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Lucas ER, Nagi SC, Kabula B, Batengana B, Kisinza W, Egyir-Yawson A, Essandoh J, Dadzie S, Chabi J, Van't Hof AE, Rippon EJ, Pipini D, Harding NJ, Dyer NA, Clarkson CS, Miles A, Weetman D, Donnelly MJ. Copy number variants underlie the major selective sweeps in insecticide resistance genes in Anopheles arabiensis from Tanzania. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.11.583874. [PMID: 38559088 PMCID: PMC10979859 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.11.583874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
To keep ahead of the evolution of resistance to insecticides in mosquitoes, national malaria control programmes must make use of a range of insecticides, both old and new, while monitoring resistance mechanisms. Knowledge of the mechanisms of resistance remains limited in Anopheles arabiensis, which in many parts of Africa is of increasing importance because it is apparently less susceptible to many indoor control interventions. Furthermore, comparatively little is known in general about resistance to non-pyrethroid insecticides such as pirimiphos-methyl (PM), which are crucial for effective control in the context of resistance to pyrethroids. We performed a genome-wide association study to determine the molecular mechanisms of resistance to deltamethrin (commonly used in bednets) and PM, in An. arabiensis from two regions in Tanzania. Genomic regions of positive selection in these populations were largely driven by copy number variants (CNVs) in gene families involved in resistance to these two insecticides. We found evidence of a new gene cluster involved in resistance to PM, identifying a strong selective sweep tied to a CNV in the Coeae2g-Coeae6g cluster of carboxylesterase genes. Using complementary data from An. coluzzii in Ghana, we show that copy number at this locus is significantly associated with PM resistance. Similarly, for deltamethrin, resistance was strongly associated with a novel CNV allele in the Cyp6aa / Cyp6p cluster. Against this background of metabolic resistance, target site resistance was very rare or absent for both insecticides. Mutations in the pyrethroid target site Vgsc were at very low frequency in Tanzania, yet combining these samples with three An. arabiensis individuals from West Africa revealed a startling diversity of evolutionary origins of target site resistance, with up to 5 independent origins of Vgsc-995 mutations found within just 8 haplotypes. Thus, despite having been first recorded over 10 years ago, Vgsc resistance mutations in Tanzanian An. arabiensis have remained at stable low frequencies. Overall, our results provide a new copy number marker for monitoring resistance to PM in malaria mosquitoes, and reveal the complex picture of resistance patterns in An. arabiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Lucas
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Sanjay C Nagi
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Bilali Kabula
- National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Centre, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Bernard Batengana
- National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Centre, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - William Kisinza
- National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Centre, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania
| | | | - John Essandoh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Sam Dadzie
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Chabi
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Arjen E Van't Hof
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Emily J Rippon
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Dimitra Pipini
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Nicholas J Harding
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi A Dyer
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Chris S Clarkson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Miles
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Martin J Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
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Nagi SC, Lucas ER, Egyir-Yawson A, Essandoh J, Dadzie S, Chabi J, Djogbénou LS, Medjigbodo AA, Edi CV, Ketoh GK, Koudou BG, Ashraf F, Clarkson CS, Miles A, Weetman D, Donnelly MJ. Parallel evolution in mosquito vectors - a duplicated esterase locus is associated with resistance to pirimiphos-methyl in An. gambiae. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.01.578361. [PMID: 38352547 PMCID: PMC10862845 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.01.578361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The primary control methods for the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, are based on insecticidal interventions. Emerging resistance to these compounds is therefore of major concern to malaria control programmes. The organophosphate, pirimiphos-methyl, is a relatively new chemical in the vector control armoury but is now widely used in indoor residual spray campaigns. Whilst generally effective, phenotypic resistance has developed in some areas in malaria vectors. Here, we used a population genomic approach to identify novel mechanisms of resistance to pirimiphos-methyl in Anopheles gambiae s.l mosquitoes. In multiple populations, we found large and repeated signals of selection at a locus containing a cluster of detoxification enzymes, some of whose orthologs are known to confer resistance to organophosphates in Culex pipiens. Close examination revealed a pair of alpha-esterases, Coeae1f and Coeae2f, and a complex and diverse pattern of haplotypes under selection in An. gambiae, An. coluzzii and An. arabiensis. As in Cx. pipiens, copy number variation seems to play a role in the evolution of insecticide resistance at this locus. We used diplotype clustering to examine whether these signals arise from parallel evolution or adaptive introgression. Using whole-genome sequenced phenotyped samples, we found that in West Africa, a copy number variant in Anopheles gambiae is associated with resistance to pirimiphos-methyl. Overall, we demonstrate a striking example of contemporary parallel evolution which has important implications for malaria control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay C. Nagi
