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Adegbite BO, Abramson MH, Gutgarts V, Musteata FM, Chauhan K, Muwonge AN, Meliambro KA, Salvatore SP, El Ghaity-Beckley S, Kremyanskaya M, Marcellino B, Mascarenhas JO, Campbell KN, Chan L, Coca SG, Berman EM, Jaimes EA, Azeloglu EU. Patient-Specific Pharmacokinetics and Dasatinib Nephrotoxicity. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 18:1175-1185. [PMID: 37382967 PMCID: PMC10564352 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.0000000000000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dasatinib has been associated with nephrotoxicity. We sought to examine the incidence of proteinuria on dasatinib and determine potential risk factors that may increase dasatinib-associated glomerular injury. METHODS We examined glomerular injury through urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) in 82 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia who were on tyrosine-kinase inhibitor therapy for at least 90 days. t tests were used to compare mean differences in UACR, while regression analysis was used to assess the effects of drug parameters on proteinuria development while on dasatinib. We assayed plasma dasatinib pharmacokinetics using tandem mass spectroscopy and further described a case study of a patient who experienced nephrotic-range proteinuria while on dasatinib. RESULTS Participants treated with dasatinib ( n =32) had significantly higher UACR levels (median 28.0 mg/g; interquartile range, 11.5-119.5) than participants treated with other tyrosine-kinase inhibitors ( n =50; median 15.0 mg/g; interquartile range, 8.0-35.0; P < 0.001). In total, 10% of dasatinib users exhibited severely increased albuminuria (UACR >300 mg/g) versus zero in other tyrosine-kinase inhibitors. Average steady-state concentrations of dasatinib were positively correlated with UACR ( ρ =0.54, P = 0.03) and duration of treatment ( P = 0.003). There were no associations with elevated BP or other confounding factors. In the case study, kidney biopsy revealed global glomerular damage with diffuse foot process effacement that recovered on termination of dasatinib treatment. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to dasatinib was associated with a significant chance of developing proteinuria compared with other similar tyrosine-kinase inhibitors. Dasatinib plasma concentration significantly correlated with higher risk of developing proteinuria while receiving dasatinib. PODCAST This article contains a podcast at https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2023_09_08_CJN0000000000000219.mp3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin O. Adegbite
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside/West, New York, New York
| | - Matthew H. Abramson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Victoria Gutgarts
- Renal Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Florin M. Musteata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Albany, New York
| | - Kinsuk Chauhan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alecia N. Muwonge
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kristin A. Meliambro
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Steven P. Salvatore
- Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Sebastian El Ghaity-Beckley
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Marina Kremyanskaya
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Bridget Marcellino
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - John O. Mascarenhas
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kirk N. Campbell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Lili Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Steven G. Coca
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ellin M. Berman
- Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Edgar A. Jaimes
- Renal Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Evren U. Azeloglu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Adegbite BO, Abramson MH, Gutgarts V, Musteata MF, Chauhan K, Muwonge AN, Meliambro KA, Salvatore SP, Ghaity-Beckley SE, Kremyanskaya M, Marcellino B, Mascarenhas JO, Campbell KN, Chan L, Coca SG, Berman EM, Jaimes EA, Azeloglu EU. Dasatinib nephrotoxicity correlates with patient-specific pharmacokinetics. medRxiv 2023:2023.04.09.23288333. [PMID: 37131844 PMCID: PMC10153335 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.09.23288333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Dasatinib has been associated with nephrotoxicity. We sought to examine the incidence of proteinuria on dasatinib and determine potential risk factors that may increase dasatinib-associated glomerular injury. Methods We examine glomerular injury via urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) in 101 chronic myelogenous leukemia patients who were on tyrosine-kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy for at least 90 days. We assay plasma dasatinib pharmacokinetics using tandem mass spectroscopy, and further describe a case study of a patient who experienced nephrotic-range proteinuria while on dasatinib. Results Patients treated with dasatinib (n= 32) had significantly higher UACR levels (median 28.0 mg/g, IQR 11.5 - 119.5) than patients treated with other TKIs (n=50; median 15.0 mg/g, IQR 8.0 - 35.0; p < 0.001). In total, 10% of dasatinib users exhibited severely increased albuminuria (UACR > 300 mg/g) versus zero in other TKIs. Average steady state concentrations of dasatinib were positively correlated with UACR (ρ = 0.54, p = 0.03) as well as duration of treatment ( p =0.003). There were no associations with elevated blood pressure or other confounding factors. In the case study, kidney biopsy revealed global glomerular damage with diffuse foot process effacement that recovered upon termination of dasatinib treatment. Conclusions Exposure to dasatinib is associated a significant chance of developing proteinuria compared to other similar TKIs. Dasatinib plasma concentration significantly correlates with increased risk of developing proteinuria while receiving dasatinib. Screening for renal dysfunction and proteinuria is strongly advised for all dasatinib patients.
