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Stanek LW, Xue J, Zartarian VG, Poulakos AG, Tornero-Velez R, Snyder EG, Walts A, Triantafillou K. Identification of high lead exposure locations in Ohio at the census tract scale using a generalizable geospatial hotspot approach. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2024:10.1038/s41370-024-00666-x. [PMID: 38575709 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-024-00666-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead is a persistent, ubiquitous pollutant whose historical sources have been largely addressed through regulation and voluntary actions. The United States (U.S.) has achieved significant decreases in children's blood lead levels (BLL) over the past 40 years; however, there is no known safe level of Pb exposure. Some communities continue to be disproportionately impacted by exposure to Pb, including Black children and families living in older homes. OBJECTIVE To identify Ohio (OH) census tracts with children exposed to Pb and evaluate potential exposure determinants. METHODS We obtained individual children's blood Pb data from 2005-2018 in OH. The percent of children with elevated BLL (EBLL) was calculated for OH census tracts using three blood Pb reference values (3.5, 5, and 10 µg/dL). Getis-Ord Gi* geospatial hotspot or top 20th percentile methodologies were then applied to identify "hotspots." Findings across multiple time periods and blood Pb reference values were evaluated and compared with existing Pb exposure indices and models. RESULTS Consistency was observed across different blood Pb reference values, with the main hotspots identified at 3.5 µg/dL, also identified at 5 and 10 µg/dL. Substantial gains in public health were demonstrated, with the biggest decreases in the number of census tracts with EBLL observed between 2008-2010 and 2011-2013. Across OH, 355 census tracts (of 2850) were identified as hotspots across 17 locations, with the majority in the most populated cites. Generally, old housing and sociodemographic factors were indicators of these EBLL hotspots. A smaller number of hotspots were not associated with these exposure determinants. Variables of race, income, and education level were all strong predictors of hotspots. IMPACT STATEMENT The Getis-Ord Gi* geospatial hotspot analysis can inform local investigations into potential Pb exposures for children living in OH. The successful application of a generalizable childhood blood Pb methodology at the census tract scale provides results that are more readily actionable. The moderate agreement of the measured blood Pb results with public Pb indices provide confidence that these indices can be used in the absence of available blood Pb surveillance data. While not a replacement for universal blood Pb testing, a consistent approach can be applied to identify areas where Pb exposure may be problematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay W Stanek
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development (ORD), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, NC, USA.
| | - Jianping Xue
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development (ORD), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, NC, USA
| | - Valerie G Zartarian
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development (ORD), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, NC, USA
| | - Antonios G Poulakos
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development (ORD), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, NC, USA
- LinTech Global, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rogelio Tornero-Velez
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development (ORD), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, NC, USA
| | - Emily G Snyder
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development (ORD), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, NC, USA
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Xue J, Zartarian V, Tornero-Velez R, Stanek LW, Poulakos A, Walts A, Triantafillou K, Suero M, Grokhowsky N. A Generalizable Evaluated Approach, Applying Advanced Geospatial Statistical Methods, to Identify High Lead Exposure Locations at Census Tract Scale: Michigan Case Study. Environ Health Perspect 2022; 130:77004. [PMID: 35894594 PMCID: PMC9327739 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite great progress in reducing environmental lead (Pb) levels, many children in the United States are still being exposed. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to develop a generalizable approach for systematically identifying, verifying, and analyzing locations with high prevalence of children's elevated blood Pb levels (EBLLs) and to assess available Pb models/indices as surrogates, using a Michigan case study. METHODS We obtained ∼1.9 million BLL test results of children <6 years of age in Michigan from 2006-2016; we then evaluated them for data representativeness by comparing two percentage EBLL (%EBLL) rates (number of children tested with EBLL divided by both number of children tested and total population). We analyzed %EBLLs across census tracts over three time periods and between two EBLL reference values (≥5 vs. ≥10μg/dL) to evaluate consistency. Locations with high %EBLLs were identified by a top 20 percentile method and a Getis-Ord Gi* geospatial cluster "hotspot" analysis. For the locations identified, we analyzed convergences with three available Pb exposure models/indices based on old housing and sociodemographics. RESULTS Analyses of 2014-2016 %EBLL data identified 11 Michigan locations via cluster analysis and 80 additional locations via the top 20 percentile method and their associated census tracts. Data representativeness and consistency were supported by a 0.93 correlation coefficient between the two EBLL rates over 11 y, and a Kappa score of ∼0.8 of %EBLL hotspots across the time periods (2014-2016) and reference values. Many EBLL hotspot locations converge with current Pb exposure models/indices; others diverge, suggesting additional Pb sources for targeted interventions. DISCUSSION This analysis confirmed known Pb hotspot locations and revealed new ones at a finer geographic resolution than previously available, using advanced geospatial statistical methods and mapping/visualization. It also assessed the utility of surrogates in the absence of blood Pb data. This approach could be applied to other states to inform Pb mitigation and prevention efforts. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9705.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Xue