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Eric R. Lucas
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | | | - John Essandoh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Samuel Dadzie
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Chabi
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Luc S. Djogbénou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 B.P. 526 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Adandé A. Medjigbodo
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 B.P. 526 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Constant V. Edi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Guillaume K. Ketoh
- Laboratory of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Lomé, 01 B.P. 1515 Lomé, Togo
| | - Benjamin G. Koudou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Faisal Ashraf
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Chris S. Clarkson
- Wellcome Sanger Genomic Surveillance Unit, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1RQ, UK
| | - Alistair Miles
- Wellcome Sanger Genomic Surveillance Unit, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1RQ, UK
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Martin J. Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Genomic Surveillance Unit, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1RQ, UK
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Lucas ER, Nagi SC, Egyir-Yawson A, Essandoh J, Dadzie S, Chabi J, Djogbénou LS, Medjigbodo AA, Edi CV, Kétoh GK, Koudou BG, Van't Hof AE, Rippon EJ, Pipini D, Harding NJ, Dyer NA, Cerdeira LT, Clarkson CS, Kwiatkowski DP, Miles A, Donnelly MJ, Weetman D. Genome-wide association studies reveal novel loci associated with pyrethroid and organophosphate resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4946. [PMID: 37587104 PMCID: PMC10432508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to insecticides in Anopheles mosquitoes threatens the effectiveness of malaria control, but the genetics of resistance are only partially understood. We performed a large scale multi-country genome-wide association study of resistance to two widely used insecticides: deltamethrin and pirimiphos-methyl, using sequencing data from An. gambiae and An. coluzzii from ten locations in West Africa. Resistance was highly multi-genic, multi-allelic and variable between populations. While the strongest and most consistent association with deltamethrin resistance came from Cyp6aa1, this was based on several independent copy number variants (CNVs) in An. coluzzii, and on a non-CNV haplotype in An. gambiae. For pirimiphos-methyl, signals included Ace1, cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferases and the nAChR target site of neonicotinoid insecticides. The regions around Cyp9k1 and the Tep family of immune genes showed evidence of cross-resistance to both insecticides. These locally-varying, multi-allelic patterns highlight the challenges involved in genomic monitoring of resistance, and may form the basis for improved surveillance methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Lucas
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Sanjay C Nagi
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | | | - John Essandoh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Samuel Dadzie
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Chabi
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Luc S Djogbénou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), Université d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 B.P. 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Adandé A Medjigbodo
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), Université d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 B.P. 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Constant V Edi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Guillaume K Kétoh
- Laboratory of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Lomé, 01 B.P. 1515, Lomé, Togo
| | - Benjamin G Koudou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Arjen E Van't Hof
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Emily J Rippon
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Dimitra Pipini
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Nicholas J Harding
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Naomi A Dyer
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Louise T Cerdeira
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | | | | | - Alistair Miles
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Martin J Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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Lucas ER, Nagi SC, Egyir-Yawson A, Essandoh J, Dadzie S, Chabi J, Djogbénou LS, Medjigbodo AA, Edi CV, Ketoh GK, Koudou BG, Van't Hof AE, Rippon EJ, Pipini D, Harding NJ, Dyer NA, Cerdeira LT, Clarkson CS, Kwiatkowski DP, Miles A, Donnelly MJ, Weetman D. Genome-wide association studies reveal novel loci associated with pyrethroid and organophosphate resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. bioRxiv 2023:2023.01.13.523889. [PMID: 36712022 PMCID: PMC9882144 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.13.523889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to insecticides in Anopheles mosquitoes threatens the effectiveness of the most widespread tools currently used to control malaria. The genetic underpinnings of resistance are still only partially understood, with much of the variance in resistance phenotype left unexplained. We performed a multi-country large scale genome-wide association study of resistance to two insecticides widely used in malaria control: deltamethrin and pirimiphos-methyl. Using a bioassay methodology designed to maximise the