The Comparison the Impact of Flare-up GnRH Agonist with Delayed-Start GnRH Antagonist Protocols on the IVF Outcome of Poor Responder Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objectives: The current research was established to make a comparison between the delayed-start GnRH antagonist and flare-up GnRH agonist protocols in poor response patients. Methods: The present study is a randomized, prospective, controlled trial that was performed on 150 women who referred to two distinct in vitro fertilization (IVF) centers in Iran. Patients were randomly assigned to two experimental groups, as one group was treated with the delayed-start GnRH antagonist protocol (delayed-start group), while another group was treated with the flare-up protocol (flare-up group). Results: The serum concentrations of estradiol and progesterone, along with the thickness of endometrial tissue and the number of follicles ≥13 mm was significantly increased in the delayed-start group compared with the flare-up group. Also, the number of total oocytes, retrieved mature oocytes, total embryos, fertilized oocytes, as well as the quality of embryos were markedly higher in the delayed-start group when compared with the flare-up group. No statistically significant difference was found in the rates of fertilization, implantation, and pregnancy between the two experimental groups. Conclusions: According to the above evidence, it seems that the effect of delayed-start protocol on ovarian responsiveness was more pronounced during controlled ovarian stimulation in comparison with the flare-up protocol and the delayed start protocol probably lead to better implantation and pregnancy rates in comparison with the flare up agonist protocol cycle in poor responders.

Comparison of the Efficiency of Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) and Physiological Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (PICSI) for Sperm Selection in Cases with Unexplained Infertility

Background: The cases with unexplained infertility may have an abnormality in their sperm chromatin structure. Sperm selection methods can be used to separate sperm with low DNA fragmentation. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of physiological intracytoplasmic sperm injection (PICSI) with magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) in assisted reproductive techniques in cases with unexplained infertility. Methods: The semen samples were collected from couples with unexplained infertility. After semen analysis and sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) evaluations, samples were prepared with swim-up method. The rates of SDF in different fractions including raw semen (n=20), swim-up (n=20), only motile sperm after swim-up (swim-up selection) (n=20), MACS sperm selection (n=20), only motile sperm after MACS (MACS selection) (n=20), and PICSI sperm selection (n=16) were evaluated. Also, the main sperm characteristics and fine morphology of sperm suspension after MACS were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism. The p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: DNA fragmentation index (DFI) values in PICSI and MACS groups were significantly reduced as compared to the swim-up group. The rate of this reduction was more pronounced in MACS (58.20±13.02) than PICSI (36.57±15.52) group. Also, our results showed that MACS resulted in decreased sperm motility, with no alteration in their fine morphology. Conclusion:  MACS was found to be more efficient in reduction of SDF rates than PICSI. However, none of the sperm selection techniques can not totally eliminated the spermatozoa with DNA fragmentation in the final sperm sample.

Chitosan Scaffold Containing Periostin Enhances Sternum Bone Healing and Decreases Serum Level of TNF-α and IL-6 after Sternotomy in Rat

BACKGROUND

In the aftermath of bone injuries, such as cranium and sternum, bone wax (BW) is used to control bleeding from the bone surfaces during surgery. Made up of artificial substances, however, it is associated with many complications such as inflammation, increased risk for infection, and bone repair delay. We, therefore, in this study set out to design and evaluate a novel BW without the above-mentioned side-effects reported for other therapies.

METHODS

The pastes (new BW(s)) were prepared in the laboratory and examined by MTT, MIC, MBC, and degradability tests. Then, 60 adult male Wistar rats, divided into six equal groups including chitosan (CT), CT-octacalcium phosphate (OCP), CT-periostin (Post), CT-OCP-Post, Control (Ctrl), and BW, underwent sternotomy surgery. Once the surgeries were completed, the bone repair was assessed radiologically and thereafter clinically in vivo and in vitro using CT-scan, H&E, ELISA, and qRT-PCR.

RESULTS

All pastes displayed antibacterial properties and the CT-Post group had the highest cell viability compared to the control group. In contrast to the BW, CT-Post group demonstrated weight changes in the degradability test. In the CT-Post group, more number of osteocyte cells, high trabeculae percentage, and the least fibrous connective tissue were observed compared to other groups. Additionally, in comparison to the CT and Ctrl groups, higher alkaline phosphatase activity, as well as decreased level of serum tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and OCN in the CT-Post group was evident. Finally, Runx2, OPG, and RANKL genes' expression was significantly higher in the CT-Post group than in other groups.

CONCLUSION

Our results provide insights into the desirability of pastes in terms of cellular viability, degradability, antibacterial properties, and surgical site restoration compared to the BW group. Besides, Periostin could enhance the osteogenic properties of bone tissue defect site.

Comparison of the efficacy of bone morphogenetic protein-4 on in vitro differentiation of murine adipose and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into primordial germ cells

Background and purpose:

In vitro development of functional gametes from pluripotent stem cells is a promising prospect to treat infertility. Mesenchymal stem cells with a high degree of plasticity and less tumorigenicity are a reliable source of stem cells for the generation of gametes. The present study aimed to compare the differentiation potential in the mesenchymal stem cells that are derived from bone marrow (BMDMSCs) and adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) into germ cells in a culture medium containing bone morphogenic protein-4 (BMP-4).

Experimental approach:

In this study, MSCs were isolated from both bone marrow and adipose tissue of murine samples. To further verify the nature of the harvested stem cells, their multipotency and surface marker were examined. The identified stem cells were cultured in a medium supplemented with 0 and 25 ng/mL of BMP-4 for 4 days. Flow cytometry analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and real RT-PCR were used to assess the expression levels in germ cell-specific biomarkers (Mvh, Dazl, Stra8, and Scp3).

Findings/Results:

CD44+, CD45-, CD31-, BMD-MSCs, and AD-MSCs showed to be capable of differentiating to osteo-adipogenic lineages. The flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and RT-PCR results indicated that early germ cell markers (Mvh and Dazl) were expressed in both types of cells but they were significantly higher in BMD-MSCs than AD-MSCs.

Conclusion and implications:

Based on our results, the addition of exogenous BMP4 to the culture medium could differentiate BMD-MSCs and AD-MSCs into primordial germ cells, but it is inadequate to further develop into late germ cells in vitro. Moreover, the results revealed that, although AD-MSCs were easier to collect and had faster growth and proliferation rates than BMD-MSCs, the BMD-MSCs were better capable of differentiation into primordial germ cells. They may serve to be considered a more suitable source of MSC for in vitro generation of gametes than AD-MSCs.

