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Allouba M, Walsh R, Afify A, Hosny M, Halawa S, Galal A, Fathy M, Theotokis PI, Boraey A, Ellithy A, Buchan R, Govind R, Whiffin N, Anwer S, ElGuindy A, Ware JS, Barton PJR, Yacoub M, Aguib Y. Ethnicity, consanguinity, and genetic architecture of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:5146-5158. [PMID: 37431535 PMCID: PMC10733735 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by phenotypic heterogeneity that is partly explained by the diversity of genetic variants contributing to disease. Accurate interpretation of these variants constitutes a major challenge for diagnosis and implementing precision medicine, especially in understudied populations. The aim is to define the genetic architecture of HCM in North African cohorts with high consanguinity using ancestry-matched cases and controls. METHODS AND RESULTS Prospective Egyptian patients (n = 514) and controls (n = 400) underwent clinical phenotyping and genetic testing. Rare variants in 13 validated HCM genes were classified according to standard clinical guidelines and compared with a prospective HCM cohort of majority European ancestry (n = 684). A higher prevalence of homozygous variants was observed in Egyptian patients (4.1% vs. 0.1%, P = 2 × 10-7), with variants in the minor HCM genes MYL2, MYL3, and CSRP3 more likely to present in homozygosity than the major genes, suggesting these variants are less penetrant in heterozygosity. Biallelic variants in the recessive HCM gene TRIM63 were detected in 2.1% of patients (five-fold greater than European patients), highlighting the importance of recessive inheritance in consanguineous populations. Finally, rare variants in Egyptian HCM patients were less likely to be classified as (likely) pathogenic compared with Europeans (40.8% vs. 61.6%, P = 1.6 × 10-5) due to the underrepresentation of Middle Eastern populations in current reference resources. This proportion increased to 53.3% after incorporating methods that leverage new ancestry-matched controls presented here. CONCLUSION Studying consanguineous populations reveals novel insights with relevance to genetic testing and our understanding of the genetic architecture of HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Allouba
- Aswan Heart Centre, Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation, Kasr El Haggar Street, Aswan 81512, Egypt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, Guy Scadding Building, Dovehouse St, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Roddy Walsh
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, Guy Scadding Building, Dovehouse St, London SW3 6LY, UK
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Alaa Afify
- Aswan Heart Centre, Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation, Kasr El Haggar Street, Aswan 81512, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Hosny
- Aswan Heart Centre, Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation, Kasr El Haggar Street, Aswan 81512, Egypt
- Cardiology Department, Kasr Al Aini Medical School, Cairo University, Kasr Al Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Sarah Halawa
- Aswan Heart Centre, Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation, Kasr El Haggar Street, Aswan 81512, Egypt
| | - Aya Galal
- Aswan Heart Centre, Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation, Kasr El Haggar Street, Aswan 81512, Egypt
| | - Mariam Fathy
- Aswan Heart Centre, Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation, Kasr El Haggar Street, Aswan 81512, Egypt
| | - Pantazis I Theotokis
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, Guy Scadding Building, Dovehouse St, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Ahmed Boraey
- Aswan Heart Centre, Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation, Kasr El Haggar Street, Aswan 81512, Egypt
- Cardiology Department, Kasr Al Aini Medical School, Cairo University, Kasr Al Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Amany Ellithy
- Aswan Heart Centre, Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation, Kasr El Haggar Street, Aswan 81512, Egypt
| | - Rachel Buchan
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, Guy Scadding Building, Dovehouse St, London SW3 6LY, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, Sydney St, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Risha Govind
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, Guy Scadding Building, Dovehouse St, London SW3 6LY, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, Sydney St, London SW3 6NP, UK
- Present affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Present affiliation: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Nicola Whiffin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, Guy Scadding Building, Dovehouse St, London SW3 6LY, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, Sydney St, London SW3 6NP, UK
- Present affiliation: Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Dr, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Shehab Anwer
- Aswan Heart Centre, Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation, Kasr El Haggar Street, Aswan 81512, Egypt
| | - Ahmed ElGuindy
- Aswan Heart Centre, Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation, Kasr El Haggar Street, Aswan 81512, Egypt
| | - James S Ware
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, Guy Scadding Building, Dovehouse St, London SW3 6LY, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, Sydney St, London SW3 6NP, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Rd, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Paul J R Barton
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, Guy Scadding Building, Dovehouse St, London SW3 6LY, UK
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, Sydney St, London SW3 6NP, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Rd, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Magdi Yacoub
- Aswan Heart Centre, Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation, Kasr El Haggar Street, Aswan 81512, Egypt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, Guy Scadding Building, Dovehouse St, London SW3 6LY, UK
- Harefield Heart Science Centre, Hill End Rd, Harefield, Uxbridge UB9 6JH, UK
| | - Yasmine Aguib
- Aswan Heart Centre, Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation, Kasr El Haggar Street, Aswan 81512, Egypt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, Guy Scadding Building, Dovehouse St, London SW3 6LY, UK
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Sous M, Magdi E, Ebrahim N, Samuel I, Afify A, Ahmed M, AbdelNasser M, Hekal S, Anwer S, Tawfiq M, Elias S, Osman M, Shenouda B, Nouri A, Rateb A, Mohamed A, Salah M, Locas J, Abdelaziz E, Shash D, Osama D, Zakaria M, Elguindy AM, Aguib Y, Yacoub M. Abstract P632: The Ballana Heart Study: Preliminary Results. Circulation 2023. [DOI: 10.1161/circ.147.suppl_1.p632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Introduction:
There are considerable ethnic variations in the incidence and severity of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). To date, there have been very few studies from Africa and the MENA region and none that have focused on CVD. Ballana Heart Study (BHS) is a prospective cohort study of Egyptian Nubian population who live in the Ballana village (29,000 inhabitants) in the south of Egypt.
Aim:
Defining the cardiovascular phenotype, genotype and risk factors combined with follow-up visits for 30 years.