phenotypic difference between resistant and susceptible samples, we sequenced 969 phenotyped female An. gambiae and An. coluzzii from ten locations across four countries in West Africa (Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana and Togo), identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variants (CNVs) segregating in the populations. The patterns of resistance association were highly multiallelic and variable between populations, with different genomic regions contributing to resistance, as well as different mutations within a given region. While the strongest and most consistent association with deltamethrin resistance came from the region around Cyp6aa1 , this resistance was based on a combination of several independent CNVs in An. coluzzii , and on a non-CNV bearing haplotype in An. gambiae . Further signals involved a range of cytochrome P450, mitochondrial, and immunity genes. Similarly, for pirimiphos-methyl, while the strongest signal came from the region of Ace1 , more widespread signals included cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferases, and a subunit of the nAChR target site of neonicotinoid insecticides. The regions around Cyp9k1 and the Tep family of immune genes were associated with resistance to both insecticide classes, suggesting possible cross-resistance mechanisms. These locally-varying, multigenic and multiallelic patterns highlight the challenges involved in genomic monitoring and surveillance of resistance, and form the basis for improvement of methods used to detect and predict resistance. Based on simulations of resistance variants, we recommend that yet larger scale studies, exceeding 500 phenotyped samples per population, are required to better identify associated genomic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Lucas
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Sanjay C Nagi
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | | | - John Essandoh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Sam Dadzie
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Chabi
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Luc S Djogbénou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), Université d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 B.P. 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Adandé A Medjigbodo
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), Université d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 B.P. 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Constant V Edi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Guillaume K Ketoh
- Laboratory of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Lomé, 01 B.P: 1515 Lomé 01, Togo
| | - Benjamin G Koudou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Arjen E Van't Hof
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Emily J Rippon
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Dimitra Pipini
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Nicholas J Harding
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi A Dyer
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Louise T Cerdeira
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Chris S Clarkson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alistair Miles
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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Aninagyei E, Adu P, Rufai T, Ampomah P, Kwakye-Nuako G, Egyir-Yawson A, Acheampong DO. Effect of Asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum Parasitaemia on Platelets Thrombogenicity in Blood Donors. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2021; 37:632-639. [PMID: 34690456 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-020-01390-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, blood donors in Ghana are not screened for malaria parasites. Therefore, this study assessed platelet thrombogenicity in blood donors infected asymptomatically with Plasmodium falciparum and the relationship between tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α oxidative stress biomarker (8-iso-PG2α), C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and D-dimer, and platelet thrombogenes levels. Haematology analyser was used to enumerate platelet count and platelet indices in 80 P. falciparum infected blood donors and 160 matched non-infected controls. Replicate serum levels of von Willebrand Factor (vWF), platelet factor 4 (PF4), P-selectin thrombogenic factors as well as TNF-α and 8-iso-PG2α were determined using enzyme immuno-assay while high sensitive hs-CRP and D-dimer concentrations were determined by fluorescent immunoassay. The geometric mean of parasite density in malaria infected donors was 1784 parasites/µL (505-2478 parasites/µL). This led to significant increase in the mean levels of 8-iso-PG2α, hs-CRP, TNF-α and D-dimer. However, PF4, P-selectin were significantly lower in infected donors while vWF levels did not differ significantly among the groups even though lower levels were observed in the infected donors. Significant direct relationship existed between both P-selectin and PF4 and platelet count, and plateletcrit and platelet large cell ratio whereas these thrombogenic factors varied inversely to 8-iso-PG2α, TNF-α and hs-CRP. Relative thrombocytopaenia was associated with significant reduction in P-selectin and platelet factor 4 levels together with increased 8-iso-PG2α, hs-CRP, TNF-α and D-dimer levels. Taken together, it is recommended that all P. falciparum infected blood donors should be deferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Aninagyei
- School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Patrick Adu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Tanko Rufai
- Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Programme, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Paulina Ampomah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Godwin Kwakye-Nuako