Metformin improves epigenetic modification involved in oocyte growth and embryo development in polycystic ovary syndrome mice model

The possible relationship between dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and epigenetic changes (ECs) leading to the impaired oocyte quality, has not been investigated yet. So, this study aimed to provide an insight into the relationship of the impaired oocyte quality with ECs in a mice DHEA-induced PCOS model and to further reveal the effect of metformin treatment. For this purpose, 80 female BALB/C mice were randomly divided into four equal groups, named as the control, sham, (DHEA) and DHEA + Metformin groups. The alterations in acetylation of H4K5 and H4K16, and in methylation of DNA (5MeC) and H3K9 were evaluated using immunocytochemical. Moreover, the expression of Hdac1, Hdac2, Dnmt1, and Dnmt3a genes involved in ECs were analyzed using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. As well, the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), oxidative stress (OS), embryo development, ovarian morphology, sexual hormone, ovulatory function, and AMPKα phosphorylation activity were compared in all the studied groups. Metformin attenuated the damages induced by DHEA as indicated by the normalized the estrous cycle, the improved ovarian morphology, the decreased sexual hormone and OS levels, and the increased MMP and AMPKα phosphorylation levels. In the metformin group, the Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Hdac2 genes have significantly upregulated compared to the DHEA group. However, metformin was found to have no effect on the expression level of Hdac1. In this regard, significant decrease and increase were observed in both the acetylated H4K16 and methylated H3K9 within MII oocytes in the DHEA + Metformin group compared with the DHEA group. Our results show that metformin could enhance the developmental competence of PCOS oocytes via reducing OS and ECs.

The effect of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ10 on redox signaling pathway components in PCOS mouse model

PURPOSE

Considerable evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress contribute to the pathogenesis of Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, MitoQ10, on the redox signaling pathway's component in PCOS.

METHOD

We assessed TXNIP, TRX, and ASK1 expression in granulosa cells (GCs) of the DHEA-induced PCOS mouse model. Female BALB/c mice in five groups of Control, DHEA, and DHEA + MitoQ10 in three doses of 250, 500, and 750 μmol/L MitoQ10 were treated for 21 days.

RESULTS

Histological investigation showed a probable improvement in folliculogenesis; besides, ASK1 and TXNIP expression were significantly increased in GCs of the PCOS mouse F4Fmodel as compared to the control groups and decreased steadily in groups treated by MitoQ10. However, TRX expression showed a drop that was restored by MitoQ10 meaningfully (P ≤ 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The work presented herein suggests mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, MitoQ10, have modulating effects on folliculogenesis in the ovary and also on the redox signaling pathway in GCs of PCOS mouse model which may have potential to attenuate oxidative stress and its relative damages.

Astaxanthin Protects Human Granulosa Cells against Oxidative Stress through Activation of NRF2/ARE Pathway and Its Downstream Phase II Enzymes

Objective

Astaxanthin (AST) has been introduced as a radical scavenger and an anti-apoptotic factor that acts via regulating the nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and related factors. Here, we intended to examine the effect of AST on granulosa cells (GCs) against oxidative stress by examining NRF2 and downstream phase II antioxidant enzymes.

Materials and Methods

In this experimental study, we used cultured human primary GCs for the study. First, we performed the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test to evaluate cells viability after treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and AST. The apoptosis rate and ROS levels were measured by flow cytometry. To determine NRF2 and phase II enzymes expression, we performed real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Finally, we used western blot to measure the protein levels of NRF2 and Kelch-like ECsH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1). Enzyme activity analysis was also performed to detect NRF2 activity.

Results

This study showed that AST suppressed ROS generation (P<0.01) and cell death (P<0.05) in GCs induced by oxidative stress. AST also elevated gene and protein expression and nuclear localization of NRF2 and had an inhibitory effect on the protein levels of KEAP1 (P<0.05). Furthermore, when we used trigonelline (Trig) as a known inhibitor of NRF2, it attenuated the protective effects of AST by decreasing NRF2 activity and gene expression of phase II enzymes (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Our results presented the protective role of AST against oxidative stress in GCs which was mediated through up-regulating the phase II enzymes as a result of NRF2 activation. Our study may help in improving in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes and treatment of infertility.

Effect of miR-30a-5p on Apoptosis, Colonization, and Oxidative Stress Variables in Frozen-Thawed Neonatal Mice Spermatogonial Stem Cells

Cryopreservation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) is a useful method for fertility preservation in preadolescent children suffering from cancer. However, SSCs may become damaged during cryopreservation due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). For this reason, various antioxidant agents have been used to protect SSCs from cryopreservation-induced damages. Recently, it has been reported that miR-30a-5p has antiapoptotic and antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to assess the antiapoptotic and antioxidant effects of miR-30a-5p mimics in frozen-thawed SSCs. To this end, SSCs were isolated from male BALB/C mice (3-6 days old) and cultivated for 14 days. After the detection of optimum concentration, a miR-30a-5p mimic or miR-30a-5p inhibitor with Lipofectamine was transfected into SSCs and, finally, the cell groups were frozen for 1 week. After thawing, different properties, including cell viability (using MTT), colonization of SSCs (number and diameter of colonies), ROS generation (using DCFH-DA assay), levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and gene expression of Bcl-2 and BAXBax (using quantitative real-time PCR), were investigated. The transfection of SSCs with miR-30a-5p mimics before the freezing-thawing process significantly increased the viability, number, and diameter of SSCs colonies. Also, the miR-30a-5p mimic decreased the levels of ROS production and MDA, but it increased the SOD levels. Moreover, the miR-30a-5p mimic decreased BAX and increased Bcl-2 expression in frozen-thawed SSCs. The transfection of SSCs with the miR-30a-5p mimic can increase cell viability and antioxidant defense, and it can decrease apoptosis during the freezing-thawing process. If SSC is able to produce spermatozoa after the transfection of miR-30a-5p and the freezing-thawing process, it can be suggested as a promising strategy for the cryopreservation of SSCs in prepubertal boys suffering from cancer.

