2.35, p =0.036).

Conclusion:

There is a significant association between the KCNJ11 polymorphism with a high intake of refined carbohydrates in adolescent obesity.

What information and the extent of information research participants need in informed consent forms: a multi-country survey

Background

The use of lengthy, detailed, and complex informed consent forms (ICFs) is of paramount concern in biomedical research as it may not truly promote the rights and interests of research participants. The extent of information in ICFs has been the subject of debates for decades; however, no clear guidance is given. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the perspectives of research participants about the type and extent of information they need when they are invited to participate in biomedical research.

Methods

This multi-center, cross-sectional, descriptive survey was conducted at 54 study sites in seven Asia-Pacific countries. A modified Likert-scale questionnaire was used to determine the importance of each element in the ICF among research participants of a biomedical study, with an anchored rating scale from 1 (not important) to 5 (very important).

Results

Of the 2484 questionnaires distributed, 2113 (85.1%) were returned. The majority of respondents considered most elements required in the ICF to be ‘moderately important’ to ‘very important’ for their decision making (mean score, ranging from 3.58 to 4.47). Major foreseeable risk, direct benefit, and common adverse effects of the intervention were considered to be of most concerned elements in the ICF (mean score = 4.47, 4.47, and 4.45, respectively).

Conclusions

Research participants would like to be informed of the ICF elements required by ethical guidelines and regulations; however, the importance of each element varied, e.g., risk and benefit associated with research participants were considered to be more important than the general nature or technical details of research. Using a participant-oriented approach by providing more details of the participant-interested elements while avoiding unnecessarily lengthy details of other less important elements would enhance the quality of the ICF.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12910-018-0318-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Patient-factors associated with metformin steady-state levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus with therapeutic dosage

AIMS

This prospective study aimed to analyze metformin steady-state concentration in repeated constant dosage and the influencing patient-factors as well as to correlate them with glycemic control.

METHODS

The validated HPLC-UV method was used to examine metformin steady-state concentration, while FBG and glycated albumin were used as the parameters of glycemic control during metformin administration.

RESULTS

A total of 82 type-2 diabetes patients were involved with 32.1% of them having metformin Cssmin and 84.1% having Cssmax of metformin within the recommended therapeutic range. One patient had metformin Css that exceeded minimum toxic concentration despite his normal renal function and administered therapeutic dosage of metformin. Higher Cssmax was found in patients with metformin monotherapy, while patients with longer duration of metformin use had significantly higher Cssmin.

CONCLUSIONS

Along with initial hyperglycemia and eGFR, metformin Cssmin became the only parameter that influenced FBG level (P < 0.05). Duration of previous metformin use should be considered in the strategy of optimizing metformin dosage. The type-2 diabetes patients with obesity are more suggested to take shorter interval of metformin administration (or possibly with sustained-release formulation) to keep Cssmin within the therapeutic range.

The Effect of Combination of Quercetin And Glibenclamide on Myocardial Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) Expression In Type 2 Diabetic Rat

Background. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder syndrome that marked by hyperglycemia. The main macrovascular complication is heart failure due to diabetic cardiomyopathy. Hyperglycemia can increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation that induce cellular damage. Quercetin is an antioxidant that reduce hyperglycemia and ROS by modify the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf 2).Objective. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of combination of quercetin and glibenclamide on myocardial nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (nrf 2) expression in type 2 diabetic rat compared with no combination.Methods. The rats were divided randomly into nine groups (each group consisted of four rats). The control group consist of a normal group that received placebo, DM control groups that received placebo and glibenclamide and intervention groups received quercetin 5, 20 and 80 mg/kgbw/day and combination of quercetin with 5 mg/kgbw/day of glibenclamide orally for a period of four weeks. The expression of myocardial Nrf 2 was measured by immunohistochemistry. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and p<0.05 was considered as significant. Results. Twenty and 80 mg/kgbw/day of quercetin with or without combination with glibenclamide orally for a period of four weeks increase myocardial Nrf2 expression higher than placebo (p<0.05). Eighty mg/kgbw/day of quercetin increase myocardial Nrf2 expression higher than 5 and 20 mg/kgbw/day (p<0.05).Conclusion. From this study it can be suggested that there are significant different in expression level of myocardial Nrf2 of type 2 DM after a combination of quercetin and glibenclamide, quercetin alone, glibenclamide alone and placebo.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.16(2) 2017 p.302-306