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Alexander Egyir-Yawson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Desmond Omane Acheampong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Grau-Bové X, Lucas E, Pipini D, Rippon E, van ‘t Hof AE, Constant E, Dadzie S, Egyir-Yawson A, Essandoh J, Chabi J, Djogbénou L, Harding NJ, Miles A, Kwiatkowski D, Donnelly MJ, Weetman D. Resistance to pirimiphos-methyl in West African Anopheles is spreading via duplication and introgression of the Ace1 locus. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009253. [PMID: 33476334 PMCID: PMC7853456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector population control using insecticides is a key element of current strategies to prevent malaria transmission in Africa. The introduction of effective insecticides, such as the organophosphate pirimiphos-methyl, is essential to overcome the recurrent emergence of resistance driven by the highly diverse Anopheles genomes. Here, we use a population genomic approach to investigate the basis of pirimiphos-methyl resistance in the major malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and A. coluzzii. A combination of copy number variation and a single non-synonymous substitution in the acetylcholinesterase gene, Ace1, provides the key resistance diagnostic in an A. coluzzii population from Côte d'Ivoire that we used for sequence-based association mapping, with replication in other West African populations. The Ace1 substitution and duplications occur on a unique resistance haplotype that evolved in A. gambiae and introgressed into A. coluzzii, and is now common in West Africa primarily due to selection imposed by other organophosphate or carbamate insecticides. Our findings highlight the predictive value of this complex resistance haplotype for phenotypic resistance and clarify its evolutionary history, providing tools to for molecular surveillance of the current and future effectiveness of pirimiphos-methyl based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Grau-Bové
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Lucas
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitra Pipini
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Rippon
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Arjèn E. van ‘t Hof
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Edi Constant
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Samuel Dadzie
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - John Essandoh
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Joseph Chabi
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Luc Djogbénou
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institut Régional de Santé Publique, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Nicholas J. Harding
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Miles
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Kwiatkowski
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Aninagyei E, Tetteh C, Egyir-Yawson A, Omane Acheampong D. Effect of P. falciparum Kelch 13 and Pfmdr1 gene polymorphisms on parasite clearance characteristics following Artemether-Lumefantrine therapy. Int J Infect Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Apaatah F, Osae M, Nwaefuna E, Aboagye-Antwi F, Egyir-Yawson A, Bimi L. Trypanosome prevalence in pigs and tsetse flies from selected areas of Jomoro district of the western region of Ghana. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2020; 21:100444. [PMID: 32862913 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Detection of trypanosomes in tsetse or domestic livestock is a basic requirement for epidemiological studies as well as for planning and implementing control measures against tsetse and trypanosomiasis. This epidemiological study aimed at assessing the prevalence of trypanosomes in pigs and tsetse flies in the Jomoro district of the western region of Ghana using molecular techniques. Blood was collected from pigs and biconical traps were used to collect tsetse flies. DNA was isolated from 300 pig blood samples and 300 flies for trypanosome detection and identification by PCR. Packed Cell Volume (PCV) of blood samples from 300 pigs was measured using a micro-haematocrit reader. Glossina palpalis palpalis was the only tsetse species found in the area with fly apparent density of 18.4 fly/trap/day. An overall prevalence of trypanosomes in the study area was 4.3% and 0.8% in pigs and tsetse flies respectively. Mixed infection with Trypanosoma (T.) congolense forest and T. vivax was most prevalent 46.2% followed by single infection of T. vivax 15.4%, T. congolense and a mixed infection of T. congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei sl. were the least with 7.7% each. There were no significant differences in trypanosome prevalence among different age groups and between both sexes of the studied pigs (p > 0.05). Trypanosome prevalence was lower in healthy looking 1.9% than the sick looking 20%, pigs (P < 0.05). Mean PCV of parasitaemic pigs 29.3% was significantly lower than that of aparasitaemic pigs 37.8%. Two out of the five species-specific primers used could not identify any trypanosome species from the total blood samples examined. This could possibly mean that those species are not found in the present study area. These results provide useful background information for further study and justification to extend tsetse control to the Jomoro district.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Apaatah
- Radiation Entomology and Pest management Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Michael Osae
- Radiation Entomology and Pest management Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ekene Nwaefuna
- Radiation Entomology and Pest management Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana
| | - Fred Aboagye-Antwi
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Sciences, University of Ghana, p. o box LG 80 Legon, ACCRA, Ghana
| | - Alexander Egyir-Yawson
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast., Ghana
| | - Langbong Bimi
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Sciences, University of Ghana, p. o box LG 80 Legon, ACCRA, Ghana.