Methods:
Participants ≥18 years old after consenting go through a series of stations. A fasting venous blood sample is collected for diagnostic, genetic, molecular biomarkers testing and biobanking. Followed by a detailed questionnaire on demographic characteristics, anthropometry, vital signs, CVD risk factors and family history. Detailed clinical phenotyping including ECG, and Echocardiography. Follow-up visits and/or phone interviews occur every 1-3 years depending on their severity risk for a period of 30 years. Participants with evidence of CVD are referred to the Aswan Heart Centre for management.
Results:
A random sample of 1,200 representative households was obtained from official government bills. To date, 549 households were analyzed. The preliminary findings in the first 2000 participants showed a mean age of 46 years (62% females). The rates of consanguinity between spouses and parents were 45% and 39% respectively. Seventy percent were either obese or overweight (BMI ≥30 kg/m
2
.), 65% had LDL ≥ 100 mg/dL and 37% reported a family history of CVD. Investigation showed diabetes (23%), hypertension (20%), ischemic heart diseases (3.5%), only 15 patients (0.8%) had echocardiographic evidence of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) as defined by the world heart federation criteria and 7 patients (0.4%) were diagnosed with adult congenital heart disease.
Conclusion:
Population-based studies and community engagement have become an increasingly prevalent means of improving health. BHS is among the first population studies in Egypt and the MENA region to focus on CVD . BHS provides a phenotypically well-characterized population, the preliminary results has shown a very high incidence of consanguinity, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Future research integration of OMICs data and other determinants of health is essential to advancements in precision medicine, CVD understanding and prevention. It is anticipated that this ongoing study will yield valuable information for formulating healthcare policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sous
- Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation/Aswan Heart Cntr, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Esraa Magdi
- Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation/Aswan Heart Cntr, Aswan, Egypt
| | | | - Irini Samuel
- Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation/Aswan Heart Cntr, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Alaa Afify
- Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation/Aswan Heart Cntr, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Montasser Ahmed
- Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation/Aswan Heart Cntr, Aswan, Egypt
| | | | - Soha Hekal
- Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation/Aswan Heart Cntr, Aswan, Egypt
| | | | - Mo’mena Tawfiq
- Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation/Aswan Heart Cntr, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Sherouq Elias
- Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation/Aswan Heart Cntr, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Manar Osman
- Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation/Aswan Heart Cntr, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Basma Shenouda
- Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation/Aswan Heart Cntr, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Abdullah Nouri
- Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation/Aswan Heart Cntr, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Amira Rateb
- Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation/Aswan Heart Cntr, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Arwa Mohamed
- Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation/Aswan Heart Cntr, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salah
- Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation/Aswan Heart Cntr, Aswan, Egypt
| | - John Locas
- Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation/Aswan Heart Cntr, Aswan, Egypt
| | | | - Dalia Shash
- Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation/Aswan Heart Cntr, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Dina Osama
- Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation/Aswan Heart Cntr, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Zakaria
- Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation/Aswan Heart Cntr, Aswan, Egypt
| | | | - Yasmine Aguib
- Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation/Aswan Heart Cntr, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Magdi Yacoub
- Imperial College London, Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation/Aswan Heart Cntr, Aswan, Egypt
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3
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Allouba M, Walsh R, Afify A, Halawa S, Galal A, Hosny M, Fathy M, Theotokis P, Whiffin N, Anwar S, Elguindy A, Ware J, Barton P, Aguib Y, Yacoub M. Homozygosity predominantly affects hypertrophic cardiomyopathy minor genes in an Egyptian clinical cohort. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Consanguinity is prevalent in Egypt (35%) resulting in a high incidence of homozygosity. The influence of homozygosity on the genetics of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) has not been adequately studied.
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to define the genetic architecture of HCM in Egypt using ethnically-matched case and control cohorts.
Methods
Prospective Egyptian patients (n=514) and controls (n=400) were recruited to Aswan Heart Centre for clinical phenotyping and genetic testing for 174 genes implicated in inherited cardiac conditions (Illumina). Rare variation (gnomAD filtering allele frequency ≤4x10–5) in 13 validated HCM genes were classified according to the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) guidelines and compared with a prospective HCM cohort of predominantly European ancestry (n=684).
Results
Significantly fewer rare variants detected in Egyptian patients could be classified as (likely) pathogenic compared to Europeans (40.8% vs. 61.6%, p-value=1.6x10–5). Incorporating analysis from these Egyptian case-control cohorts into the ACMG guidelines increased this yield to 53.8%. Homozygous variants were more frequently observed in Egyptian patients (4.1% vs 0.1%, p-value=2x10–7), with variants in the minor HCM genes MYL2, MYL3 and CSRP3 more likely to present in homozygosity than the major genes (MYH7, MYBPC3 and troponins), suggesting such variants are less penetrant in the heterozygous state.
Conclusions
The integration of Egyptian-specific genetic and phenotypic data significantly improves variant interpretation in HCM and consequently the precision of genetic testing. The observed prevalence of homozygosity and rare variation in minor HCM genes in Egyptian patients provides important insights into its disease-mechanisms and genetics.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Science and Technology Development FundAl Alfi Foundation
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Affiliation(s)
- M Allouba
- Aswan Heart Centre - Magdi Yacoub Foundation , Cairo , Egypt
| | - R Walsh
- Amsterdam UMC, Experimental Cardiology , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - A Afify
- Aswan Heart Centre - Magdi Yacoub Foundation , Cairo , Egypt
| | - S Halawa
- Aswan Heart Centre - Magdi Yacoub Foundation , Cairo , Egypt
| | - A Galal
- Aswan Heart Centre - Magdi Yacoub Foundation , Cairo , Egypt
| | - M Hosny
- Aswan Heart Centre - Magdi Yacoub Foundation , Cairo , Egypt
| | - M Fathy
- Aswan Heart Centre - Magdi Yacoub Foundation , Cairo , Egypt
| | - P Theotokis
- National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College , London , United Kingdom
| | - N Whiffin
- University of Oxford, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics , Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - S Anwar
- Aswan Heart Centre - Magdi Yacoub Foundation , Cairo , Egypt
| | - A Elguindy
- Aswan Heart Centre - Magdi Yacoub Foundation , Cairo , Egypt
| | - J Ware
- National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College , London , United Kingdom
| | - P Barton
- National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College , London , United Kingdom
| | - Y Aguib
- Aswan Heart Centre - Magdi Yacoub Foundation , Cairo , Egypt
| | - M Yacoub
- Aswan Heart Centre - Magdi Yacoub Foundation , Cairo , Egypt
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4
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Aguib Y, Allouba M, Walsh R, Ibrahim AM, Halawa S, Afify A, Hosny M, Theotokis PI, Galal A, Elshorbagy S, Roshdy M, Kassem HS, Ellithy A, Buchan R, Whiffin N, Anwer S, Cook SA, Moustafa A, ElGuindy A, Ware JS, Barton PJR, Yacoub M. New Variant With a Previously Unrecognized Mechanism of Pathogenicity in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2021; 144:754-757. [PMID: 34460321 PMCID: PMC8389346 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.048295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Aguib
- Aswan Heart Centre, Egypt (Y.A., M.A., A.M.I., S.H., A.A., M.H., A.G., S.E., M.R., A.E., S.A., A. ElGuindy, M.Y.).,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (Y.A., M.A., P.I.T., R.B., N.W., A. ElGuindy, J.S.W., P.J.R.B., M.Y.)