The Effect of Astaxanthin and Metformin on Oxidative Stress in Granulosa Cells of BALB C Mouse Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), involved in the pathogenesis of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), play a key role in the onset of apoptosis in follicles and granulosa cells (GCs). We aimed to investigate the antioxidant effects of AST and metformin separately and in combination on GCs using a PCOS mouse model. Forty-eight prepubertal female BALB C mice aged 25-30 days and weighing 12-14 g were studied. The PCOS model was created by subcutaneous injection of the dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) hormone in 8 mice of BALB C for 20 consecutive days. Apoptosis and the amount of ROS were evaluated in GCs of the ovaries via flow cytometry. The activity of AKT protein was measured by western blot, and the viability of GCs was investigated using spectrophotometry. Ovarian tissue sections were prepared, stained with H&E, and the morphology of the sections was examined. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS v22.0 software using one-way ANOVA. We found that AST administration leads to a significant reduction in oxidative stress (P<0.01) and consequently a significant decrease in the rate of apoptosis (P<0.01). While the expression of AKT in the AST group revealed a significant increase (P<0.05), it decreased in the metformin group. However, it was still significantly higher than the control and PCOS groups. Ovulation was confirmed in both metformin and AST groups. Further studies are warranted to prove the efficacy of AST and to introduce it as a complementary therapeutic agent in PCOS.

The modulating effects of vitamin D on the activity of β-catenin in the endometrium of women with endometriosis: a randomized exploratory trial

AIMS

The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the effects of vitamin D on the expression and activity of β-catenin, as the key molecule of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, in endometriosis women.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty four infertile women with stage III or IV endometriosis were randomly divided to two groups. The control group received the routine treatment and the treatment group, beside the routine protocol, received 50000 IU vitamin D weekly for 12-14 weeks. Blood and endometrial tissue were collected from both groups before and after the intervention. Protein and Gene expression levels of β-catenin were assessed by Western blotting and Real-Time PCR, respectively.

RESULTS

Compared to before intervention, the expression of active form of β-catenin reduced significantly within treatment group (p = .000), in addition, the difference between control and treatment groups (p = .012) was significant after intervention, too. Also, the ratio of active/total form of β-catenin protein expression was significantly decreased within the treatment group at the end of intervention period (p = .000).

CONCLUSIONS

It seems vitamin D can change the activity of β-catenin protein in the endometrial cells of endometriosis patients. Further studies on the therapeutic potential of vitamin D in modifying the β-catenin activity in endometriosis patients are warranted.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

IRCT2015081823678N1.

TRIAL REGISTRATION DATE

29 September 2015.

A randomized exploratory trial to assess the effects of resveratrol on VEGF and TNF-α 2 expression in endometriosis women

Resveratrol, a naturally synthesized polyphenolic compound found in some fruits, has anti neoplastic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-angiogenic properties. Angiogenesis is an important process in endometriosis which provides blood supply for implantation, proliferation and survival of endometriotic lesions. In this study, we assessed the effects of resveratrol on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression in the eutopic endometrium of infertile patients with endometriosis within the window of implantation as a randomized exploratory trial. Subjects, who confirmed their endometriosis (stage III-IV) by a pathologist after laparoscopic surgery, were recruited to the present trial. A total of 34 patients were randomly divided into treatment (n = 17) and control (n = 17) groups, beside the routine protocol for treatment of endometriosis, they received resveratrol and placebo (400 mg) for 12-14 weeks, respectively. Endometrial tissue was collected from both groups before and after the intervention in the mid-secretory phase. Gene and protein expression levels of VEGF and TNF-α in the eutopic endometrium were assessed by Real-Time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. VEGF and TNF-α gene and protein levels in the treatment group showed significant decrease following intervention. It seems resveratrol may improve the endometrium of endometriosis patients in window of implantation period by modifying the expression of VEGF and TNF-α but further investigations are needed to reveal the potential role of this compound.

Assessing the effect of MitoQ10 and Vitamin D3 on ovarian oxidative stress, steroidogenesis and histomorphology in DHEA induced PCOS mouse model

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) continues to be one of the most complex reproductive and endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age. Recent reports have identified close interaction of Vitamin D deficiency and oxidative stress (OS) in exacerbating the pathophysiology of PCOS. This current study aims at assessing the combine effect of MitoQ₁₀ and Vitamin D3 on dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) induced PCOS. Following successful induction of PCOS using DHEA, mice were organized into five groups (n = 8) namely: Negative Control (NC), Vitamin D3 Vehicle (VDV), Vitamin D3 (VD), MitoQ₁₀ (MQ), Vitamin D3 plus MitoQ₁₀ (V+M) and DHEA, ethanol and distilled water, Vitamin D3, MitoQ₁₀ and Vitamin D3 plus MitoQ₁₀ were respectively administered for 20 consecutive days. The study also included positive control (PC) group (n = 8) in which no treatment was applied. Treatment effects were assessed using hormonal assays, biochemical assays, Real-Time PCR, western blotting and histological analysis. Combination of Vitamin D3 and MitoQ₁₀ significantly reduced levels of estradiol, progesterone, FSH, LH, LH/FSH, SOD and MDA. The expression rate of mRNAs of 3β-HSD, Cyp19a1, Cyp11a1, StAR, Keap1, HO-1 and Nrf2 were also significantly low in V+M group. Moreover, the histomorphological inspection of ovaries from this group revealed many healthy follicles at various stages of development including few atretic follicles, pre-antral and antral follicles and many corpora lutea. The characteristics observed in this group were in many ways similar to that of the PC group. The combination of MitoQ₁₀ and Vitamin D3 may be potential candidate to ameliorate PCOS.