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Dzifa Doe E, Kwakye-Nuako G, Egyir-Yawson A. Identification of Blood Meal of Sand Flies in a Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Endemic Area, Volta Region-Ghana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.11648/j.ajbls.20200804.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Aninagyei E, Smith-Graham S, Boye A, Egyir-Yawson A, Acheampong DO. Evaluating 18s-rRNA LAMP and selective whole genome amplification (sWGA) assay in detecting asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in blood donors. Malar J 2019; 18:214. [PMID: 31234871 PMCID: PMC6591871 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Undesirable consequences of donor Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia on stored donor blood have been reported. Therefore, it is imperative that all prospective blood donors are screened for P. falciparum infections using sensitive techniques. In this study, the sensitivities of microscopy, rapid diagnostic test (RDT), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay and selective whole genome amplification (sWGA) technique in detecting P. falciparum infections in blood donors was assessed. Methods Randomly selected blood donors from 5 districts in Greater Accra Region of Ghana were screened for asymptomatic P. falciparum infections. Each donor sample was screened with SD Bioline RDT kit for P. falciparum histidine rich protein 2 and Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase antigens, sWGA and 18s-rRNA LAMP. Crude DNA LAMP (crDNA-LAMP) was compared to purified DNA LAMP (pDNA-LAMP). Results A total of 771 blood donors were screened. The respective overall prevalence of P. falciparum in Ghana by microscopy, RDT, crDNA-LAMP, pDNA-LAMP and sWGA was 7.4%, 11.8%, 16.9%, 17.5% and 18.0%. Using sWGA as the reference test, the sensitivities of microscopy, RDT, crDNA-LAMP and pDNA-LAMP were 41.0% (95% CI 32.7–49.7), 65.5% (95% CI 56.9–73.3), 82.6% (95% CI 75.8–88.3) and 95.7% (95% CI 90.1–98.4), respectively. There was near perfect agreement between LAMP and sWGA (sWGA vs. crDNA-LAMP, κ = 0.87; sWGA vs. pDNA-LAMP, κ = 0.96), while crDNA-LAMP and pDNA-LAMP agreed perfectly (κ = 0.91). Goodness of fit test indicated non-significant difference between the performance of LAMP and sWGA (crDNA-LAMP vs. sWGA: x2 = 0.71, p = 0.399 and pDNA-LAMP vs. sWGA: x2 = 0.14, p = 0.707). Finally, compared to sWGA, the performance of LAMP did not differ in detecting sub-microscopic parasitaemia (sWGA vs. crDNA-LAMP: x2 = 1.12, p = 0.290 and sWGA vs. pDNA-LAMP: x2 = 0.22, p = 0.638). Conclusions LAMP assay agreed near perfectly with sWGA with non-significant differences in their ability to detect asymptomatic P. falciparum parasitaemia in blood donors. Therefore, it is recommended that LAMP based assays are employed to detect P. falciparum infections in blood donors due to its high sensitivity, simplicity, cost-effectiveness and user-friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Aninagyei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. .,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.
| | | | - Alex Boye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Alexander Egyir-Yawson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Desmond Omane Acheampong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
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Sedda L, Lucas ER, Djogbénou LS, Edi AVC, Egyir-Yawson A, Kabula BI, Midega J, Ochomo E, Weetman D, Donnelly MJ. Improved spatial ecological sampling using open data and standardization: an example from malaria mosquito surveillance. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20180941. [PMID: 30966952 PMCID: PMC6505554 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne disease control relies on efficient vector surveillance, mostly carried out using traps whose number and locations are often determined by expert opinion rather than a rigorous quantitative sampling design. In this work we propose a framework for ecological sampling design which in its preliminary stages can take into account environmental conditions obtained from open data (i.e. remote sensing and meteorological stations) not necessarily designed for ecological analysis. These environmental data are used to delimit the area into ecologically homogeneous strata. By employing Bayesian statistics within a model-based sampling design, the traps are deployed among the strata using a mixture of random and grid locations which allows balancing predictions and model-fitting accuracies. Sample sizes and the effect of ecological strata on sample sizes are estimated from previous mosquito sampling campaigns open data. Notably, we found that a configuration of 30 locations with four households each (120 samples) will have a similar accuracy in the predictions of mosquito abundance as 200 random samples. In addition, we show that random sampling independently from ecological strata, produces biased estimates of the mosquito abundance. Finally, we propose standardizing reporting of sampling designs to allow transparency and repetition/re-use in subsequent sampling campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Sedda
- Centre for Health Information, Computation and Statistics (CHICAS), Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Furness Building, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Eric R. Lucas
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Luc S. Djogbénou
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Institut Régional de Santé Publique/Université d'Abomey–Calavi, BP 384 Ouidah, Benin
