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MacInnes A, Heijnen H, Van Wijk R, Van den Loosdrecht A, Bierings M, Gazda H, Wlodarski M. P-026 The role of autophagy in the etiology and malignant transformation of myeloid cells with ribosomal protein haploinsufficiencies. Leuk Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(13)70075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Reidy M, MacInnes A, Pillai A. Are we missing post-thrombotic syndrome syndrome? An orthopaedic perspective in lower limb arthroplasty. Thrombosis 2011; 2012:324320. [PMID: 22084673 PMCID: PMC3205729 DOI: 10.1155/2012/324320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
2-5% of patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty develop a symptomatic DVT; there is evidence to suggest that without prophylaxis 40-60% of patients have a subclinical DVT. This can be reduced by around half with appropriate thromboprophylaxis; there still remains a significant incidence of subclinical DVT. Therefore, it is important to know, as orthopaedic surgeons, if our patients undergoing large joint arthroplasty are being adversely affected. Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is usually associated with symptomatic DVT, and the purpose of this paper is to address if asymptomatic DVT is also associated with an increased risk of PTS. The majority of evidence gathered does not support a link; therefore, there is no evidence to warrant a change in practice to warn patients of a potential risk or to routinely screen asymptomatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Reidy
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Unit, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - A. MacInnes
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Unit, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - A. Pillai
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Unit, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
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MacInnes A, Lazzarin A, Di Perri G, Sierra-Madero JG, Aberg J, Heera J, Rajicic N, Goodrich J, Mayer H, Valdez H. Maraviroc can improve lipid profiles in dyslipidemic patients with HIV: results from the MERIT trial. HIV Clin Trials 2011; 12:24-36. [PMID: 21388938 DOI: 10.1310/hct1201-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the effects of maraviroc, the first approved CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) antagonist, on blood lipids in a post hoc analysis of the phase 3 MERIT study in treatment-naïve patients. METHODS Patients received maraviroc 300 mg twice daily (n = 360) or efavirenz 600 mg once daily (n = 361), both in combination with zidovudine/lamivudine, for up to 96 weeks. Baseline and on- treatment lipid profiles were analyzed according to National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) thresholds. RESULTS Baseline characteristics and lipid profiles were comparable between groups. Among patients with total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) below NCEP treatment thresholds at baseline, significantly more efavirenz- than maraviroc-treated patients exceeded those thresholds at 96 weeks (TC: 35% [74/209] vs 11% [20/188], P < .0001; LDL-c: 23% [47/197] vs 8% [15/183], P < .0001). Among patients exceeding NCEP thresholds at baseline, significantly more efavirenz- than maraviroc-treated patients exceeded the thresholds at 96 weeks (TC: 83% [24/29] vs 50% [17/34], P = .0084; LDL-c: 86% [19/22] vs 55% [16/29], P = .0314). Of those with baseline high- density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) < 40 mg/dL, 43% (56/130) of maravirocand 62% (86/139) of efavirenz-treated patients achieved HDL-c≥40 mg/dL at 96 weeks (P = .0020). CONCLUSIONS Maraviroc was not associated with elevations in TC, LDL-c, or triglycerides and showed beneficial effects on lipid profiles of dyslipidemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A MacInnes
- Indications Discovery, Pfizer Inc, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Hughes RO, Rogier DJ, Jacobsen EJ, Walker JK, MacInnes A, Bond BR, Zhang LL, Yu Y, Zheng Y, Rumsey JM, Walgren JL, Curtiss SW, Fobian YM, Heasley SE, Cubbage JW, Moon JB, Brown DL, Acker BA, Maddux TM, Tollefson MB, Mischke BV, Owen DR, Freskos JN, Molyneaux JM, Benson AG, Blevis-Bal RM. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 3-[4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-7-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-1-(2-propoxyethyl)pyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-2(1H)-one, a Potent, Orally Active, Brain Penetrant Inhibitor of Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5). J Med Chem 2010; 53:2656-60. [PMID: 20196613 DOI: 10.1021/jm901781q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert O. Hughes
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - D. Joseph Rogier
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - E. Jon Jacobsen
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - John K. Walker
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - Alan MacInnes
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - Brian R. Bond
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - Lena L. Zhang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - Ying Yu
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - Yi Zheng
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - Jeanne M. Rumsey
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - Jennie L. Walgren
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - Sandra W. Curtiss
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - Yvette M. Fobian
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - Steven E. Heasley