| | - Mona Allouba
- Aswan Heart Centre, Egypt (Y.A., M.A., A.M.I., S.H., A.A., M.H., A.G., S.E., M.R., A.E., S.A., A. ElGuindy, M.Y.).,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (Y.A., M.A., P.I.T., R.B., N.W., A. ElGuindy, J.S.W., P.J.R.B., M.Y.)
| | - Roddy Walsh
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands (R.W.)
| | - Ayman M Ibrahim
- Aswan Heart Centre, Egypt (Y.A., M.A., A.M.I., S.H., A.A., M.H., A.G., S.E., M.R., A.E., S.A., A. ElGuindy, M.Y.).,Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt (A.M.I.)
| | - Sarah Halawa
- Aswan Heart Centre, Egypt (Y.A., M.A., A.M.I., S.H., A.A., M.H., A.G., S.E., M.R., A.E., S.A., A. ElGuindy, M.Y.).,Biotechnology Graduate Program (S.H., A.M.), American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa Afify
- Aswan Heart Centre, Egypt (Y.A., M.A., A.M.I., S.H., A.A., M.H., A.G., S.E., M.R., A.E., S.A., A. ElGuindy, M.Y.)
| | - Mohammed Hosny
- Aswan Heart Centre, Egypt (Y.A., M.A., A.M.I., S.H., A.A., M.H., A.G., S.E., M.R., A.E., S.A., A. ElGuindy, M.Y.).,Cardiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt (M.H.)
| | - Pantazis I Theotokis
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (Y.A., M.A., P.I.T., R.B., N.W., A. ElGuindy, J.S.W., P.J.R.B., M.Y.)
| | - Aya Galal
- Aswan Heart Centre, Egypt (Y.A., M.A., A.M.I., S.H., A.A., M.H., A.G., S.E., M.R., A.E., S.A., A. ElGuindy, M.Y.)
| | - Sara Elshorbagy
- Aswan Heart Centre, Egypt (Y.A., M.A., A.M.I., S.H., A.A., M.H., A.G., S.E., M.R., A.E., S.A., A. ElGuindy, M.Y.)
| | - Mohamed Roshdy
- Aswan Heart Centre, Egypt (Y.A., M.A., A.M.I., S.H., A.A., M.H., A.G., S.E., M.R., A.E., S.A., A. ElGuindy, M.Y.)
| | - Heba S Kassem
- Clinical Genomics Center, Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, Egypt (H.S.K.)
| | - Amany Ellithy
- Aswan Heart Centre, Egypt (Y.A., M.A., A.M.I., S.H., A.A., M.H., A.G., S.E., M.R., A.E., S.A., A. ElGuindy, M.Y.)
| | - Rachel Buchan
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (Y.A., M.A., P.I.T., R.B., N.W., A. ElGuindy, J.S.W., P.J.R.B., M.Y.).,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, United Kingdom (R.B., N.W., J.S.W., P.J.R.B.)
| | - Nicola Whiffin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (Y.A., M.A., P.I.T., R.B., N.W., A. ElGuindy, J.S.W., P.J.R.B., M.Y.).,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, United Kingdom (R.B., N.W., J.S.W., P.J.R.B.).,Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (N.W.)
| | - Shehab Anwer
- Aswan Heart Centre, Egypt (Y.A., M.A., A.M.I., S.H., A.A., M.H., A.G., S.E., M.R., A.E., S.A., A. ElGuindy, M.Y.)
| | - Stuart A Cook
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School (S.A.C.).,National Heart Centre Singapore (S.A.C.).,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, United Kingdom (S.A.C., J.S.W., P.J.R.B.)
| | - Ahmed Moustafa
- Biotechnology Graduate Program (S.H., A.M.), American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Biology (A.M.), American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed ElGuindy
- Aswan Heart Centre, Egypt (Y.A., M.A., A.M.I., S.H., A.A., M.H., A.G., S.E., M.R., A.E., S.A., A. ElGuindy, M.Y.).,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (Y.A., M.A., P.I.T., R.B., N.W., A. ElGuindy, J.S.W., P.J.R.B., M.Y.)
| | - James S Ware
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (Y.A., M.A., P.I.T., R.B., N.W., A. ElGuindy, J.S.W., P.J.R.B., M.Y.).,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, United Kingdom (R.B., N.W., J.S.W., P.J.R.B.).,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, United Kingdom (S.A.C., J.S.W., P.J.R.B.)
| | - Paul J R Barton
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (Y.A., M.A., P.I.T., R.B., N.W., A. ElGuindy, J.S.W., P.J.R.B., M.Y.).,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, United Kingdom (R.B., N.W., J.S.W., P.J.R.B.).,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, United Kingdom (S.A.C., J.S.W., P.J.R.B.)
| | - Magdi Yacoub
- Aswan Heart Centre, Egypt (Y.A., M.A., A.M.I., S.H., A.A., M.H., A.G., S.E., M.R., A.E., S.A., A. ElGuindy, M.Y.).,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (Y.A., M.A., P.I.T., R.B., N.W., A. ElGuindy, J.S.W., P.J.R.B., M.Y.).,Harefield Heart Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.Y.)