Effects of letrozole and clomiphene citrate on Wnt signaling pathway in endometrium of polycystic ovarian syndrome and healthy women†

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. In addition to anovulation, endometrial dysfunction can reduce fertility in PCOS. The cyclical changes of endometrium are controlled by estrogen and progesterone via modulating the Wnt/B-catenin pathway. Clomiphene citrate (CC) and letrozole are used to induce ovulation; unlike letrozole, there is a discrepancy between ovulation and pregnancy rates in CC-treated cycles. Because of the anti-estrogenic effects of CC on endometrium, we compared the expression of the key molecules of the Wnt/B-catenin pathway in the endometrium of women taking CC and letrozole. This study included PCOS and healthy women divided into the groups stimulated with letrozole (5 mg) or CC (100 mg) as well as NO-treatment groups. The endometrial thickness and hormonal profile were measured on day 12 of the menses. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot, we evaluated mRNA and protein expression of B-catenin, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3B), dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor 1 (DKK1), and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) in the endometrial samples. Significantly, the mean serum estrogen and progesterone were lower and higher, respectively, in letrozole than CC groups. The endometrial thickness was significantly reduced in CC. The proteins expression of active B-catenin, inactive GSK3B, and ESR1 were significantly decreased in CC-treated groups. The mRNA and protein assessment of DKK1 showed significantly higher expression in CC. Our results indicate that letrozole can provide an acceptable activation of the Wnt/B-catenin pathway, resulting in adequate proliferation of endometrium in the women receiving letrozole compared to CC.

Altered TH1, TH2, TH17 balance in assisted reproductive technology conceived mice

AIM AND PURPOSE

The higher prevalence rate of different diseases may accentuate the possible alteration of the immune system in individuals conceived through the assisted reproductive technologies (ART). The present study was conducted to evaluate the TH1, TH2, TH17 balance in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) - conceived mice in comparison to naturally conceived offspring.

METHODS

Mice (6-8 weeks) were divided into three groups (IVF- conceived, ICSI- conceived and naturally conceived). They were subjected to subcutaneous immunization witMycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG). The blood samples were taken and the sera were separated. Then the spleens were surgically removed at the time the mice were sacrificed. Serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-17A and IL-4 were detected by ELISA. Then the proportion of TCD4 cells possessing the T-bet+, GATA3+, and ROR-γt + were measured using FACS caliber flow cytometer.

RESULTS

In comparison with naturally conceived mice, intracellular expression of T-bet and serum levels of IFN-γ were significantly decreased in ART- conceived mice. Moreover, ART- conceived offspring showed marked increase in IL-4 and IL-17A.

CONCLUSION

It is concluded that compared to naturally conceived male mice, ART- conceived counterparts exhibit less efficient immune responses against BCG through further promotion of humoral and inflammatory related immune response characteristics.

The modulating effects of Resveratrol on the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in endometriosis women: a randomized exploratory trial

Endometriosis is an inflammatory disease; the hallmark of inflammation is over-activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The regulatory effects of Resveratrol on MMPs were formerly depicted in other cell lines. This study aimed at investigating the effects of Resveratrol on expression of MMP-2 and -9 in endometriosis patients. This trial was carried out on endometriosis patients (n = 34) who were randomly divided into treatment (i = 17) and control (n = 17) groups. Alongside the routine protocol, the control and treatment groups took placebo and Resveratrol (400 mg), respectively, for 12-14 weeks. Endometrial tissue and fluid as well as blood sampling from both groups were done before and after the intervention. The level of mRNA and protein of both MMP-2 and -9 reduced in the endometrium of treatment group following intervention. Also, the serum and the endometrial fluid concentration of them lowered within the treatment group. Moreover, the serum and endometrial fluid levels of MMP-2 as well as MMP-9 were also diminished following the surgical removal of endometritic lesions. We showed that Resveratrol can modify the inflammation process in the endometrium of women with endometriosis at least in the level of MMP-2 and -9 expressions. The therapeutic potency of Resveratrol in endometriosis needs more clinical studies.

The effects of letrozole and clomiphene citrate on ligands expression of Wnt3, Wnt7a, and Wnt8b in proliferative endometrium of women with Polycystic ovarian syndrome

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinologic disorder in women of reproductive age characterized by polycystic ovaries, oligo/anovulation, and hyperandrogenism. Not only anovulation but also endometrial dysfunction can reduce fertility in PCOS patients. Wnt pathway is responsible for endometrial proliferation which be strongly regulated by estradiol. To determine the effects of clomiphene citrate (CC) and letrozole, we measured the expression of some main ligands of Wnt/β-catenin signaling including Wnt7a, Wnt3, and Wnt8b in the endometrial samples taken from PCOS women on day 12 of the menses who received 100 mg CC or 5 mg letrozole as well as from women without treatment. Significantly, the mean estrogen and progesterone concentration were lower and higher, respectively, in letrozole than CC. The mean endometrial thickness (ET) was significantly greater in letrozole compared to CC. Assessment of the mRNA and protein expression of Wnt7a, Wnt3, and Wnt8b showed significantly lower expression in CC than the letrozole and control groups. Collectively, letrozole provided a better molecular response in the endometrium of PCOS patients during the proliferative phase, similar to natural cycles, compared to CC. CC decreased the ligands expression of Wnt3, Wnt7a, and Wnt8b, resulting in endometrial dysfunction.

Evaluation of prooxidant-antioxidant balance in in vitro fertilization-conceived mice

Objective

Concerns about the safety of assisted reproductive technology (ART) have been raised, as some studies have shown elevated incidence rates of childhood cancer, asthma, allergies, and other diseases in ART-conceived babies. Findings regarding the health of ART-conceived babies are controversial. The present study was conducted to evaluate the prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) in in vitro fertilization (IVF)-conceived mice in comparison to naturally conceived offspring.

Methods

Mice (6-8 weeks) were divided into two groups (IVF-conceived and naturally conceived) matched by sex, age, weight, and litter size. A 1-mL blood sample was taken and the sera were separated. The oxidant-antioxidant balance was evaluated using a fast and reliable PAB assay. The results were expressed as mean±standard deviation.

Results

The mean PAB values (HK units) in the IVF-conceived and naturally conceived groups were 59.70±22.30 and 54.70±18.22, respectively (p=0.82).

Conclusion

Since free radicals contribute to several pathological conditions and antioxidants play an important protective role against oxidative stress, evaluating the oxidant-antioxidant balance is very important. Although the results of this study showed that the quality of the defense mechanism against free radicals was not significantly different between the IVF-conceived and naturally conceived mice, other parameters of metabolic dysfunction need to be measured.