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - Jerry W. Cubbage
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - Joseph B. Moon
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - David L. Brown
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - Brad A. Acker
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - Todd M. Maddux
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - Mike B. Tollefson
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - Brent V. Mischke
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - Dafydd R. Owen
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT139NJ, U.K
| | - John N. Freskos
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - John M. Molyneaux
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - Alan G. Benson
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - Rhadika M. Blevis-Bal
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, St. Louis, Missouri 63017
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Baker DJ, Greenhaff PL, MacInnes A, Timmons JA. The experimental type 2 diabetes therapy glycogen phosphorylase inhibition can impair aerobic muscle function during prolonged contraction. Diabetes 2006; 55:1855-61. [PMID: 16731853 DOI: 10.2337/db05-1687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen phosphorylase inhibition represents a promising strategy to suppress inappropriate hepatic glucose output, while muscle glycogen is a major source of fuel during contraction. Glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors (GPi) currently being investigated for the treatment of type 2 diabetes do not demonstrate hepatic versus muscle glycogen phosphorylase isoform selectivity and may therefore impair patient aerobic exercise capabilities. Skeletal muscle energy metabolism and function are not impaired by GPi during high-intensity contraction in rat skeletal muscle; however, it is unknown whether glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors would impair function during prolonged lower-intensity contraction. Utilizing a novel red cell-perfused rodent gastrocnemius-plantaris-soleus system, muscle was pretreated for 60 min with either 3 micromol/l free drug GPi (n=8) or vehicle control (n=7). During 60 min of aerobic contraction, GPi treatment resulted in approximately 35% greater fatigue. Muscle glycogen phosphorylase a form (P<0.01) and maximal activity (P<0.01) were reduced in the GPi group, and postcontraction glycogen (121.8 +/- 16.1 vs. 168.3 +/- 8.5 mmol/kg dry muscle, P<0.05) was greater. Furthermore, lower muscle lactate efflux and glucose uptake (P<0.01), yet higher muscle Vo(2), support the conclusion that carbohydrate utilization was impaired during contraction. Our data provide new confirmation that muscle glycogen plays an essential role during submaximal contraction. Given the critical role of exercise prescription in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, it will be important to monitor endurance capacity during the clinical evaluation of nonselective GPi. Alternatively, greater effort should be devoted toward the discovery of hepatic-selective GPi, hepatic-specific drug delivery strategies, and/or alternative strategies for controlling excess hepatic glucose production in type 2 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Female
- Glucose/metabolism
- Glycogen/metabolism
- Glycogen Phosphorylase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glycogen Phosphorylase, Liver Form/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glycogen Phosphorylase, Muscle Form/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lactic Acid/metabolism
- Liver Glycogen/metabolism
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Baker
- Centre for Integrated Systems Biology and Medicine, School of Biomedical Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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MacInnes A, Timmons JA. Metabolic adaptations to repeated periods of contraction with reduced blood flow in canine skeletal muscle. BMC Physiol 2005; 5:11. [PMID: 16018808 PMCID: PMC1187899 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-5-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Patients suffering from Intermittent Claudication (IC) experience repeated periods of muscle contraction with low blood flow, throughout the day and this may contribute to the hypothesised skeletal muscle abnormalities. However, no study has evaluated the consequences of intermittent contraction with low blood flow on skeletal muscle tissue. Our aim was to generate this basic physiological data, determining the 'normal' response of healthy skeletal muscle tissue. We specifically proposed that the metabolic responses to contraction would be modified under such circumstances, revealing endogenous strategies engaged to protect the muscle adenine nucleotide pool. Utilizing a canine gracilis model (n = 9), the muscle was stimulated to contract (5 Hz) for three 10 min periods (separated by 10 min rest) under low blood flow conditions (80% reduced), followed by 1 hr recovery and then a fourth period of 10 min stimulation. Muscle biopsies were obtained prior to and following the first and fourth contraction periods. Direct arterio-venous sampling allowed for the calculation of muscle metabolite efflux and oxygen consumption. Results During the first period of contraction, [ATP] was reduced by ~30%. During this period there was also a 10 fold increase in muscle lactate concentration and a substantial increase in muscle lactate and ammonia efflux. Subsequently, lactate efflux was similar during the first three periods, while ammonia efflux was reduced by the third period. Following 1 hr recovery, muscle lactate and phosphocreatine concentrations had returned to resting values, while muscle [ATP] remained 20% lower. During the fourth contraction period no ammonia efflux or change in muscle ATP content occured. Despite such contrasting metabolic responses, muscle tension and oxygen consumption were identical during all contraction periods from 3 to 10 min. Conclusion repeated periods of muscle contraction, with low blood flow, results in cessation of muscle ammonia production which is suggestive of a dramatic reduction in flux through AMP deaminase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan MacInnes