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5
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Ladenheim A, Tian M, Afify A, Campbell M, Kamangar E. Primary Angiosarcoma of the Adrenal Gland: Report of 2 Cases and Review of the Literature. Int J Surg Pathol 2021; 30:76-85. [PMID: 34029146 DOI: 10.1177/10668969211020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary adrenal angiosarcoma is a rare, malignant, vascular neoplasm. These neoplasms typically arise in middle age (median age of 60 years) and are more common in males (65%) than in females. Although rare, these neoplasms are aggressive with a propensity for local recurrence and metastasis and a median survival of 18 months. We present 2 cases of primary adrenal angiosarcoma with synchronous, ipsilateral adrenocortical adenomas. We review the cases of adrenal angiosarcoma reported since 1988 and discuss their clinical and histopathologic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miao Tian
- 8789University of California Davis, Sacramento, USA
| | - Alaa Afify
- 8789University of California Davis, Sacramento, USA
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6
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Lara MS, Afify A, Ellis MP, Phan CT, Richman DP, Riess JW. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Myasthenia Gravis in a Patient with Advanced NSCLC and Remote History of Thymoma. Clin Lung Cancer 2019; 20:e489-e491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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7
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Mitra AD, Afify A. Ovarian teratoma associated Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a difficult diagnosis with a favorable prognosis. Autops Case Rep 2018; 8:e2018019. [PMID: 29780755 PMCID: PMC5953185 DOI: 10.4322/acr.2018.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is a recently described
auto-immune and paraneoplastic encephalitis with prominent neuropsychiatric manifestations
affecting young adults with ovarian teratoma. The availability of a novel assay to measure
these antibodies might suggest an etiology for this potentially life-threatening disease,
which if early recognized can be treated promptly with surgery with chances of a good clinical
outcome. Reported prognostic indicators for a good outcome depend on the presence of a tumor,
prompt treatment and no admission to an intensive care unit. However, due to the rarity and
unawareness of this disease, the diagnosis may be delayed as primary psychiatric disorders,
and infective encephalitis is taken more into consideration and ruled out first. Here we report
a case of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in a 22-year-old female prompted by an ovarian teratoma
with a gradual and complete resolution of symptoms after surgical excision of the teratoma
and immunomodulating therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Datta Mitra
- University of California, Davis Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine . Sacramento, CA , USA
| | - Alaa Afify
- University of California, Davis Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine . Sacramento, CA , USA
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8
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Ames E, Campbell MJ, Afify A, Krane JF, Huang EC. Sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia: Cytologic characterization of a rare distinct entity in the thyroid. Diagn Cytopathol 2018; 46:632-635. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.23914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ames
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of California, Davis Medical Center; Sacramento California
| | - Michael J. Campbell
- Department of Surgery; University of California, Davis Medical Center; Sacramento California
| | - Alaa Afify
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of California, Davis Medical Center; Sacramento California
| | - Jeffrey F. Krane
- Department of Pathology; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Eric C. Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of California, Davis Medical Center; Sacramento California
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Betts EV, Chen M, Huang E, Afify A. 87 Cytologic Characterization of Lymphomas in Body Fluids: A Retrospective Study at a Single Institution. Am J Clin Pathol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqx117.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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10
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Bhambra AC, Zhang Y, Huang EC, Bishop J, Matin M, Afify A. Pleural fluid metastases of myoepithelial carcinoma: A case report and review of the literature. Cytojournal 2016; 13:13. [PMID: 27382407 PMCID: PMC4916740 DOI: 10.4103/1742-6413.183829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoepithelial carcinoma (MECA) is one of the rarest salivary gland neoplasms, which may either arise de novo or develop within a preexisting pleomorphic adenoma or benign myoepithelioma. The tumor occurs mainly in the parotid gland followed by minor salivary glands and other body sites. As a result of their morphologic heterogeneity, they can be confused easily with many tumors. Awareness of their unique cytoarchitectural patterns and immunohistochemical profile is crucial for accurate identification. Herein, we report a rare case of a 51-year-old female patient with MECA of the maxillary sinus that metastasized to the pleural fluid. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of pleural fluid involvement by MECA reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Calderon Bhambra
- Address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Eric C Huang
- Address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - John Bishop
- Address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Mahan Matin
- Address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Alaa Afify
- Address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
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11
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Zhang Y, Afify A, Gandour-Edwards RF, Bishop JW, Huang EC. Small cell mesothelioma: A rare entity and diagnostic pitfall mimicking small cell lung carcinoma on fine-needle aspiration. Diagn Cytopathol 2016; 44:526-9. [PMID: 26952387 DOI: 10.1002/dc.23460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Small cell mesothelioma (SCM) is an extremely rare variant of epithelioid mesothelioma that can be mistaken for other forms of small round blue cell tumors, particularly small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). Here, we describe a fine-needle aspiration (FNA) from a pleural lesion in a 75-year-old man with a history of known asbestos exposure. The FNA revealed cohesive clusters of uniform small round blue cells with high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, finely powdery chromatin, small inconspicuous nucleoli, and scant amount of cytoplasm. Mitoses were infrequent and nuclear molding was absent. Immunochemical profile supported a mesothelial origin, which was later confirmed by pleurectomy with a diagnosis of SCM. This report demonstrates the difficulties in cytologic evaluation of lung FNAs in differentiating SCM from SCLC or other small round blue cell tumors. As therapy differs for SCM, early recognition of the cytologic features is essential in making the correct diagnosis needed for appropriate clinical management. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:526-529. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Alaa Afify
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Regina F Gandour-Edwards
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
| | - John W Bishop
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Eric C Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
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12
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Afify A, Durbin-Johnson B, Virdi A, Jess H. The expression of CD44v6 in colon: from normal to malignant. Ann Diagn Pathol 2016; 20:19-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Afify A, Huang EC, Jeong M, Urayama S. Immunoisolation of pancreatic epithelial cells from endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspirates with magnetic beads for downstream molecular application. Diagn Cytopathol 2015; 44:32-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.23383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Afify