Expression and shedding of CD44 in the endometrium of women with endometriosis and modulating effects of vitamin D: A randomized exploratory trial

Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent disease. The impaired estrogen and progesterone signaling over-activates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in endometriosis patients, which can explain the increased invasion potency of endometrial cells derived from the endometrium of women with endometriosis. The regulatory effects of vitamin D on Wnt/β-catenin pathway were demonstrated by previous studies. According to gene prioritization method, among Wnt target genes, CD44 was in high ranking in relation to endometriosis. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of CD44 in the endometrium of women with endometriosis and to study the effects of vitamin D on its expression. This prospective study was performed, during a 12 months period from December 2015 to November 2016, on healthy women as the control group (n = 14) and endometriosis patients (n = 34). The endometriosis patients randomly divided into two groups: One group treated according to the routine protocol and the other group, alongside the routine protocol, took 50,000 IU vitamin D weekly for 12-14 weeks. Blood, endometrial fluid, and endometrial tissue samples were obtained from the control group and endometriosis groups before and after the intervention. We used in silico gene prioritization to study the relevance of CD44. The expression of CD44 was evaluated using the techniques of Western blot, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and ELISA. The eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis in mid-secretory phase expressed significantly higher levels of CD44s, CD44V, and CD44v6. The concentration of soluble CD44 in the serum and endometrial fluid of endometriosis patients was higher than of healthy women. The expression level of CD44s, CD44V, and CD44v6 in the eutopic endometrium as well as the concentration of soluble CD44 in the endometrial fluid was decreased after modification of the circulating levels of 25(OH)D. It seems that the increased expression and extensive shedding of CD44 in eutopic endometrium play a role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Vitamin D can control and modify this process at least in part. We suggest more in vivo investigations on the therapeutic potency of vitamin D in endometriosis.

The Wnt/β-catenin signaling in endometriosis, the expression of total and active forms of β-catenin, total and inactive forms of glycogen synthase kinase-3β, WNT7a and DICKKOPF-1

OBJECTIVES

The cyclical changes in proliferation and differentiation of endometrial cells are regulated by estrogen and progesterone via modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Imbalance in the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors causes progesterone resistance in endometriosis patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of some main components of Wnt/β-catenin signaling including WNT7a, DKK-1, β-catenin, and GSK-3β in eutopic endometrium and peritoneal endometriotic lesions of endometriosis patients compared to healthy endometrium in the mid-secretory phase of menstrual cycle.

STUDY DESIGN

This prospective study was performed, during a 12 months period from December 2015 to November 2016, on healthy women as the control group (n=14) and endometriosis patients (n=34). We used real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot techniques.

RESULTS

Protein and mRNA expression of DKK-1 were significantly down-regulated in both endometriotic lesions and eutopic endometrium of endometriosis group. We also demonstrated that the expression of non-phosphorylated β-catenin (active form) and phosphorylated GSK-3β (inactive form) were up-regulated in endometriosis patients. The mRNA levels of β-catenin, GSK-3β, and WNT7a, as well as the protein levels of total β-catenin, total GSK-3β, and WNT7a in endometriosis group, were not significantly different with those in control group. The patterns of mRNA and protein expression of all interested factors in the lesions were similar to those in the eutopic endometrium of same patients.

CONCLUSIONS

It seems that the aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle in endometriosis has two essential elements: excessive inactivation of GSK-3β and suppression of the expression of Wnt signaling inhibitor DKK-1. Interventions in this signaling pathway may allow for the exploration of potential new targets for the control of development and progression of endometriosis.

Bones Morphogenic Protein-4 and retinoic acid combined treatment comparative analysis for in vitro differentiation potential of murine mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow and adipose tissue into germ cells

Nowadays, infertility is no longer considered as an unsolvable disorder due to progresses in germ cells derived from stem lineage with diverse origins. Technical and ethical challenges push researchers to investigate various tissue sources to approach more efficient gametes. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the efficacy of a combined medium, retinoic acid (RA) together with Bone Morphogenic Protein-4 (BMP4), on differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMMSCs) and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) into germ cells. Murine MSCs were obtained from both Bone Marrow (BM) and Adipose Tissue (AT) samples and were analyzed for surface markers to get further verification of their nature. BMMSCs and ADMSCs were induced into osteogenic and adipogenic lineage cells respectively, to examine their multipotency. They were finally differentiated into germ cells using media enriched with BMP4 for 4 days followed by addition of RA for 7 days (11 days in total). Analyzing of differentiation potential of BMMSCs- and ADMSCs were performed via Immunofluorescence, Flowcytometry and Real time-PCR techniques for germ cell-specific markers (Mvh, Dazl, Stra8 and Scp3). Mesenchymal surface markers (CD90 and CD44) were expressed on both BMMSCs and ADMSCs, while endothelial and hematopoietic cell markers (CD31 and CD45) had no expression. Finally, all germ-specific markers were expressed in both BM and AT. Although germ cells differentiated from ADMSCs showed faster growth and proliferation as well as easy collection, they significantly expressed germ-specific markers lower than BMMSCs. This suggests stronger differentiation potential of murine BMMSCs than ADMSCs.

Effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on sperm quality of normozoospermic men

The neurotrophin family of proteins and their receptors act as important proliferative and pro-survival factors in differentiation of nerve cells and are thought to play key roles in the development of reproductive tissues and normal function of spermatozoa. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) on the sperm viability and motility, lipid peroxidation (LPO), mitochondrial activity and concentration of leptin, nitric oxide (NO) and insulin in normozoospermic men. Semen samples from 20 normozoospermic men were divided into three groups: (i) control, (ii) BDNF and (iii) BDNF + K252a. BDNF and K252a were added in the dose of 0.133 and 0.1 nM, respectively. Viability was assessed by eosin-nigrosin staining technique, and motility was observed by microscopy. NO concentration and mitochondrial activity were measured with flow cytometry, and LPO was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Results showed that exogenous BDNF at 0.133 nM could significantly (p < 0.05) influence viability, motility, NO concentration, mitochondrial activity and LPO content. Secretions of insulin and leptin by human sperm were increased in cells exposed to the exogenous BDNF, whereas viability, mitochondrial activity and insulin and leptin secretions were decreased in cells exposed to the K252.

Multipotent Stem Cell and Current Application

Stem cells are self-renewing and undifferentiated cell types that can be differentiate into functional cells. Stem cells can be classified into two main types based on their source of origin: Embryonic and Adult stem cells. Stem cells also classified based on the range of differentiation potentials into Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipotent, and Unipotent. Multipotent stem cells have the ability to differentiate into all cell types within one particular lineage. There are plentiful advantages and usages for multipotent stem cells. Multipotent Stem cells act as a significant key in procedure of development, tissue repair, and protection. Multipotent Stem cells have been applying in treatment of different disorders such as spinal cord injury, bone fracture, autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, hematopoietic defects, and fertility preservation.