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Tabassum T, Azeem SM, Muwonge AN, Frey KM. Application of Structure-based Methods to Analyze Resistance Mutations for Chemically Diverse Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. Curr HIV Res 2021; 18:283-291. [PMID: 32493197 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x18666200603141209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are used in combination with antiretroviral therapy to suppress viral loads in HIV patients. The chemical design of NNRTIs has changed in recent years in response to resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) and resistance. NNRTIs are chemically diverse compounds that bind an allosteric site of HIV RT. Resistance- associated mutations (RAMs) identified in HIV patients are associated with NNRTI resistance. RAMs confer amino acid changes that alter both structural and physiochemical properties of the allosteric site. Ultimately, these changes reduce NNRTI affinity. Previously, we used a combination of computational and experimental methods to analyze and validate RAMs for 3 diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) NNRTIs. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to apply these methods to other chemically diverse, non- DAPY NNRTIs. MATERIALS AND METHODS We selected MIV-150 (experimental microbicide) and doravirine for this study. A computational and molecular modeling strategy was used to evaluate the effects of RAMs. Calculated changes in drug affinity and stability (ΔS + ΔA) were used to determine overall resistance levels: susceptible, low, intermediate, and high. The ΔS + ΔA values for K101P suggest that this mutation confers intermediate/high-level resistance to MIV-150, but remains susceptible to doravirine. Based on the determined resistance levels, we analyzed the models and used Molecular Dynamics (MD) to compare the interactions of MIV-150/doravirine with RT wild-type (WT) and RT (K101P). From MD, we found that key interactions were lost with RT (K101P), but were retained with doravirine. To experimentally validate our findings, we conducted a fluorescence-based reverse transcription assay for MIV-150 with RT (WT) and RT (K101P). IC50 values determined in assays showed a 101-fold change in potency for MIV-150, but essentially no change for doravirine. RESULTS Our computational and experimental results are also consistent with antiviral data reported in the literature. CONCLUSION We believe that this approach is effective for analyzing mutations to determine resistance profiles for chemically diverse NNRTIs in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim Tabassum
- Long Island University, Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Syeda M Azeem
- Long Island University, Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Alecia N Muwonge
- Long Island University, Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Kathleen M Frey
- Fairleigh Dickinson University, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Florham Park, NJ, United States
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Jaimes EA, Zhou MS, Siddiqui M, Rezonzew G, Tian R, Seshan SV, Muwonge AN, Wong NJ, Azeloglu EU, Fornoni A, Merscher S, Raij L. Nicotine, smoking, podocytes, and diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F442-F453. [PMID: 33459165 PMCID: PMC7988804 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00194.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease. Besides glycemic and blood pressure control, environmental factors such as cigarette smoking (CS) adversely affect the progression of DN. The effects of CS on DN progression have been attributed to combustion-generated molecules without consideration to the role of nicotine (NIC), responsible for the addictive properties of both CS and electronic cigarettes (ECs). Podocytes are essential to preserve the structure and function of the glomerular filtration barrier, and strong evidence indicates that early podocyte loss promotes DN progression. We performed experiments in human podocytes and in a mouse model of diabetes that develops nephropathy resembling human DN. We determined that NIC binding to podocytes in concentrations achieved with CS and ECs activated NADPH oxidase, which sets in motion a dysfunctional molecular network integrated by cyclooxygenase 2, known to induce podocyte injury; downregulation of AMP-activated protein kinase, important for maintaining cellular energy stores and antioxidation; and upregulation of CD36, which increased lipid uptake and promoted apoptosis. In diabetic mice, NIC increased proteinuria, a recognized marker of chronic kidney disease progression, accompanied by reduced glomerular podocyte synaptopodin, a crucial stabilizer of the podocyte cytoskeleton, and increased fibronectin expression. This novel study critically implicates NIC itself as a contributor to DN progression in CS and EC users.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we demonstrate that nicotine increases the production of reactive oxygen species, increases cyclooxygenase-2 expression, and upregulates Cd36 while inducing downregulation of AMP-activated protein kinase. In vivo nicotine increases proteinuria and fibronectin expression in diabetic mice. This study demonstrates that effects of nicotine on podocytes are responsible, at least in part, for the deleterious effects of smoking in the progression of chronic kidney disease, including diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar A Jaimes
- Renal Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ming-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mohammed Siddiqui
- Renal Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Gabriel Rezonzew
- Renal Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Runxia Tian
- Nephrology Section, Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida
| | - Surya V Seshan
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Alecia N Muwonge
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Nicholas J Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Evren U Azeloglu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Sandra Merscher
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Leopoldo Raij