- Division of Cytopathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of California, Davis; Sacramento California 95817
| | - Eric C. Huang
- Division of Cytopathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of California, Davis; Sacramento California 95817
| | - Matthew Jeong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine; University of California; Davis California
| | - Shiro Urayama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine; University of California; Davis California
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Afify A, Das S, Mingyi C. Two smalls in one: Coincident small cell carcinoma and small lymphocytic lymphoma in a lymph node diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Cytojournal 2012; 9:5. [PMID: 22438859 PMCID: PMC3307210 DOI: 10.4103/1742-6413.93280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia / small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL / SLL) is one of the most common lymphoproliferative disorders in western countries. Patients with SLL / CLL are at increased risk of site-specific secondary cancers. We present a unique case of a 71-year-old male, with a history of SLL / CLL, who presented with pulmonary symptoms and a mediastinal mass. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the mediastinal lymph node revealed synchronous SLL / CLL and small cell carcinoma (SCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The patient underwent a computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest and endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial fine needle aspiration of the mediastinal lymph node (4R). The sample was submitted for cytopathology, immunohistochemical stains, and flow cytometry evaluation. RESULTS Fine needle aspiration of the mediastinal lymph node revealed neoplastic cells, in clusters and singly, with cytological features suggestive of small cell carcinoma. The immunohistochemistry results confirmed this diagnosis. Small-to-medium, mature-appearing lymphocytes were also present in the background. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that these lymphocytes possessed an immunophenotype consistent with CLL / SLL. CONCLUSIONS This case illustrates the importance of a pathologist's awareness of the possibility of concurrent lymphoma and metastatic carcinoma in a lymph node. When evaluating lymph nodes, pathologists must strive to identify both foreign cells and subtle lymphoid changes. As demonstrated by our case, ancillary techniques (such as immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry) can be critical to making a complete and accurate diagnosis. The diagnosis of small cell carcinoma in the enlarged lymph node, primarily harboring CLL / SLL, is of critical importance for decision-making and treatment purposes, in addition to having a significant adverse impact on the overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Afify
- Address: Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis Health System, 4400 V Street, PATH Building, Sacramento CA 95817
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15
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Abstract
CONTEXT The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Numerous groups have shown increased circulating biomarkers of inflammation in MetS. However, there are scanty data on the cellular sources contributing to this low-grade inflammation. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the role of sc adipose tissue (SAT) biology in nascent MetS without concomitant diabetes or CVD. PATIENTS AND METHODS Subjects with MetS and controls were recruited after informed consent. Fasting blood was collected, and SAT was obtained by biopsy. RESULTS Circulating biomarkers of inflammation and insulin resistance, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), IL-6, IL-1β, leptin, serum amyloid A, and retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP-4) concentrations were significantly higher in the MetS subjects than controls, whereas adiponectin concentrations were lower. In SAT, leptin, RBP-4, CRP, serum amyloid A, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) levels were significantly higher in MetS than controls. These differences except for RBP-4 persisted after adjusting for waist circumference. In addition, there were significantly increased numbers of macrophages infiltrating the SAT of MetS and increased numbers of crown-like structures compared with controls. hsCRP correlated positively with homeostasis model assessment and SAT MCP-1 and negatively with adiponectin. Homeostasis model assessment correlated positively with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, RBP-4, and SAT MCP-1. CONCLUSIONS We make the novel observation that SAT of MetS has increased macrophage recruitment with cardinal crown-like structure features and contributes to the increased cellular inflammation that produces increased levels of biomarkers that are correlated with both insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation. These aberrations could contribute to the progression of MetS and the increased risk for diabetes and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Bremer
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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Devaraj S, Tobias P, Kasinath BS, Ramsamooj R, Afify A, Jialal I. Knockout of toll-like receptor-2 attenuates both the proinflammatory state of diabetes and incipient diabetic nephropathy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:1796-804. [PMID: 21617141 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.228924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is a proinflammatory state and confers an increased risk for vascular complications. Toll-like receptors (TLR) could participate in diabetic vasculopathies. Whether TLR activation contributes to the proinflammatory state of T1DM and the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We induced T1DM in TLR2 knockout mice (TLR2-/-) and wild-type littermates (C57BL/6J-WT) using streptozotocin (STZ). Fasting blood, peritoneal macrophages, and kidneys were obtained for flow cytometry, Western blot, microscopy, and cytokine assays at 6 and 14 weeks after induction of diabetes. Macrophage TLR2 expression and MyD88-dependent signaling were increased in diabetic mice (WT+STZ) compared with nondiabetic WT mice. These biomarkers were attenuated in diabetic TLR2-/- macrophages. WT+STZ mice showed increased kidney:body weight ratio due to cell hypertrophy, increased albuminuria, decreased kidney nephrin, podocin, and podocyte number and increased transforming growth factor-β and laminin compared with WT mice. Nephrin, podocin, and podocyte number and effacement were restored, and transforming growth factor-β and laminin levels were decreased in TLR2-/-+ STZ mice kidneys versus WT+STZ. Peritoneal and kidney macrophages were predominantly M1 phenotype in WT+STZ mice; this was attenuated in TLR2-/-+STZ mice. CONCLUSIONS These data support a role for TLR2 in promoting inflammation and early changes of incipient diabetic nephropathy, in addition to albuminuria and podocyte loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi Devaraj
- Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Howell LP, Wilton M, Bishop J, Afify A. Living with uncertainty: equivocal Pap test results and the evolution of ASC terminology. Diagn Cytopathol 2010; 38:221-32. [PMID: 19856423 DOI: 10.1002/dc.21191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Communication of equivocal findings and their significance has been a significant challenge related to Pap testing throughout its history. Terminology to report these findings has changed considerably to accommodate the changes in understanding of cervical neoplasia, and to accommodate new management strategies, tests, and technologies. This article reviews the evolution of terminology for equivocal Pap test findings from the original Papanicolaou classification to the current the Bethesda System 2001 atypical squamous cells terminology, the implication and use of these terms, and the changing landscape of cervical neoplasia screening, which prompted these terminology changes. Emerging issues related to improving risk stratification through the introduction of additional terms and the impact of human papillomavirus testing may alter terminology of equivocal findings in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Pleotis Howell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, USA.