Multipotent Stem Cell and Reproduction

Stem cells are self-renewing and undifferentiated cell types that can be differentiate into functional cells. Stem cells can be classified into two main types based on their source of origin: Embryonic and Adult stem cells. Stem cells also classified based on the range of differentiation potentials into Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipotent, and Unipotent. Multipotent stem cells have the ability to differentiate into all cell types within one particular lineage. There are plentiful advantages and usages for multipotent stem cells. Multipotent Stem cells act as a significant key in procedure of development, tissue repair, and protection. The accessibility and adaptability of these amazing cells create them a great therapeutic choice for different part of medical approaches, and it becomes interesting topic in the scientific researches to found obvious method for the most advantageous use of MSC-based therapies. Recent studies in the field of stem cell biology have provided new perspectives and opportunities for the treatment of infertility disorders.

Multipotent SSEA1 Positive Cells Population Differentiation into Primordial Germ Cells and Subsequently Progress into Oocyte-like Cells

BACKGROUND

Stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA1) is a cell surface carbohydrate that its pattern expression is changed during induction of mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation. In this study, the spatial distribution of SSEA1 on primordial germ cells differentiation and subsequent progression into oocyte-like cells from mouse embryonic stem cells in vitro was evaluated.

METHODS

Embryoid bodies from mouse embryonic stem cells were cultured for two days with 5 ng/mL BMP4. SSEA1 positive and negative cells were separated using the MACS system and cultured separately in a conditioned medium consist of in vitro maturation medium diluted in DMEM [1:1] for 10 days. We assayed viability, colony formation and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) of sorted cells. Also, germ cell markers were analyzed by flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR.

RESULTS

Viability percent SSEA1 positive cells were more than SSEA1 negative cells. SSEA1 positive cells and SSEA1 negative cells formed compact and flat colonies respectively. Unlike the SSEA1 positive population, the SSEA1 negative colonies showed a weak ALP activity. SSEA1 positive cells expressed Oct4, Stella, Mvh, c-kit, Scp3, Desmin, GFAP and Albumin. Interestingly, SSEA1 negative cells expressed Desmin and GFAP. The population of Mvh-positive cells in SSEA1 positive was 17.74%. All specific oocyte mentioned genes were detected in the SSEA1 positive. Also, oocyte specific proteins GDF9 and ZP3 were detected using immunocytochemistry.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that conditioned medium provides a suitable niche to differentiation and progression putative primordial germ cells derived from the SSEA1 positive toward oocyte-like cells.

Isolation and enrichment of mouse female germ line stem cells

Objective

The existence of female germ-line stem cells (FGSCs) has been the subject of a wide range of recent studies. Successful isolation and culture of FGSCs could facilitate studies on regenerative medicine and infertility treatments in the near future. Our aim in the present study was evaluation of the most commonly used techniques in enrichment of FGSCs and in establishment of the best procedure.

Materials and Methods

In this experimental study, after digesting neonate ovary from C57Bl/6 mice, we performed 2 different isolation experiments: magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) and pre-plating. MACS was applied using two different antibodies against mouse vasa homolog (MVH) and stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA1) markers. After the cells were passaged and proliferated in vitro, colony-forming cells were characterized using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (for analysis of expression of Oct4, Nanog, C-kit, Fragilis, Mvh, Dazl, Scp3 and Zp3), alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity test and immunocytochemistry.

Results

Data showed that colonies can be seen more frequently in pre-plating technique than that in MACS. Using the SSEA1 antibody with MACS, 1.98 ± 0.49% (Mean ± SDV) positive cells were yield as compared to the total cells sorted. The colonies formed after pre-plating expressed pluripotency and germ stem cell markers (Oct4, Nanog, C-kit, Fragilis, Mvh and Dazl) whereas did not express Zp3 and Scp3 at the mRNA level. Immunocytochemistry in these colonies further confirmed the presence of OCT4 and MVH proteins, and AP activity measured by AP-kit showed positive reaction.

Conclusion

We established a simple and an efficient pre-plating technique to culture and to enrich FGSCs from neonatal mouse ovaries.

Differentiation of human umbilical cord matrix-derived mesenchymal stem cells into germ-like cells

BACKGROUND

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that can be collected from different sources. Under specific conditions, MSCs can be differentiated to tissue specific cells in vitro. Human Umbilical Cord mesenchymal Stem Cells (hUCMSCs) can easily be harvested and cultured in in vitro conditions. Production of germ cells from mesenchymal stem cells is a very interesting and promising area in the field of reproductive medicine. In the present study, the possible trans-differentiation of hUCMSCs into Primordial like Germ Cell (PGC) was performed in vitro under specific condition.

METHODS

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were cultured and expanded in DMEM medium containing 10% FBS. The cultured cells were studied for differentiation ability to adipocytes and osteocytes. Furthermore, MSCs related markers were identified by flow cytometry method. For PGC differentiation, hUCMS cells were cultured in differentiation medium containing Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP4) and it was followed by retinoic acid (RA). Real time PCR and immunocytochemistry analysis were performed to evaluate the expression of PGC specific genes and proteins, respectively.

RESULTS

Our results showed that hUCMSCs cultured in the presence of BMP4 and RA are able to transdifferentiate in to PGC like cells in vitro. Real time PCR and immunocytochemistry results showed that differentiated cells expressed PGC specific markers after 14 days of culture.

CONCLUSION

Based on these results, it was concluded that hUCMSC may be considered as a promising alternative cell source in reproductive medicine. More studies including laboratory and also animal models are needed to evaluate the functionality of differentiated PGCs before introducing them to clinical applications.