The role of vascular endothelial growth factor -634 G/C and its soluble receptor on chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS

The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene -634 G/C (rs2010963) influences the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There have been no studies on the role of VEGF SNP -634 G/C in chronic liver disease (CLD). The aim of the present study was to analyse the correlation between VEGF SNP -634 and the clinical severity of CLD and HCC.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A cross sectional study was conducted on 182 subjects (46 HCC, 39 liver cirrhotic/LC, 38 chronic hepatitis/CH; and 57 healthy subjects). The study was conducted from 2010 to 2014 at the Dr. Sardjito Hospital Yogyakarta, Indonesia. All subjects submitted blood serum for DNA sequencing examination using primer. The clinical data of CLD and HCC were assessed, and sVEGFR-2 was examined in 149 subjects. All data were analysed using STATA programme 11.0.

RESULTS

Significant differences were observed in genotypic frequency (GG/GC/CC) between HCC, LC, CH and healthy subjects (p=0.004), but though no significant differences were observed between the G>G and C>G genotypic frequencies (p=0.337). The frequency of genotype GG was significantly higher than genotype GC or CC in HCC and was associated with declining of clinical conditions (p<0.05). No significant difference in the distribution genotypes was observed with respect to the level of sVEGFR-2 in the serum. However, we observed a significant correlation between sVEGFR-2 and clinical characteristics in LC and CH (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Genotype GG of the VEGF SNP -634 is the dominant genotype in severe CLD and HCC. sVEGFR-2 correlates with the disease severity but is not directly associated with the SNP -634 genotype.

Dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and dietary fat intake in obese and normal weight adolescents: the role of uncoupling protein 2 -866G/A gene polymorphism

Obesity in adolescents has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Several factors have been proposed to be associated with cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents including dietary habit, physical activity and genetic. This study was aimed to evaluate the interaction between genetic variation and dietary intake on cardiovascular metabolic risk factors in obese and normal weight adolescents. The UCP2 gene was chosen because it was previously correlated with dietary intake and cardiovascular risk factors. This study is a case control study done in 10 senior high school in Yogyakarta. Subjects were obese and normal weight adolescents taken from an obesity screening with age ranged between 16 and 18 years old. Dyslipidemia was observed by measuring total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL dan HDL level while insulin resistance was determined by calculating fasting glucose and insulin level. Lipid profile, glucose and insulin level were measured after 8 hours of fasting. UCP2 -866G/A gene polymorphism were determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The results show that obese adolescents had significantly higher blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride, insulin level and lower HDL level than their normal weight counterparts (all p<0.001). In obese adolescents, UCP2 -866G/A was associated with blood pressure (p=0.025), total cholesterol level (p=0.025), LDL (p=0.024) level and HOMA IR (p<0.001) but not with dietary fat intake (p=0.386). Additionally, subjects with UCP2 -866G/A gene polymorphism and high dietary fat intake had lower risk on obesity compared to those without UCP2 -866G/A gene polymorphism and low dietary fat intake. We conclude that the UCP2 -866G/A was associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance in obese adolescents. Additionally, we also observed the interaction between UCP2 -866G/A gene polymorphism and dietary intake on the risk of obesity.

RET and EDNRB mutation screening in patients with Hirschsprung disease: Functional studies and its implications for genetic counseling

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a major cause of chronic constipation in children. HSCR can be caused by germline mutations in RET and EDNRB. Defining causality of the mutations identified is difficult and almost exclusively based on in silico predictions. Therefore, the reported frequency of pathogenic mutations might be overestimated. We combined mutation analysis with functional assays to determine the frequencies of proven pathogenic RET and EDNRB mutations in HSCR. We sequenced RET and EDNRB in 57 HSCR patients. The identified RET-coding variants were introduced into RET constructs and these were transfected into HEK293 cells to determine RET phosphorylation and activation via ERK. An exon trap experiment was performed to check a possible splice-site mutation. We identified eight rare RET-coding variants, one possible splice-site variant, but no rare EDNRB variants. Western blotting showed that three coding variants p.(Pr270Leu), p.(Ala756Val) and p.(Tyr1062Cys) resulted in lower activation of RET. Moreover, only two RET variants (p.(Ala756Val) and p.(Tyr1062Cys)) resulted in reduced ERK activation. Splice-site assays on c.1880-11A>G could not confirm its pathogenicity. Our data suggest that indeed almost half of the identified rare variants are proven pathogenic and that, hence, functional studies are essential for proper genetic counseling.