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18
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singh U, Devaraj S, Dasu MR, Afify A, Jialal I. In‐vivo Evidence of C‐Reactive Protein‐Mediated Metalloproteinase‐9 Induction from Rat Macrophages: Molecular Insights. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.903.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- uma singh
- PathologyUC Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCA
| | | | | | - A Afify
- PathologyUC Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCA
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Singh U, Dasu MR, Yancey PG, Afify A, Devaraj S, Jialal I. Human C-reactive protein promotes oxidized low density lipoprotein uptake and matrix metalloproteinase-9 release in Wistar rats. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:1015-23. [PMID: 18245817 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700535-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is present in the atherosclerotic plaques and appears to promote atherogenesis. Intraplaque CRP colocalizes with oxidized low density lipoprotein (OxLDL) and macrophages in human atherosclerotic lesions. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been implicated in plaque rupture. CRP promotes OxLDL uptake and MMP induction in vitro; however, these have not been investigated in vivo. We examined the effect of CRP on OxLDL uptake and MMP-9 production in vivo in Wistar rats. CRP significantly increased OxLDL uptake in the peritoneal and sterile pouch macrophages compared with human serum albumin (huSA). CRP also significantly increased intracellular cholesteryl ester accumulation compared with huSA. The increased uptake of OxLDL by CRP was inhibited by pretreatment with antibodies to CD32, CD64, CD36, and fucoidin, suggesting uptake by both scavenger receptors and Fc-gamma receptors. Furthermore, CRP treatment increased MMP-9 activity in macrophages compared with huSA, which was abrogated by inhibitors to p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB but not Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) before human CRP treatment. Because OxLDL uptake by macrophages contributes to foam cell formation and MMP release contributes to plaque instability, this study provides novel in vivo evidence for the role of CRP in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
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20
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Afify A, Lynne LC, Howell L. Correlation of cytologic examination with ELISA assays for hyaluronan and soluble CD44v6 levels in evaluation of effusions. Diagn Cytopathol 2007; 35:105-10. [PMID: 17230576 DOI: 10.1002/dc.20585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) and its major cell surface receptor, CD44, play an important role in tumor growth, proliferation, neovascularization, and invasion. CD44 is an integral transmembrane protein and exists in standard form (CD44s), as well as a myriad of CD44 variants isoforms (CD44v1-v10). Functional fragments of the CD44 can be released from the cell membrane by proteolytic cleavage of extracellular domain producing soluble CD44. Although studies have proposed the use of serum HA and soluble CD44, specifically soluble CD44v6 (sCD44v6) levels, as a tumor markers, its diagnostic utility in body fluid samples has not been clearly established. The purpose of this study was to correlate HA and sCD44v6 levels in effusions with the cytology diagnosis and to assess their usefulness in differentiating between malignant and nonmalignant effusions. In this retrospective study we evaluated HA and sCD44v6 contents in 20 effusions from cytologically positive samples and 10 effusions from cytologically negative samples. Corresponding cytopathology slides were reviewed to confirm the diagnoses. Malignant effusions included 18 cases of metastatic adenocarcinomas (9 ovarian, 3 breast, 3 pulmonary, 3 adenocarcinoma of unknown primary) and 2 cases of lymphomas. The level of HA and sCD44v6 were measured using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay. For HA, we used hyaluronic acid quantitative test kit (Corgenix, Denver, CO) and for sCD44v6 we used Human sCD44v6 Instant ELISA (Bender MedSystems, Vienna, Austria). HA concentrations (microg/mL) and sCD44v6 concentrations (ng/mL) were calculated and correlated with clinical data as well as cytodiagnosis. The mean concentration of HA (22.42 +/- 5 microg/mL) and sCD44v6 (70 +/- 42 ng/mL) in the cytologically positive samples was significantly higher than those in the cytologically negative samples for HA (5.5 +/- 5 microg/mL, P < 0.01) and sCD44V6 (17 +/- 10 ng/mL, P < 0.01). Using benign effusions as control and the upper limits of its mean levels for HA (10.5 microg/mL) as the positive boundary value, HA levels exceeded the boundary line in 17 out of 20 malignant effusions and 2 out of 10 benign effusions. Meanwhile, sCD44v6 exceeded the boundary line (27 ng/mL) in 18 out of 20 malignant effusions and 3 out of 10 benign effusions. The calculated sensitivity and specificity of this assay to the diagnosis of malignant effusions were 85 and 80% for HA and 90 and 70% for CD44v6, respectively. We conclude that the HA and sCD44v6 levels in body fluids correlate with the cytology diagnosis and could be used as an ancillary study in cytology to differentiate nonmalignant from malignant effusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Afify
- Department of pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
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21
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the extent to which adenocarcinomas in body cavity fluids express GLUT-1 in comparison to currently available markers for adenocarcinomas. STUDY DESIGN Archival paraffin-embedded cell blocks of serous fluids from 25 cases of benign effusions containing reactive mesothelial cells and 39 cases of malignant effusions with metastatic adenocarcinoma (11 ovarian, 11 pulmonary, 9 gastrointestinal and 8 breast) were retrieved from the surgical pathology files. All cases were stained with antibodies for GLUT-1, Ber-Ep4, B72.3 and CEA. Positive staining was defined as distinct linear membrane staining for GLUT-1 and Ber-EP4, cytoplasmic staining for CEA, and cytoplasmic or membrane staining for B72.3. Strong staining in at least 10% of the tumor cells was required in order to consider the case positive for the particular marker. RESULTS GLUT-1 was expressed in 72% (28 of 39) of cases of malignant effusions: 100% (11 of 11) from the ovary, 91% (10 of 11) from the lung, 67% (6 of 9) from the gastrointestinal tract and 12% (1 of 8) from the breast. None (0 of 25) of the benign effusions expressed GLUT-1. Malignant effusions expressed CEA in 74% (29 of 39), Ber-Ep4 in 85% (33 of 39), and B72.3 in 62% (24 of 39). Benign effusions expressed CEA in 3 cases and B72.3 in 2 cases. CONCLUSION GLUT-1 is a useful marker that can be applied to cytologic specimens. It can be used as a reliable component of an antibody panel to distinguish reactive mesothelial cells from metastatic adenocarcinoma in particular adenocarcinomas of body cavity effusions, in particular adenocarcinomas of ovarian and pulmonary origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Afify
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Davis, Health System, Sacramento 95817, USA.