Comparison of differentiation potential of male mouse adipose tissue and bone marrow derived-mesenchymal stem cells into germ cells

BACKGROUND

Recent publications about differentiation of stem cells to germ cells have motivated researchers to make new approaches to infertility. In vitro production of germ cells improves understanding differentiation process of male and female germ cells. Due to the problem of using embryonic stem cells (ESC), it's necessary the mentioned cells be replaced with some adult multi-potent stem cells in laboratories.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to obtain germ cells from appropriate source beyond ESC and compare differential potentials of adipocytes derived stem cells (ADMSCs) with bone marrow derived stem cells (BMMSCs).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To find multi-potential entity, after providing purified ADMSCs and BMMSCs, differentiation to osteoblast and adipocyte was confirmed by using appropriate culture medium. To confirm mesenchymal lineage production superficial markers (expression of CD90 and CD44 and non-expression of CD45 and CD31) were investigated by flowcytometry. Then the cells were differentiated to germ cells in inductive medium containing retinoic acid for 7days. To evaluate germ cells characteristic markers [Dazl (Deleted in azoospermia-like), Mvh (Mouse vasa homolog gene), Stra8 (Stimulated by retinoic acid) and Scp3 (Synaptonemal complex protein 3)] flowcytometry, imunoflorescence and real time PCR were used.

RESULTS

Both types of cells were able to differentiate into osteoblast and adipocyte cells and presentation of stem cell superficial markers (CD90, CD44) and absence of endothelial and blood cell markers (CD31, CD45) were confirmative The flowcytometry, imunoflorescence and real time PCR results showed remarkable expression of germ cells characteristic markers (Mvh, Dazl, Stra8, and Scp3).

CONCLUSION

It was found that although ADMSCs were attained easier and also cultured and differentiated rapidly, germ cell markers were expressed in BMMSCs significantly more than ADMSCs. This article extracted from M.Sc. thesis. (Maryam Hosseinzadeh Shirzeily).

The rate of blastocysts production following vitrification with step-wise equilibration of immature mouse oocytes

BACKGROUND

Cryopreservation and in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocyte is becoming an important technique in infertility treatment and fertility preservation. Also it has been proposed to establish a genetic resource bank for endangered or commercially important animal species.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate viability, maturation and fertilization rate of mouse immature oocytes after single and stepwise vitrification procedure.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Oocytes were obtained from 4 weeks old female mice 48h after intraperitoneal injection of 7.5 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). Collected oocytes before vitrification were exposed to cryoprotectant, which was composed of 30% (v/v) ethylene glycol, 18% (w/v) Ficoll-70, and 0.3 M sucrose, either by single step or in a step-wise way. After vitrification and storage in liquid nitrogen, the oocytes were warmed and washed two times in medium TCM199 and then subjected to IVM, fertilization and subsequent development to blastocysts.

RESULTS

The oocytes survival rates after vitrifying-warming (88.96%), maturation rate (73.23%), the capacity of fertilization (57.80%) and embryonic development to blastocyst (16.41%) in the step-wise exposure were significantly higher (p<0.001) compared with corresponding rate in the single step procedure.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that vitrification with step-wise procedure has positive effects on maturation and developmental capacity of mice germinal vesicle oocytes in compare with single step vitrification procedure.

Assessment of morphological and functional changes in neonate vitrified testis grafts after host treatment with melatonin

This study was conducted to assess the effect of melatonin on the structure of testis and spermatogenesis dynamics in neonate vitrified testis grafts. Neonate vitrified testes, candidates for transplantation heterotopically to experiment or control groups, were warmed in thawing media which had or did not have a supplement of 100 μM melatonin, respectively. Following transplantation, melatonin (20 mg/ /kg/day) or saline solution was intraperitoneally injected into the treated and the non-treated groups, respectively. The initiating spermatogenesis, spermatogonia survival, and structure of tissue in the testis graft were examined. Cell apoptosis (TUNEL assay) and proliferation (Brdu assay) in germ cells were determined. Histological studies revealed the dynamic of the spermatogenesis process in the vitrified testis graft. However, dilation of the lumen accompanied by a disorganised epithelium in the non-treated group was higher than in the treated group. Furthermore, the proportion of apoptotic germ cells together with a reduced proportion of proliferated germ cells was higher in the non-treated group than in the treated group. Overall, the number of seminiferous tubules in the testes grafts of both groups remained steady. However, the non-treated testes grafts contained more damaged seminiferous tubules than the treated ones. The thickness of the seminiferous tubules was greater in the melatonin treated group than in the non-treated group. In fact, the thickness of germinal epithelium was significantly higher in the treated group than in the non-treated group. The study may show a positive effect from melatonin resulting in more grafts restoring puberty. Furthermore, the associated increase in the healthy number of seminiferous tubules suggests that melatonin may have a preventative ischaemia/antioxidant role and in fact may be useful to initiate the spermatogenesis process.

Functional Concentrations of BMP4 on Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells to Primordial Germ Cells

BACKGROUND

Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) has a significant role in primordial germ cells (PGCs) differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC). The aim of this study is to determine the best concentration of BMP4 at a time of two days on differentiation PGCs from mESC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To differentiate PGCs, embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs were cultured in concentrations of 0, 5 and 10 ng/ml BMP4 for two days. Germ cell markers Oct4 (Pou5f1), Stella (Dppa3) and Mvh (Ddx4) were analyzed by flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

RESULTS

Flow cytometry data demonstrated most Mvh-positive cells were observed only in the treated groups. Immunocytochemistry of EBs in the treated groups identified cells positive for Mvh. PCR results showed expression of Oct4 in the control group and treated groups. Stella and Mvh were expressed only in the treated groups.

CONCLUSION

Low concentrations of BMP4 during two days had an optimal effect on differentiation of PGCs from mESC.

Repair of spinal cord injury by co-transplantation of embryonic stem cell-derived motor neuron and olfactory ensheathing cell

BACKGROUND

The failure of regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) has been attributed to axonal demyelination and neuronal death. Cellular replacement and white matter regeneration are both necessary for SCI repair. In this study, we evaluated the co-transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC) and embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived motor neurons (ESMN) on contused SCI.

METHODS

OEC cultured from olfactory nerve rootlets and olfactory bulbs. ESMN was generated by exposing mouse ES cells to retinoic acid and sonic hedgehog. Thirty female rats were used to prepare SCI models in five groups. Control and medium-injected groups was subjected to induce lesion without cell transplantation. OEC or ESMN or both were transplanted into the site of the lesion in other groups.

