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Dutovs A, Popļausks R, Putāns O, Perkanuks V, Jurkevičiūtė A, Tamulevičius T, Malinovskis U, Olyshevets I, Erts D, Prikulis J. In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2024; 15:126-133. [PMID: 38317824 PMCID: PMC10840541 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.15.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Porous anodic aluminum oxide (PAAO), sometimes referred to as nanoporous anodic alumina, serves as a cost-effective template for nanofabrication in many fields of science and engineering. However, production of ultrathin PAAO membranes with precise thickness in the optical sub-wavelength range remains challenging because of difficulties regarding process control at the initial stage of anodic oxidation. In this study, we demonstrate a technique for consistently manufacturing PAAO with the targeted thickness. An electrochemical cell with an optical window was designed for reflectance spectroscopy of PAAO during anodization. Real-time fitting of spectra to a transfer-matrix model enabled continuous monitoring of the thickness growth of the PAAO layer. Automation software was designed to terminate the anodization process at preset PAAO thickness values. While the concept was illustrated using the widely used method of anodization in a 0.3 M oxalic acid electrolyte with a 40 V potential, it can be readily customized for other protocols. PAAO layers with effective thickness below 300 nm could be produced with a few nanometers accuracy using single-crystal aluminum substrates. The results were confirmed using spectroscopic ellipsometry. The method for controlling the thickness during anodization eliminates the necessity of sample sectioning for electron microscopy and is particularly valuable for the small-scale production of PAAO-based functional optical coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandrs Dutovs
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga LV-1586, Latvia
| | - Raimonds Popļausks
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga LV-1586, Latvia
| | - Oskars Putāns
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga LV-1586, Latvia
| | - Vladislavs Perkanuks
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga LV-1586, Latvia
| | - Aušrinė Jurkevičiūtė
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga LV-1586, Latvia
- Institute of Materials Science of Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Tamulevičius
- Institute of Materials Science of Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentų St. 50, Kaunas LT-51368, Lithuania
| | - Uldis Malinovskis
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga LV-1586, Latvia
| | - Iryna Olyshevets
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga LV-1586, Latvia
| | - Donats Erts
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga LV-1586, Latvia
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas Str., Riga LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Juris Prikulis
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga LV-1586, Latvia
- Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Optometry, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas Str., Riga LV-1004, Latvia
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Stankevich S, Sevcenko J, Bulderberga O, Dutovs A, Erts D, Piskunovs M, Ivanovs V, Ivanov V, Aniskevich A. Electrical Resistivity of 3D-Printed Polymer Elements. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2988. [PMID: 37514378 PMCID: PMC10385277 DOI: 10.3390/polym15142988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
During this study, the resistivity of electrically conductive structures 3D-printed via fused filament fabrication (FFF) was investigated. Electrical resistivity characterisation was performed on various structural levels of the whole 3D-printed body, starting from the single traxel (3D-printed single track element), continuing with monolayer and multilayer formation, finalising with hybrid structures of a basic nonconductive polymer and an electrically conductive one. Two commercial conductive materials were studied: Proto-Pasta and Koltron G1. It was determined that the geometry and resistivity of a single traxel influenced the resistivity of all subsequent structural elements of the printed body and affected its electrical anisotropy. In addition, the results showed that thermal postprocessing (annealing) affected the resistivity of a standalone extruded fibre (extruded filament through a printer nozzle in freefall) and traxel. The effect of Joule heating and piezoresistive properties of hybrid structures with imprinted conductive elements made from Koltron G1 were investigated. Results revealed good thermal stability within 70 °C and considerable piezoresistive response with a gauge factor of 15-25 at both low 0.1% and medium 1.5% elongations, indicating the potential of such structures for use as a heat element and strain gauge sensor in applications involving stiff materials and low elongations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Stankevich
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, Jelgavas St. 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Jevgenijs Sevcenko
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, Jelgavas St. 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Olga Bulderberga
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, Jelgavas St. 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Aleksandrs Dutovs
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, Jelgavas St. 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Donat Erts
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, Jelgavas St. 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | | | | | - Victor Ivanov
- ZRF Ritec SIA, Gustava Zemgala St. 71A, LV-1039 Riga, Latvia
| | - Andrey Aniskevich
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, Jelgavas St. 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
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Malinovskis U, Popļausks R, Jurkevičiu̅tė A, Dutovs A, Berzins K, Perkanuks V, Simka W, Muiznieks I, Erts D, Prikulis J. Optimization of Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles on Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide Substrates for Refractometric Sensing. ACS Omega 2022; 7:40324-40332. [PMID: 36385891 PMCID: PMC9648095 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A new composite metal-insulator-metal (MIM) system consisting of exceptionally dense non-close-packed (NCP) arrays of gold or silver nanoparticles, porous anodic aluminum oxide (PAAO), and bulk aluminum substrate interacts strongly with visible light and may become a very useful component for optical applications. The proposed MIM structure can be synthesized using accessible lithography-free chemical and physical processes (anodization and capillary force assisted colloidal particle deposition) that are suitable for the low-cost production of specialized devices. Here, we present a systematic study to determine the essential MIM structure parameters (nanoparticle size and PAAO layer thickness) for localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) refractometric sensing. A performance comparison was done by recording the spectra of scattered light upon angled illumination in media with different refractive indices. A clear advantage for maximizing the signal to background ratio was observed in the case of 60 and 80 nm Au nanoparticles with a PAAO thickness in a narrow range between 300 and 375 nm. Sensitivity exceeding a 200 nm peak wavelength shift per refractive index unit was found for 60 nm Au nanoparticles on approximately 500-nm-thick PAAO. The experimental observations were supported by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uldis Malinovskis
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga LV-1586, Latvia
| | - Raimonds Popļausks
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga LV-1586, Latvia
| | - Aušrinė Jurkevičiu̅tė
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga LV-1586, Latvia
| | - Aleksandrs Dutovs
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga LV-1586, Latvia
| | - Karlis Berzins
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga LV-1586, Latvia
| | - Vladislavs Perkanuks
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga LV-1586, Latvia
| | - Wojciech Simka
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego Street 6, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Indrikis Muiznieks
- Faculty
of Biology, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas Str., Riga LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Donats Erts
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga LV-1586, Latvia
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga LV-1586, Latvia
| | - Juris Prikulis
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga LV-1586, Latvia
- Faculty
of Physics, Mathematics, and Optometry, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas Str., Riga LV-1004, Latvia
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