Abstract P3-01-08: Mammographic density and estrogen receptor α gene polymorphism in Javanese ethnic women

Background: Mammography density reflects the number of stromal and epithelial and one of strongest risk of BC. Estrogen plays an important role in the occurrence of breast cancer through a mechanism of proliferation and genotoxic effects. Action of estrogen on breast tissue by binding to estrogen receptors. The main estrogen receptor α is coded as ESR1 gene. The most studied variants in this gene are the PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms, which have been associated to lower sensitivity to estrogen.

Objective: To determine the proportion of genetic variation ESR1 XbaI and PvuII in Javanese ethnic woman in Yogyakarta, Indonesia and to study the correlation between genetic variations in these genes with mammogram density based on quantitative methods. This reaserch to be used as preventive measures for the development of genetic marker breast cancer risk associated with the density of mammography for younger women who have not entered the age to undergo mammography and can be useful as a reference for evaluation of anti estrogen therapy.

Method: Conducted digitizer mammogram density assessment using quantitative rating system based on computer-assisted methods of measurement with cumulus program based on interactive thresholding. Polymorphism identification ESR1 XbaI and PvuII RFLP obtained through PCR process. The numbers of genotyped cases and controls for each marker were 50 cases and 58. Mean of density and frequencies of SNPs were compared between cases and controls to identify SNPs associated with cancer susceptibility. Using anova, independent t-test, cruskal wallis and mann whitney u test we calculated significant different between SNP genotype group.

Results: The mean of mammographic density is higher in cases (52%) than in controls (0,41%) (p &lt; 0,05). Means of mammographic density were compared by ESR1 genotypes and haplotypes. The percentage density was higher in women with one or two copies of the PvuII p allele (means for CT/Pp and TT/pp are 49 % and 48 %, respectively) than in those with the CC/PP genotype (39%), TT VS CC (P &gt;0,05). Women with one or two copies of the XbaI × allele had higher mean percentage density (AG/Xx and AA/xx, 49% and 47%, respectively) than those with the GG/XX genotype (32%,), AAVGG P &lt; 0,05. Persentage of TT genotype and mean of density is higher in cases (30%, 52%) than controls (10,2%, 40%).

Conclusion: Haplotype 2 (TG/PX) was associated with lower sensitivity to estrogen and reflects as decrease of mammographic density. The findings of this study support the view that ESR1 polymorphisms may affect breast cancer risk through differences in breast density.

Keywords: Breast Cancer, Mammogram Digitizer, DNA polymorphism ESR 1 PvuII, ESR1 XbaI, PCR RFLP

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-01-08.

Relationship of angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism and hypertension in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

AIM

To evaluate the association between ACE gene polymorphism I/D and hypertension in Yogyakarta population.

METHODS

This study is a cross-sectional. Sample was taken by random sampling method from hypertensive, prehypertensve and normotensive subjects; from that were obtained 125 subjects, 97 subjects and 108 subjects, consecutively. ACE gene polymorphism I/D was examined by PCR. Genotype was classified as II, ID, or DD based on positive or negative insertion/delation allele.

RESULTS

This study shows significant differences of three groups (ages, body mass index (BMI), and family history of hypertension) and total cholesterol level in blood, which tends to have greater value in the hypertension group. Frequency of genotype II, ID, DD are 85 (68%), 39 (31.2%), 1 (0.8%) in hypertension, 66 (61.1%), 38 (35.2%), 4 (3.7%) in normo-tension and 56 (57.7%), 37 (38.1%), 4 (4.1%) in pre-hypertension subject, consecutively. Chi-square analysis shows statistically significant association between ID+DD vs. II genotype and hypertension. Multiple logistic regression analysis shows four variables that significantly influence to hypertension, namely ages, family history of hypertension, BMI, and ACE gene polymorphism.

CONCLUSION

ACE ID+DD genotype has significant relationship with hypertension in Melati population, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Germ-line mutation of KCNQ2, p.R213W, in a Japanese family with benign familial neonatal convulsion

BACKGROUND

Benign familial neonatal convulsion (BFNC) is an autosomal-dominantly inherited epilepsy of neonates. The KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 genes have been cloned as the responsible genes for BFNC. Detection of mutations in these genes is helpful for confirmation of BFNC or differential diagnosis of convulsive disorders in the neonatal period.