RESULTS

The purity of OEC culture was 95%. Motor neuron progenitor markers (Olig2, Nkx6.1 and Pax6) and motor neuron markers (Isl1, Isl2 and Hb9) were expressed. Histological analysis showed that significantly more (P<0.001) spinal tissue was spared in OEC, ESMN and OEC+ ESMN groups but the OEC+ ESMN group had a significantly greater percentage of spared tissue and myelination than other groups (P< 0.05). The numbers of ESMN in co-transplanted group were significantly higher than ESMN group (P<0.05). A significant (P<0.05) recovery of hindlimb function was observed in rats in the transplanted groups.

CONCLUSION

We found that the co-transplantation of ESMN and OEC into an injured spinal cord has a synergistic effect, promoting neural regeneration, ESMN survival and partial functional recovery.

Effects of a locally produced blood meal on performance, carcass traits and nitrogen retention of broiler chickens

The study was designed as a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement with main effects of feeding blood meal as a replacement of 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% of dietary fish meal and the duration of this substitution at 1-42 or 21-42 days of age. One thousand 1 day old male Cobb 500 broiler chicks assigned randomly to each of 40 floor pens (25 birds/pen) and were fed five isonitrogenous and isocaloric feeds formulated to contain 20.38 and 17% crude protein and 2900 and 3000 kcal kg(-1) metabolizable for starter and grower periods, respectively. Duration of dietary manipulation didn't affect the measured parameters. More than 25% blood meal/fish meal substitution ratios significantly increased chickens daily weight gain and decreased the cost of producing a unit of meat. Other traits didn't affect by dietary fish meal/blood meal replacement ratio. Spleen and proventriculus percents and small intestine length affected by level of replacement but didn't follow a distinct pattern. These results indicate that this locally produced blood meal is a suitable substitute for dietary fish meal and a full replacement didn't cause any adverse effect on performance, carcass important traits and dietary nitrogen retention of broiler chickens.

A method for isolation and cultivation of adult Schwann cells for nerve conduit

BACKGROUND

It has been found that one of the methods to repair peripheral nervous system or even central nervous system injury is to use Schwann cells as nerve regeneration promoters. Therefore, it seems necessary to look for a way to obtain activated Schwann cells, with a sufficient amount of numbers and purity, in a short time for clinical applications. However, the previous methods using mitogens are not much clinically acceptable, and other methods that do not require mitogens, fail to isolate adult Schwann cells effectively or require a long period of time.

METHODS

In this study, Schwann cells were isolated from predegenerated sciatic nerves of adult rat (one to three nerves per primary culture) and subcultivated two times in a week with the 10%fetal bovine serum supplementation. Thereafter, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium media supplemented with 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1.25%, and 0.625% fetal bovine serum were employed to determine their influence on the density and purity of Schwann cells after a 10-day period of cultivation.

RESULTS

The concentrations of fetal bovine serum less than 10% immediately stimulated some morphological changes to happen in Schwann cells but not fibroblasts. Finally, Schwann cells acquired their normal shape on day 6 when fibroblasts just began to alter and die.

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrated that total cell density was highly significant (P<0.05) in the medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (950 cells/mm(1)) while purity was significant (P<0.05) in the medium supplemented with 2.5% fetal bovine serum (97%) in comparison with other concentrations of fetal bovine serum.

The effects of simvastatin on functional recovery of rat reperfused sciatic nerve

This study evaluated the effectiveness of simvastatin in protecting sciatic nerve from ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury using the model of experimental nerve ischemia. Sixty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g were used. They were divided into ten groups (N = 6 per group). We used ischemia model in these groups. All ischemia groups were rendered ischemic for 3 h. Then followed by reperfusion durations of zero time (0 hR), 3 h (3 hR), 7 days (7 dR), 14 days (14 dR). The treatment group received intravenous simvastatin (1 mg kg(-1)) 1 h before ischemia, while the control group received an equal volume of intravenous vehicle at the same time schedule and route. Behavioral data were obtained immediately before euthanasia. The score was based on coordination, racing reflex, toe spread and reaction to pinch. In simvastatin treated I/R rats we had increase in functional recovery. In conclusion, pre-ischemic administration of simvastatin exhibits neuroprotective properties in I/R nerve injury.

Cytoplasmic droplets are normal structures of human sperm but are not well preserved by routine procedures for assessing sperm morphology

BACKGROUND

There is a discrepancy between the use of terminology employed by clinicians and basic scientists concerning the cytoplasmic droplets of sperm. Most clinicians consider their presence on sperm to be indicative of abnormal sperm, whereas basic scientists consider them to be attributes of normal sperm.

METHODS

The presence of cytoplasmic droplets on human sperm was examined using conventional air-dried, fixed and stained sperm smears and in living and fixed wet preparations.

RESULTS

Cytoplasmic droplets were found on the majority of motile sperm and in fixed preparations but only half of them were found in air-dried smears. There was no relationship between the presence of abnormally large cytoplasmic droplets, indicative of abnormal sperm, and the droplets found on living cells.

CONCLUSION

The term 'cytoplasmic droplet' is confusingly used to describe two different sperm structures: large amounts of retained, excessive cytoplasmic remnants, that survive the air-drying procedure and are observed on abnormal sperm in conventionally stained sperm smears, and osmotically sensitive vesicles that are present on normal living sperm. A plea is made to retain the term 'cytoplasmic droplet' for the latter structure of normal sperm and to use the term 'excess residual cytoplasm' to describe the abnormally retained cytoplasm observed on abnormal sperm in smears.

Radioprotective effects of citrus extract against gamma-irradiation in mouse bone marrow cells

The radioprotective effects of citrus extract were investigated by using the micronucleus test for anticlastogenic and cell proliferation activity. A single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of citrus extract (Citrus aurantium var. amara) at 250, 500, 1000 mg/kg body weight 1 h prior to gamma-ray irradiation (1.5 Gy) reduced the frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MnPCE(S)) and normochromatic erythrocytes (MnNCE (S)). All three doses of citrus extract significantly reduced the frequencies of MnPCEs and MnNCEs in mice bone marrow compared to non-drug-treated irradiated control (p < 0.005-0.05). The optimum dose for protection in mouse was 250 mg/kg to protect mice bone marrow 2.2-fold against the side effects of gamma-irradiation with respect to the non-drug-treated irradiated control. The flavonoids were contained in citrus extract, probably to show protective activity, and reduced the clastogenic effect of radiation on mice bone marrow. Therefore fruits and vegetables contain flavonoids to be useful as protective effects under such stress conditions as irradiation.