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Howell LP, Gandour-Edwards R, Folkins K, Davis R, Yasmeen S, Afify A. Adequacy evaluation of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the breast health clinic setting. Cancer 2004; 102:295-301. [PMID: 15386313 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast health clinics (BHC) are an unfamiliar source of fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNABs) in the U.S. and create challenges for adequacy evaluation. The current study described the experience with breast FNAB adequacy evaluation over a 2-year period, the issues that emerged, and the problem-solving employed to mitigate these issues. METHODS The rate of unsatisfactory FNABs and core biopsies was determined for pathologists, BHC providers, and other clinicians and compared for two different periods. Adequacy criteria during both periods required correlation of the cytologic findings with the clinical and breast imaging findings, and did not require identification of a specific number of ductal epithelial cells. RESULTS During the first time period, 25% of breast FNABs performed in the BHC received an inadequate evaluation versus 6% performed by pathologists and 14% performed by other clinicians. The BHC adequacy rate exceeded the 20% upper threshold recommended by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and did not decrease after additional FNAB training. During the first time period, 24% of core biopsies received an adequacy evaluation of unsatisfactory. During the second time interval, the core biopsy volume increased and 12% received an unsatisfactory adequacy evaluation. CONCLUSIONS It is appropriate to use noncellular features such as clinical and imaging findings as adequacy criteria for breast FNABs rather than identification of a minimal number of ductal epithelial cells. However, the 20% upper threshold for unsatisfactory breast FNABs recommended by the NCI was not appropriate for the BHC setting because the nature of the lesions seen in this type of practice can lead to an increase in inadequate specimens and cause unnecessary concern regarding quality. The authors recommended that laboratories receiving a large number of clinician-performed FNABs from a community population, especially a BHC, define their own unsatisfactory threshold above which they will investigate for technical or other problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia P Howell
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California 95817, USA.
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Mark HF, Brown S, Sun CL, Samy M, Afify A. Fluorescent in situ hybridization detection of HER-2/neu gene amplification in rhabdomyosarcoma. Pathobiology 2000; 66:59-63. [PMID: 9645628 DOI: 10.1159/000027997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common malignant soft-tissue tumor in childhood, comprising 45-50% of childhood sarcomas. Cytogenetic studies of this tumor are rare. In view of the paucity of cytogenetic data on this cancer and based on the finding of HER-2/neu gene amplification in a number of cancers that was detected mostly using the traditional technique of immunohistochemistry, we decided to conduct a pilot study to investigate whether HER-2/neu gene amplification in this tumor can be detected using the newer technique of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Archival tissues of rhabdomyosarcoma were retrieved and FISH using an HER-2/neu probe was undertaken on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections using a protocol optimized for our laboratory at Rhode Island Hospital. Out of 9 cases of rhabdomyosarcoma studied to date, 1 case clearly showed HER-2/neu gene amplification. Thus, FISH is a sensitive technique suitable for the detection of oncogene amplification and the delineation of tumor heterogeneity in this tumor. Future experiments utilizing additional specimens from our centers as well as from other laboratories will be needed to extend the finding in the present pilot study.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Mark
- Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence 02903, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the significance of the "negative for malignancy" category when applied to pulmonary transthoracic fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). STUDY DESIGN Transthoracic lung FNABs diagnosed as "negative for malignancy" were identified from the files of Barnes-Jewish Hospital's South and North Campus over a period of five and nine years, respectively. Histologic correlation and clinical follow-up were obtained. RESULTS Of the 1,181 lung FNABs performed during the study period, 108 cases (9%) had a negative cytologic diagnosis. Histologic correlation was available in 46 cases (43%), of which 23 cases had benign histologic findings, and 19 cases were malignant. Thirty-five of the 62 cases without histologic correlation had clinical follow-up consistent with a benign process. CONCLUSION Based on the histologic correlation and clinical data available, the negative predictive value was 77%. Inadequate sampling was responsible for all false negative cytologic diagnoses in this series.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Afify
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110-1093, USA
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25
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Abstract
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common malignant soft-tissue tumor in childhood. Cytogenetic studies of this tumor are rare. In one study trisomy 8 was found to be a primary cytogenetic abnormality. In view of the findings of trisomy 8 in a multitude of cancers, we conducted a pilot study to test the hypothesis that a subset of rhabdomyosarcoma also exists with trisomy 8. Accordingly, archival tissues of 12 cases of rhabdomyosarcoma were retrieved and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a chromosome 8-specific, alpha-satellite probe was undertaken on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections using the protocol optimized in the Cytogenetics Laboratory at Rhode Island Hospital. The results obtained demonstrated that 6 of 12 tumors showed chromosome 8 trisomy, when a 15% threshold is adopted. In addition, one case was borderline, with 11% of the cells found positive for three fluorescent signals. Future experiments utilizing additional specimens from our centers as well as from other laboratories are needed to confirm and extend the findings of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Afify
- Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence 02903, USA