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Valerie Zartarian
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rogelio Tornero-Velez
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lindsay W. Stanek
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Antonios Poulakos
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- LinTech Global, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan Walts
- U.S. EPA, Region 5, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Nicholas Grokhowsky
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Switzer ER, Ade PAR, Baildon T, Benford D, Bennett CL, Chuss DT, Datta R, Eimer JR, Fixsen DJ, Gandilo NN, Essinger-Hileman TM, Halpern M, Hilton G, Irwin K, Jhabvala C, Kimball M, Kogut A, Lazear J, Lowe LN, McMahon JJ, Miller TM, Mirel P, Moseley SH, Pawlyk S, Rodriguez S, Sharp E, Shirron P, Staguhn JG, Sullivan DF, Taraschi P, Tucker CE, Walts A, Wollack EJ. Sub-Kelvin cooling for two kilopixel bolometer arrays in the PIPER receiver. Rev Sci Instrum 2019; 90:095104. [PMID: 31575233 DOI: 10.1063/1.5108649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Primordial Inflation Polarization Explorer (PIPER) is a balloon-borne telescope mission to search for inflationary gravitational waves from the early universe. PIPER employs two 32 × 40 arrays of superconducting transition-edge sensors, which operate at 100 mK. An open bucket Dewar of liquid helium maintains the receiver and telescope optics at 1.7 K. We describe the thermal design of the receiver and sub-Kelvin cooling with a continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (CADR). The CADR operates between 70 and 130 mK and provides ≈10 μW cooling power at 100 mK, nearly five times the loading of the two detector assemblies. We describe electronics and software to robustly control the CADR, overall CADR performance in flightlike integrated receiver testing, and practical considerations for implementation in the balloon float environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Switzer
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - P A R Ade
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - T Baildon
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - D Benford
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
| | - C L Bennett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - D T Chuss
- Department of Physics, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, USA
| | - R Datta
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - J R Eimer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - D J Fixsen
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - N N Gandilo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | | | - M Halpern
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - G Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - K Irwin
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - C Jhabvala
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M Kimball
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - A Kogut
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - J Lazear
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - L N Lowe
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - J J McMahon
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - T M Miller
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - P Mirel
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - S H Moseley
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - S Pawlyk
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - S Rodriguez
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - E Sharp
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - P Shirron
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - J G Staguhn
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - D F Sullivan
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - P Taraschi
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - C E Tucker
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - A Walts
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - E J Wollack
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
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Mazzulla F, Cogswell R, Schultz J, Walts A, Misialek J, Thenappan T, Pritzker M, Missov E, Martin C, Liao K, John R. Outcomes of Patients Who Require Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support Prior to Left Ventricular Assist Device Placement. J Heart Lung Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2017.01.929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Diaz E, Agadjanian H, Nassanian H, Walts A, Miller C, Zajchowski D, Karlan B, Orsulic S, Walsh C. PI3K pathway activation, thromboembolism and survival in ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.04.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Diaz E, Fleming N, Nassanian H, Walts A, Zajchowski D, Orsulic S, Walsh C. PI3K pathway activation and thromboembolism in ovarian clear cell carcinomas. Gynecol Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cass I, Zakhour M, Walts A, Gross J, Karlan B. Occult cancers at risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomies (RRSO) in BRCA mutation carriers. Gynecol Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.12.