METHODS

A Japanese family with BFNC was investigated. Two siblings were clinically diagnosed as having BFNC. KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 were screened for mutations using a combination of polymerase chain reaction and denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. Nucleotide substitutions were confirmed by direct sequencing.

RESULTS

In the affected siblings a C-to-T heterozygous substitution was detected at nucleotide 683 (c.683C>T) in KCNQ2, leading to substitution of arginine with tryptophan at amino acid position 213 (p.R213W) in the S4 voltage-sensing domain of the KCNQ2 protein. The detected mutation may disrupt this highly conserved region among potassium channel proteins. The c.683C>T substitution in KCNQ2 was not present in the parents. KCNQ3 was also analyzed and a single nucleotide polymorphism, c.1241A>G (National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), SNP ID: rs2303995), was detected in the index family.

CONCLUSIONS

Two siblings with BFNC had a novel heterozygous missense mutation, p.R213W, in KCNQ2. This mutation may affect potassium gating, leading to neuronal excitability or convulsions in the patients. Furthermore, neither of the parents had the p.R213W mutation, indicating that it was a germ-line mutation. The possibility of recurrence of such a germ-line mutation in the next siblings should be explained during genetic counseling.

Somatic and germline mosaicism for a mutation of the PHEX gene can lead to genetic transmission of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets that mimics an autosomal dominant trait

CONTEXT

Familial hypophosphatemic rickets is usually transmitted as an X-linked dominant disorder (XLH), although autosomal dominant forms have also been observed. Genetic studies of these disorders have identified mutations in PHEX and FGF23 as the causes of X-linked dominant disorder and autosomal dominant forms, respectively.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the study was to describe the molecular genetic findings in a family affected by hypophosphatemic rickets with presumed autosomal dominant inheritance.

PATIENTS

We studied a family in which the father and the elder of his two daughters, but not the second daughter, were affected by hypophosphatemic rickets. The pedigree interpretation of the family suggested that genetic transmission of the disorder occurred as an autosomal dominant trait.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Direct nucleotide sequencing of FGF23 and PHEX revealed that the elder daughter was heterozygous for an R567X mutation in PHEX, rather than FGF23, suggesting that the genetic transmission occurred as an X-linked dominant trait. Unexpectedly, the father was heterozygous for this mutation. Single-nucleotide primer extension and denaturing HPLC analysis of the father using DNA from single hair roots revealed that he was a somatic mosaic for the mutation. Haplotype analysis confirmed that the father transmitted the genotypes for 18 markers on the X chromosome equally to his two daughters. The fact that the father transmitted the mutation to only one of his two daughters indicated that he was a germline mosaic for the mutation.

CONCLUSIONS

Somatic and germline mosaicism for an X-linked dominant mutation in PHEX may mimic autosomal dominant inheritance.

Screening for G71R mutation of the UGT1A1 gene in the Javanese-Indonesian and Malay-Malaysian populations

BACKGROUND

There are significant differences in the prevalence and severity of neonatal jaundice among various populations. Recently, it has been reported that a mutation of the UGT1A1 gene, glycine to arginine at codon 71 (G71R), is related to the development of neonatal jaundice in East Asian populations. However, whether the G71R mutation contributes to the high incidence of neonatal jaundice in different Asian populations remains unknown. The authors screened for this mutation in the Javanese-Indonesian and Malay-Malaysian populations.

METHODS

One hundred and thirty-six subjects were enrolled in this study: 68 Javanese-Indonesian adults and 68 Malay-Malaysian newborns (32 with jaundice and 36 without jaundice). Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) was used to screen for the G71R mutation, and the results were confirmed by nucleotide sequencing analysis.

RESULTS

With DHPLC, the authors easily and clearly detected seven subjects carrying the G71R mutation: two Javanese-Indonesian adults and five Malay-Malaysian newborns. In the 68 Javanese-Indonesian adults, the genotype distribution for G71R mutation was 66 G/G, two G/R and no R/R genotypes, and the mutated allele frequency was 0.015. In the 68 Malay-Malaysian newborns, genotype distribution for the mutation was 63 G/G, five G/R and no R/R genotypes, and the mutated allele frequency was 0.037. The genotype distributions did not differ significantly between the newborns with jaundice and those without jaundice.

CONCLUSION

The G71R mutation is present, but very rare, in Javanese-Indonesians and Malay-Malaysians. Thus, G71R mutation may not contribute to the high incidence of the neonatal jaundice in South-east Asian populations. DHPLC analysis is a very useful method for detecting the G71R mutation.