| | - Ako V. C. Edi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Cote d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire
| | | | - Bilali I. Kabula
- National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Amani Centre, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Janet Midega
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Eric Ochomo
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 1578 – 40100 Kisumu, Kenya
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Martin J. Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
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Aninagyei E, Doku ET, Adu P, Egyir-Yawson A, Acheampong DO. Storage related haematological and biochemical changes in Plasmodium falciparum infected and sickle cell trait donor blood. BMC Hematol 2018; 18:30. [PMID: 30450212 PMCID: PMC6220467 DOI: 10.1186/s12878-018-0128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background In sub-Saharan Africa where sickle cell trait (SCT) and malaria is prevalent, significant proportions of blood donors may be affected by one or more of these abnormalities. The haemato-biochemical properties of SCT and asymptomatic malaria in donor blood have not been evaluated. This study evaluated the haemato-biochemical impact of SCT and asymptomatic malaria infections in citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine (CPDA-1) stored donor blood units. Methods Fifty-milliliters of sterile CPDA-1 anti-coagulated blood were drained into the sample pouch attached to the main blood bag. Ten units each of sickle cell/malaria negative, sickle cell and malaria positive blood were analyzed. Baseline and weekly haematological profiling and week 1, 3 and 5 concentrations of plasma haemoglobin, % haemolysis, sodium, potassium and chloride and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were assayed. Differences between baseline and weekly data were determined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis test, whereas differences between baseline parameters and week 1-3 data pairs were determined using paired t-test. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Storage of SCT and malaria infected blood affected all haematological cell lines. In the SCT donors, red blood cells (RBC) (4.75 × 1012/L ± 1.43baseline to 3.49 × 1012/L ± 1.09week-5), haemoglobin (14.45 g/dl ± 1.63baseline to 11.43 g/dl ± 1.69week-5) and haematocrit (39.96% ± 3.18baseline to 33.22% ± 4.12week-5) were reduced. In the asymptomatic malaria group, reductions were observed in RBC (5.00 × 1012/L ± 0.75baseline to 3.72 × 1012/L ± 0.71week-5), haemoglobin (14.73 g/dl ± 1.67baseline to 11.53 g/dl ± 1.62week-5), haematocrit (42.72% ± 5.16baseline to 33.38% ± 5.80week-5), mean cell haemoglobin concentration (35.48 g/dl ± 1.84baseline to 35.01 g/dl ± 0.64week-5) and red cell distribution width coefficient of variation (14.81% ± 1.54baseline to 16.26% ± 1.37week-5). Biochemically, whereas plasma LDH levels significantly increased in asymptomatic malaria blood donors (319% increase at week 5 compared to baseline), SCT blood donors had the most significant increase in plasma potassium levels at week 5 (382% increase). Sodium ions significantly reduced in SCT/malaria negative and sickle cell trait blood at an average rate of 0.21 mmol/L per day. Moreover, elevations in lymphocytes-to-eosinophils and lymphocytes-to-neutrophils ratios were associated with SCT and malaria positive blood whilst elevation lymphocytes-to-basophils ratio was exclusive to malaria positive blood. Conclusion Severe storage lesions were significant in SCT or malaria positive donor blood units. Proper clinical evaluation must be done in prospective blood donors to ensure deferral of such donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Aninagyei
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | - Patrick Adu
- 3Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Alexander Egyir-Yawson
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Desmond Omane Acheampong
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Riveron JM, Osae M, Egyir-Yawson A, Irving H, Ibrahim SS, Wondji CS. Multiple insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles funestus in southern Ghana: implications for malaria control. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:504. [PMID: 27628765 PMCID: PMC5024453 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1787-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the dynamics of insecticide resistance in African malaria vectors is crucial for successful implementation of resistance management strategies in the continent. This study reports a high and multiple insecticide resistance in Anopheles funestus from southern Ghana which could compromise the Malaria Operational Plan in this country, if not tackled. Adult Anopheles mosquitoes were collected in Obuasi and Adawukwa, in southern Ghana. Plasmodium infection rates, susceptibility to the main insecticides used in public health and the molecular basis of insecticide resistance were established. Results An. funestus (sensu stricto) (s.s.) was the predominant mosquito species found resting inside the houses in Obuasi, while at Adawukwa it was found together with An. coluzzii. Parasite rates were high in An. funestus (s.s.) populations from both localities, with Plasmodium infection rates greater than 12.5 %. Both, An. funestus (s.s.) and An. coluzzii, from the two sites exhibited high resistance to the insecticide from various classes including the pyrethroids, carbamates and DDT, but remained fully susceptible to the organophosphates. A preliminary