- Cardiovascular Research Department, Pfizer Global R&D, St. Louis, MO63017, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James A Timmons
- Cardiovascular Research Department, Pfizer Global R&D, St. Louis, MO63017, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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MacInnes A, Fairman DA, Binding P, Rhodes JA, Wyatt MJ, Phelan A, Haddock PS, Karran EH. The antianginal agent trimetazidine does not exert its functional benefit via inhibition of mitochondrial long-chain 3-ketoacyl coenzyme A thiolase. Circ Res 2003; 93:e26-32. [PMID: 12869391 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000086943.72932.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trimetazidine acts as an effective antianginal clinical agent by modulating cardiac energy metabolism. Recent published data support the hypothesis that trimetazidine selectively inhibits long-chain 3-ketoacyl CoA thiolase (LC 3-KAT), thereby reducing fatty acid oxidation resulting in clinical benefit. The aim of this study was to assess whether trimetazidine and ranolazine, which may also act as a metabolic modulator, are specific inhibitors of LC 3-KAT. We have demonstrated that trimetazidine and ranolazine do not inhibit crude and purified rat heart or recombinant human LC 3-KAT by methods that both assess the ability of LC 3-KAT to turnover specific substrate, and LC 3-KAT activity as a functional component of intact cellular beta-oxidation. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that trimetazidine does not inhibit any component of beta-oxidation in an isolated human cardiomyocyte cell line. Ranolazine, however, did demonstrate a partial inhibition of beta-oxidation in a dose-dependent manner (12% at 100 micromol/L and 30% at 300 micromol/L). Both trimetazidine (10 micromol/L) and ranolazine (20 micromol/L) improved the recovery of cardiac function after a period of no flow ischemia in the isolated working rat heart perfused with a buffer containing a relatively high concentration (1.2 mmol/L) of free fatty acid. In summary, both trimetazidine and ranolazine were able to improve ischemic cardiac function but inhibition of LC 3-KAT is not part of their mechanism of action. The full text of this article is available online at http://www.circresaha.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan MacInnes
- Discovery Biology (IPC351), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9NJ, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Prevention policies do not have an upper age limit, and as the overwhelming majority of older people continue to reside in the community there is a growing role for community dietetics and primary care team members in the promotion of healthy eating. METHOD: The multi-method project ascertained the dietary beliefs and practices of older people residing in high-income, low-income and rural localities of Scotland. One hundred and fifty-two people aged 75 years and over were interviewed using a semistructured interview schedule and 24-h food recall questionnaire. RESULTS: An analysis of the food recall questionnaire demonstrated that the diets of the elderly appear to differ little from the Scottish population as a whole. In all groups there was an under consumption of fruits and vegetables reported. Findings from the interviews demonstrated that dietary beliefs were found to be firmly rooted in childhood and lifetime experiences. Participants defined healthy eating as 'proper meals', 'proper foods', and a variety of foods eaten in moderation. These definitions were based upon the consumption of fresh foods which would be considered healthy. Changing and conflicting advice on health and nutrition was contrasted with personal experiences. Few knew of the role of the dietitian or community dietitian. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a contrast between stated beliefs and actual consumption patterns. Access to food, and the cost and quality of foods impacted upon food practices. The role of the community dietitian should be promoted. Advice on healthy eating must work with contemporary practices and beliefs building upon positive aspects of diet and eating and involving the food industry, retail sector and health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. McKie
- Division of Sociology and Social Policy, School of Social Sciences, and Centre for Community Health Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Health Studies, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA; Department of General Practice and Primary Care, and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen; Community Dietetics, Grampian Healthcare Trust, Seaton Clinic
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MacInnes A. Software products framework for diagnosing network problems. SIGCOMM Comput Commun Rev 1988. [DOI: 10.1145/62075.62077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an overview of major functional components that should be considered for inclusion as part of a network software product. These functional components support the activity of diagnosing problems in the network environment.
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