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Mark HF, Taylor W, Afify A, Riera D, Rausch M, Huth A, Gray Y, Santoro K, Bland KI. Stage I and stage II infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast analyzed for chromosome 8 copy number using fluorescent in situ hybridization. Pathobiology 1997; 65:184-9. [PMID: 9396041 DOI: 10.1159/000164121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the results of 30 informative samples (from a total of 34 specimens gathered) of archival breast cancer tissue, including infiltrating ductal carcinoma (NOS), ductal carcinoma in situ, lobular carcinoma, papillary carcinoma and benign lesions of the breast. The study was conducted using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and a chromosome 8 alpha-satellite probe. Subsequently, a total of 34 cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast (NOS, 17 cases stage I and 17 cases stage II) were studied, again using interphase cytogenetics. The aim of the present study is to confirm and extend the results of our initial study of stage I and stage II disease. Towards this end, 36 additional specimens of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissue have been analyzed cytogenetically under blinded conditions for the frequency of abnormal chromosome 8 copy numbers using FISH and the previously described protocol optimized for our laboratory. Of these, 18 were stage I and 18 were stage II. The frequency of trisomy 8 among stage I tumors was found to be 28% (5 out of 18). The frequency of trisomy 8 among stage II tumors was found to be 61% (11 out of 18). These results, while less striking, are consistent with those reported in our initial study of stage I and stage II disease, where the frequencies of trisomy 8 among stage I and stage II tumors were 24% (4 out of 17) and 82% (14 out of 17). These results not only establish that chromosome 8 trisomy is a recurrent finding in breast cancer, but also confirm that a higher frequency of trisomy 8 was observed with a higher clinical stage (stage II) than with a lower stage (stage I). It will be of interest to extend the findings in stage I and stage II breast cancer to other stages as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Mark
- Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence 02903, USA
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Mark HF, Afify A, Taylor W, Santoro K, Lathrop JC. A subset of gestational trophoblastic disease characterized by abnormal chromosome 8 copy number detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1997; 99:24-9. [PMID: 9352792 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(96)00439-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present paper describes the results of research conducted to ascertain whether the report by Mark et al. [1], describing the concurrence of congenital trisomy 8 mosaicism and gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) in a 42 year-old Gravida IV, Para IV patient was an isolated event. In contrast to other cases described in the literature, the patient described in Mark et al. [1] had no additional confounding chromosomal abnormalities other than trisomy 8. To the best of our knowledge, ours was the only reported case of constitutional trisomy 8 mosaicism associated with gestational trophoblastic disease, a rare gynecological disease entity. The question arises whether there exists a subset of patients with GTD characterized by an abnormal chromosome 8 copy number. The implicit hypothesis is that an abnormal number of chromosome 8 somehow predisposes to cancer. A pilot study of 10 cases of GTD was conducted using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and a commercial chromosome 8-specific alpha-satellite probe on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded patient tissues. Among eight informative cases successfully completed, two cases (25%) were found to be trisomic, when a cut-off point of 10% trisomic cells is adopted. Another two cases (25%) were found to be triploid. The results of our FISH study indicated that an abnormal chromosome 8 copy number found in Mark et al. [1] is unlikely to be an isolated event. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that a subset of GTD indeed may exist which is characterized by more than two copies of chromosome 8. The present findings corroborate those recently found in breast, prostate, and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Mark
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, FISH and Genotoxicology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence 02903, USA
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Afify A, Mark HF. Fluorescence in situ hybridization assessment of chromosome 8 copy number in stage I and stage II infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1997; 97:101-5. [PMID: 9283590 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(96)00361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A total of 34 cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast, not otherwise specified (NOS), were selected, based on the clinical stage of the disease (17 cases stage I and 17 cases stage II). The histologic grade and the DNA content of each tumor were evaluated. Each specimen was analyzed and blinded cytogenetically for the frequency of chromosome 8 copy number using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Among the informative samples, 16 cases were disomic (47%) and 18 cases (53%) were trisomic. Of the 16 disomic tumors, 13 cases (81%) were classified clinically as stage I disease and 3 cases (19%) were stage II disease. Of the 18 trisomic tumors, 4 cases (22%) were stage I, and 14 cases (78%) were stage II. Microscopically, all trisomic tumors were of high histologic grade and aneuploid when analyzed by flow cytometry. We inferred from these data that a subset of infiltrating ductal carcinomas (NOS) is characterized by chromosome 8 trisomy. This chromosomal abnormality correlates well with other markers that predicate aggressive biological behavior of the tumor. While this observation needs to be further extended, the data suggest that chromosome 8 copy number may be used as a possible marker to identify a subgroup of patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma associated with a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Afify
- Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence 02903, USA
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Abstract
Conventional cytogenetics of breast and other solid tumors has been hampered by a number of factors. An analysis of breast tumor tissues was therefore undertaken using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). A total of 34 specimens were analyzed using a chromosome 8-specific alpha-satellite probe. Various approaches were tested and compared. Among 30 informative samples, 11 infiltrating ductal carcinomas, not otherwise specified (NOS), 5 ductal carcinomas in situ, 5 lobular carcinomas, 3 papillary carcinomas, and 6 benign lesions were studied. Of the 11 cases of infiltrating ductal carcinomas (NOS) analyzed, four cases showed 3 signals, one case showed 4 signals, and the rest showed 2 signals. Of the 5 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ samples, 1 showed 3 signals and the other 4 cases showed 2 signals. All cases of lobular carcinomas, papillary carcinomas, and benign lesions showed 2 signals. We inferred from these data that 36% of the infiltrating ductal carcinomas (NOS) were trisomic and 9% were tetrasomic, whereas 20% of the ductal carcinomas in situ were trisomic. All samples from lobular carcinomas, papillary carcinomas, and the benign lesions were disomic. From our preliminary data, it can further be concluded that a subset of breast cancer is characterized by chromosome 8 trisomy. These data are consistent with an ever-increasing database on the association of chromosomal 8 trisomy with other cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, prostate cancer, ovarian carcinoma, salivary gland tumor, malignant melanoma, desmoid tumors, and recently gestational trophoblastic disease. It is also noted that the ability to analyze formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival material will enable a more comprehensive cytogenetic study of breast cancer than is currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Afify
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, FISH and Genotoxicology, Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Afify
- Department of Botany, Egyptian University
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