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Salanoubat M, Lemcke K, Rieger M, Ansorge W, Unseld M, Fartmann B, Valle G, Blöcker H, Perez-Alonso M, Obermaier B, Delseny M, Boutry M, Grivell LA, Mache R, Puigdomènech P, De Simone V, Choisne N, Artiguenave F, Robert C, Brottier P, Wincker P, Cattolico L, Weissenbach J, Saurin W, Quétier F, Schäfer M, Müller-Auer S, Gabel C, Fuchs M, Benes V, Wurmbach E, Drzonek H, Erfle H, Jordan N, Bangert S, Wiedelmann R, Kranz H, Voss H, Holland R, Brandt P, Nyakatura G, Vezzi A, D'Angelo M, Pallavicini A, Toppo S, Simionati B, Conrad A, Hornischer K, Kauer G, Löhnert TH, Nordsiek G, Reichelt J, Scharfe M, Schön O, Bargues M, Terol J, Climent J, Navarro P, Collado C, Perez-Perez A, Ottenwälder B, Duchemin D, Cooke R, Laudie M, Berger-Llauro C, Purnelle B, Masuy D, de Haan M, Maarse AC, Alcaraz JP, Cottet A, Casacuberta E, Monfort A, Argiriou A, flores M, Liguori R, Vitale D, Mannhaupt G, Haase D, Schoof H, Rudd S, Zaccaria P, Mewes HW, Mayer KF, Kaul S, Town CD, Koo HL, Tallon LJ, Jenkins J, Rooney T, Rizzo M, Walts A, Utterback T, Fujii CY, Shea TP, Creasy TH, Haas B, Maiti R, Wu D, Peterson J, Van Aken S, Pai G, Militscher J, Sellers P, Gill JE, Feldblyum TV, Preuss D, Lin X, Nierman WC, Salzberg SL, White O, Venter JC, Fraser CM, Kaneko T, Nakamura Y, Sato S, Kato T, Asamizu E, Sasamoto S, Kimura T, Idesawa K, Kawashima K, Kishida Y, Kiyokawa C, Kohara M, Matsumoto M, Matsuno A, Muraki A, Nakayama S, Nakazaki N, Shinpo S, Takeuchi C, Wada T, Watanabe A, Yamada M, Yasuda M, Tabata S. Sequence and analysis of chromosome 3 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature 2000; 408:820-2. [PMID: 11130713 DOI: 10.1038/35048706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana is an important model system for plant biologists. In 1996 an international collaboration (the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative) was formed to sequence the whole genome of Arabidopsis and in 1999 the sequence of the first two chromosomes was reported. The sequence of the last three chromosomes and an analysis of the whole genome are reported in this issue. Here we present the sequence of chromosome 3, organized into four sequence segments (contigs). The two largest (13.5 and 9.2 Mb) correspond to the top (long) and the bottom (short) arms of chromosome 3, and the two small contigs are located in the genetically defined centromere. This chromosome encodes 5,220 of the roughly 25,500 predicted protein-coding genes in the genome. About 20% of the predicted proteins have significant homology to proteins in eukaryotic genomes for which the complete sequence is available, pointing to important conserved cellular functions among eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salanoubat
- Genoscope and CNRS FRE2231, Evry, France. salanou@genoscope. cns.fr
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Chin AB, Bristow RE, Korst LM, Walts A, Lagasse LD. The significance of atypical glandular cells on routine cervical cytologic testing in a community-based population. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182:1278-82. [PMID: 10871439 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2000.106537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the follow-up rate of women with glandular atypia on routine Papanicolaou smears in a community-based population and to describe the associated pathologic findings. STUDY DESIGN Over a 12-month period, all patients with Papanicolaou smears with atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance were reviewed for demographic and clinical characteristics and followed up for a period of 12 to 24 months. RESULTS Of the 48,890 Papanicolaou smears examined, 141 (0.29%) were diagnosed with atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance. Of these, 22 (17.6%) had no record of any subsequent investigation, and only 64 (51.2%) were monitored with both colposcopy and biopsy. Of the 64 biopsy specimens, 39 (60.9%) were positive for disease. Twenty-six (66.7%) were of squamous origin, with the most advanced lesion being cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3. An additional patient had a combined cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma in situ lesion. Four (10.3%) additional patients had glandular cervical lesions, 2 benign polyps and 2 adenocarcinoma in situ lesions. Seven (17.9%) patients had endometrial lesions (benign polyps, 2 patients; complex atypical endometrial hyperplasia, 1 patient; and endometrial carcinoma, 4 patients). One patient had ovarian cystadenocarcinoma. Postmenopausal women were 5 times more likely to have a glandular lesion. Women with abnormal vaginal bleeding were also more likely to have a glandular lesion. These same patient groups were also more likely to have endometrial disease. CONCLUSION The incidence of atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance on Papanicolaou smears in this community-based population was 0.29%, which is consistent with estimates from institution-based populations. Nearly 50% of women studied were not followed up with tissue biopsy. Of those with a tissue biopsy, 61% had positive findings, including 5 with cancer. Although postmenopausal status and abnormal vaginal bleeding were associated with endometrial or glandular disease, studies of larger patient populations should be conducted to examine potential risk factors for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Chin
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Marchevsky A, Hartman G, Walts A, Ross D, Koerner S, Waters P. Lung transplantation: the pathologic diagnosis of pulmonary complications. Mod Pathol 1991; 4:133-8. [PMID: 1646451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The reliability of bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsies for the diagnosis of acute graft rejection has recently been questioned. We present our experience with 59 transbronchial and bronchial biopsies and two open-lung biopsies from 12 patients that underwent lung transplantation. The diagnosis of acute rejection was established in 14 biopsies based on the absence of infection and presence of one or more of the following features: perivascular lymphoid infiltrates, usually associated with endothelial swelling; bronchial "acute on chronic" inflammation; and/or angiitis. Problems and potential pitfalls in the diagnosis of acute graft rejection in lung transplant patients are discussed. The biopsies were also sensitive for the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus pneumonitis and fungal infections but were not helpful for the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonias. Indeed, one patient died with Legionella sp. pneumonia diagnosed only on open-lung biopsy after two negative transbronchial biopsies. The significance of other histologic changes, such as nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis, diffuse alveolar damage, acute alveolitis, goblet cell hyperplasia of the bronchial mucosa, and pulmonary infarction, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marchevsky
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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