characterization of the underlying molecular mechanisms of resistance in An. funestus (s.s.) populations from both sites revealed that CYP6P9a, CYP6P9b, CYP6M7 and GSTe2 genes are upregulated, markedly higher in Obuasi (between 3.35 and 1.83 times) than in Adawukwa population. The frequency of L119F-GSTe2 and A296S-RDL resistance markers were also higher in Obuasi (42.5 and 68.95 % higher), compared with An. funestus (s.s.) populations from Adawukwa. These findings suggest that the similar resistance pattern observed in both An. funestus (s.s.) populations are driven by different mechanisms. Conclusions Resistance to multiple insecticides in public health use is present in malaria vectors from Ghana with major resistance genes already operating in the field. This should be taken into consideration in the design of resistance management strategies to avoid operational failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Riveron
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK. .,Research Unit Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, P.O Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | | | | | - Helen Irving
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sulaiman S Ibrahim
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, PMB 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK.,Research Unit Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, P.O Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Afoakwah R, Boampong JN, Egyir-Yawson A, Nwaefuna EK, Verner ON, Asare KK. High prevalence of PfCRT K76T mutation in Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Ghana. Acta Trop 2014; 136:32-6. [PMID: 24727053 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum has successfully developed resistance to almost all currently used antimalarials. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (Pfcrt) gene at position 76 resulting in a change in coding from lysine to threonine (K76T) has been implicated to be the corner stone of chloroquine resistance. Widespread resistance to chloroquine in endemic regions led to its replacement with other antimalarials. In some areas this replacement resulted in a reversion of the mutant T76 allele to the wild-type K76 allele. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of the K76T mutation of the Pfcrt gene eight years after the ban on chloroquine sales and use. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 6 regional hospitals in Ghana. PCR-RFLP was used to analyse samples collected to determine the prevalence of Pfcrt K76T mutation. Of the 1318 participants recruited for this study, 246 were found to harbour the P. falciparum parasites, of which 60.98% (150/246) showed symptoms for malaria. The prevalence of the Pfcrt T76 mutant allele was 58.54% (144/246) and that of the K76 wild-type allele was 41.46% (102/246). No difference of statistical significance was observed in the distribution of the alleles in the symptomatic and asymptomatic participants (P=0.632). No significant association was, again, observed between the alleles and parasite density (P=0.314), as well as between the alleles and Hb levels of the participants (P=0.254). Notwithstanding the decline in the prevalence of the Pfcrt T76 mutation since the antimalarial policy change in 2004, the 58.54% prevalence recorded in this study is considered high after eight years of the abolishment of chloroquine usage in Ghana. This is in contrast to findings from other endemic areas where the mutant allele significantly reduced in the population after a reduction chloroquine use.
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Lees RS, Knols B, Bellini R, Benedict MQ, Bheecarry A, Bossin HC, Chadee DD, Charlwood J, Dabiré RK, Djogbenou L, Egyir-Yawson A, Gato R, Gouagna LC, Hassan MM, Khan SA, Koekemoer LL, Lemperiere G, Manoukis NC, Mozuraitis R, Pitts RJ, Simard F, Gilles JR. Review: Improving our knowledge of male mosquito biology in relation to genetic control programmes. Acta Trop 2014; 132 Suppl:S2-11. [PMID: 24252487 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The enormous burden placed on populations worldwide by mosquito-borne diseases, most notably malaria and dengue, is currently being tackled by the use of insecticides sprayed in residences or applied to bednets, and in the case of dengue vectors through reduction of larval breeding sites or larviciding with insecticides thereof. However, these methods are under threat from, amongst other issues, the development of insecticide resistance and the practical difficulty of maintaining long-term community-wide efforts. The sterile insect technique (SIT), whose success hinges on having a good understanding of the biology and behaviour of the male mosquito, is an additional weapon in the limited arsenal against mosquito vectors. The successful production and release of sterile males, which is the mechanism of population suppression by SIT, relies on the release of mass-reared sterile males able to confer sterility in the target population by mating with wild females. A five year Joint FAO/IAEA Coordinated Research Project brought together researchers from around the world to investigate the pre-mating conditions of male mosquitoes (physiology and behaviour, resource acquisition and allocation, and dispersal), the mosquito mating systems and the contribution of molecular or chemical approaches to the understanding of male mosquito mating behaviour. A summary of the existing knowledge and the main novel findings of this group is reviewed here, and further presented in the reviews and research articles that form this Acta Tropica special issue.