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Ge X, Zhang T, Yu X, Muwonge AN, Anandakrishnan N, Wong NJ, Haydak JC, Reid JM, Fu J, Wong JS, Bhattacharya S, Cuttitta CM, Zhong F, Gordon RE, Salem F, Janssen W, Hone JC, Zhang A, Li H, He JC, Gusella GL, Campbell KN, Azeloglu EU. LIM-Nebulette Reinforces Podocyte Structural Integrity by Linking Actin and Vimentin Filaments. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2372-2391. [PMID: 32737144 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019121261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintenance of the intricate interdigitating morphology of podocytes is crucial for glomerular filtration. One of the key aspects of specialized podocyte morphology is the segregation and organization of distinct cytoskeletal filaments into different subcellular components, for which the exact mechanisms remain poorly understood. METHODS Cells from rats, mice, and humans were used to describe the cytoskeletal configuration underlying podocyte structure. Screening the time-dependent proteomic changes in the rat puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephropathy model correlated the actin-binding protein LIM-nebulette strongly with glomerular function. Single-cell RNA sequencing and immunogold labeling were used to determine Nebl expression specificity in podocytes. Automated high-content imaging, super-resolution microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), live-cell imaging of calcium, and measurement of motility and adhesion dynamics characterized the physiologic role of LIM-nebulette in podocytes. RESULTS Nebl knockout mice have increased susceptibility to adriamycin-induced nephropathy and display morphologic, cytoskeletal, and focal adhesion abnormalities with altered calcium dynamics, motility, and Rho GTPase activity. LIM-nebulette expression is decreased in diabetic nephropathy and FSGS patients at both the transcript and protein level. In mice, rats, and humans, LIM-nebulette expression is localized to primary, secondary, and tertiary processes of podocytes, where it colocalizes with focal adhesions as well as with vimentin fibers. LIM-nebulette shRNA knockdown in immortalized human podocytes leads to dysregulation of vimentin filament organization and reduced cellular elasticity as measured by AFM indentation. CONCLUSIONS LIM-nebulette is a multifunctional cytoskeletal protein that is critical in the maintenance of podocyte structural integrity through active reorganization of focal adhesions, the actin cytoskeleton, and intermediate filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Ge
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Tao Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Xiaoxia Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alecia N Muwonge
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Nanditha Anandakrishnan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Nicholas J Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan C Haydak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jordan M Reid
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jia Fu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jenny S Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Smiti Bhattacharya
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Christina M Cuttitta
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Fang Zhong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ronald E Gordon
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Fadi Salem
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - William Janssen
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - James C Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - John C He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - G Luca Gusella
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kirk N Campbell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Evren U Azeloglu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York .,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Zhong Y, Lee K, Deng Y, Ma Y, Chen Y, Li X, Wei C, Yang S, Wang T, Wong NJ, Muwonge AN, Azeloglu EU, Zhang W, Das B, He JC, Liu R. Arctigenin attenuates diabetic kidney disease through the activation of PP2A in podocytes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4523. [PMID: 31586053 PMCID: PMC6778111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arctigenin (ATG) is a major component of Fructus Arctii, a traditional herbal remedy that reduced proteinuria in diabetic patients. However, whether ATG specifically provides renoprotection in DKD is not known. Here we report that ATG administration is sufficient to attenuate proteinuria and podocyte injury in mouse models of diabetes. Transcriptomic analysis of diabetic mouse glomeruli showed that cell adhesion and inflammation are two key pathways affected by ATG treatment, and mass spectrometry analysis identified protein phosphatase 2 A (PP2A) as one of the top ATG-interacting proteins in renal cells. Enhanced PP2A activity by ATG reduces p65 NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response and high glucose-induced migration in cultured podocytes via interaction with Drebrin-1. Importantly, podocyte-specific Pp2a deletion in mice exacerbates DKD injury and abrogates the ATG-mediated renoprotection. Collectively, our results demonstrate a renoprotective mechanism of ATG via PP2A activation and establish PP2A as a potential target for DKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kyung Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yueyi Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueling Li
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengguo Wei
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shumin Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tianming Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Nicholas J Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alecia N Muwonge
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evren U Azeloglu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bhaskar Das
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Cijiang He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Renal Section, James J Peters Veterans Affair Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Ruijie Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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azeem SM, Muwonge AN, Ivatarov M, Yunayev M, Frey KM. Exploiting the Components Leading to Mutational Resistance in Rigid and Flexible Non‐nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs). FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.828.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Risbud KS, Muwonge AN, Frey KM. Predicting the Effects of GSTPπ Polymorphism on Resistance to Ezatiostat. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.lb97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kajal S. Risbud
- Pharmaceutical SciencesLong Island University PharmacyBrooklynNY
| | | | - Kathleen M. Frey
- Pharmaceutical SciencesLong Island University PharmacyBrooklynNY
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