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Pinto J, Egyir-Yawson A, Vicente J, Gomes B, Santolamazza F, Moreno M, Charlwood J, Simard F, Elissa N, Weetman D, Donnelly M, Caccone A, Della Torre A. Geographic population structure of the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae suggests a role for the forest-savannah biome transition as a barrier to gene flow. Evol Appl 2013; 6:910-24. [PMID: 24062800 PMCID: PMC3779092 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary Afrotropical malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto has a complex population structure. In west Africa, this species is split into two molecular forms and displays local and regional variation in chromosomal arrangements and behaviors. To investigate patterns of macrogeographic population substructure, 25 An. gambiae samples from 12 African countries were genotyped at 13 microsatellite loci. This analysis detected the presence of additional population structuring, with the M-form being subdivided into distinct west, central, and southern African genetic clusters. These clusters are coincident with the central African rainforest belt and northern and southern savannah biomes, which suggests restrictions to gene flow associated with the transition between these biomes. By contrast, geographically patterned population substructure appears much weaker within the S-form.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pinto
- Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
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Charlwood JD, Tomás EV, Egyir-Yawson A, Kampango AA, Pitts RJ. Feeding frequency and survival of Anopheles gambiae in a rice-growing area in Ghana. Med Vet Entomol 2012; 26:263-270. [PMID: 22092441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.00987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mortality rates, determined by dissection, of predominantly M form female Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) were estimated. Mosquitoes were collected in tent traps and light traps in an irrigation project village in Ghana in June and July 2010, when much of the area was flooded. Both M and S form larvae were collected from rice fields (74 of 80 specimens were M form). Adults were collected in equal proportions from the two traps (90 of 107 specimens from the light trap and 106 of 116 specimens from the tent trap were M form). During the study, collection numbers rose from 105 to 972 per night. A total of 1787 of the 15 431 An. gambiae collected were dissected. Of these, 953 (53%) were found to have taken their first bloodmeal, either as virgins or following mating. The age profiles of mosquitoes collected alive and dead, respectively, were similar. Eighteen of 2933 (0.61 ± 0.49%) specimens were found to be positive for sporozoites in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Lagged cross correlations among the different age groups implied that the mosquitoes fed on days 2 and 4 following emergence prior to oviposition and every 2.65 ± 0.17 days thereafter. The best model to describe the observed population patterns implied a daily mortality of 84%. The results are discussed in relation to possible mosquito control measures for the village.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Charlwood
- MOZDAN (Mozambican-Danish Rural Malaria Initiative), Morrumbene, Mozambique.
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Charlwood JD, Tomás EVE, Salgueiro P, Egyir-Yawson A, Pitts RJ, Pinto J. Studies on the behaviour of peridomestic and endophagic M form Anopheles gambiae from a rice growing area of Ghana. Bull Entomol Res 2011; 101:533-539. [PMID: 21401973 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485311000125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The 'paddy paradox', the occurrence of large populations of vectors but low amounts of malaria transmission where irrigated rice is grown, was investigated in a village in Ghana where M form Anopheles gambiae are common. Peridomestic and indoor host-seeking mosquitoes were collected in tent traps and light traps over 21 consecutive nights at the start of the rainy season in June 2009 when the population increased exponentially from less than 100 per night to over 1000. Infection rates in the overall mosquito population were 0.3% and in the estimated parous population were 1.9%. Numbers of An. gambiae in the tent trap peaked between midnight and 02:40 am. The majority of insects were taking their first blood meal, as virgins or shortly after mating. More than expected were collected in the light trap during a rainstorm at the start of the rains but overall numbers were not affected. Fewer than expected were collected after a subsequent storm. Recruitment to the adult population decreased over the following days. It is hypothesised that the 'paddy paradox' is due to young pre-gravid insects dispersing more widely than gravid ones, not necessarily to low survival in the mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Charlwood
- DBL Centre for Health Research & Development, 57 Thorvaldensvej, Fredriksberg 1871, Denmark.
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Egyir-Yawson A, McCall P, Wilson M, Donnelly M. Distribution of the molecular forms of Anophelesgambiae and pyrethroid resistance in southern Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(03)80068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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