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Cerullo G, Worthington T, Brancalion P, Brandão J, d'Albertas F, Eyres A, Swinfield T, Edwards D, Balmford A. Conflicts and opportunities for commercial tree plantation expansion and biodiversity restoration across Brazil. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e17208. [PMID: 38441414 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Substantial global restoration commitments are occurring alongside a rapid expansion in land-hungry tropical commodities, including to supply increasing demand for wood products. Future commercial tree plantations may deliver high timber yields, shrinking the footprint of production forestry, but there is an as-yet unquantified risk that plantations may expand into priority restoration areas, with marked environmental costs. Focusing on Brazil-a country of exceptional restoration importance and one of the largest tropical timber producers-we use random forest models and information on the economic, social, and spatial drivers of historic commercial tree plantation expansion to estimate and map the probability of future monoculture tree plantation expansion between 2020 and 2030. We then evaluate potential plantation-restoration conflicts and opportunities at national and biome-scales and under different future production and restoration pathways. Our simulations show that of 2.8 Mha of future plantation expansion (equivalent to plantation expansion 2010-2020), ~78,000 ha (3%) is forecast to occur in the top 1% of restoration priority areas for terrestrial vertebrates, with ~547,500 ha (20%) and ~1,300,000 ha (46%) in the top 10% and 30% of priority areas, respectively. Just ~459,000 ha (16%) of expansion is forecast within low-restoration areas (bottom 30% restoration priorities), and the first 1 Mha of plantation expansion is likely to have disproportionate impacts, with potential restoration-plantation overlap starkest in the Atlantic Forest but prominent in the Pampas and Cerrado as well. Our findings suggest that robust, coherent land-use policies must be deployed to ensure that significant trade-offs between restoration and production objectives are navigated, and that commodity expansion does not undermine the most tractable conservation gains under emerging global restoration agendas. They also highlight the potentially significant role an engaged forestry sector could play in improving biodiversity outcomes in restoration projects in Brazil, and presumably elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pedro Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joyce Brandão
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francisco d'Albertas
- International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alison Eyres
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - David Edwards
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Balmford
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Cerullo G, Barlow J, Betts M, Edwards D, Eyres A, França F, Garrett R, Swinfield T, Tew E, White T, Balmford A. The global impact of EU forest protection policies. Science 2023; 381:740. [PMID: 37590364 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj0728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Cerullo
- Department of Zoology and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Matthew Betts
- Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - David Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Alison Eyres
- Department of Zoology and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Filipe França
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1QU, UK
| | - Rachael Garrett
- Department of Geography and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Thomas Swinfield
- Department of Zoology and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Eleanor Tew
- Department of Zoology and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Thomas White
- Department of Biology, Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
- The Biodiversity Consultancy, Cambridge CB2 1SJ, UK
| | - Andrew Balmford
- Department of Zoology and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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Huang S, Tucker MA, Hertel AG, Eyres A, Albrecht J. Scale-dependent effects of niche specialisation: The disconnect between individual and species ranges. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1408-1419. [PMID: 33960589 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
One of the most general expectations of species range dynamics is that widespread species tend to have broader niches. However, it remains unclear how this relationship is expressed at different levels of biological organisation, which involve potentially distinctive processes operating at different spatial and temporal scales. Here, we show that range sizes of terrestrial non-volant mammals at the individual and species level show contrasting relationships with two ecological niche dimensions: diet and habitat breadth. While average individual home range size appears to be mainly shaped by the interplay of diet niche breadth and body mass, species geographical range size is primarily related to habitat niche breadth but not to diet niche breadth. Our findings suggest that individual home range size is shaped by the trade-off between energetic requirements, movement capacity and trophic specialisation, whereas species geographical range size is related to the ability to persist under various environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marlee A Tucker
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anne G Hertel
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany.,Behavioural Ecology, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alison Eyres
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jörg Albrecht
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany
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Eyres A, Eronen JT, Hagen O, Böhning-Gaese K, Fritz SA. Climatic effects on niche evolution in a passerine bird clade depend on paleoclimate reconstruction method. Evolution 2021; 75:1046-1060. [PMID: 33724456 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Climatic niches describe the climatic conditions in which species can persist. Shifts in climatic niches have been observed to coincide with major climatic change, suggesting that species adapt to new conditions. We test the relationship between rates of climatic niche evolution and paleoclimatic conditions through time for 65 Old-World flycatcher species (Aves: Muscicapidae). We combine niche quantification for all species with dated phylogenies to infer past changes in the rates of niche evolution for temperature and precipitation niches. Paleoclimatic conditions were inferred independently using two datasets: a paleoelevation reconstruction and the mammal fossil record. We find changes in climatic niches through time, but no or weak support for a relationship between niche evolution rates and rates of paleoclimatic change for both temperature and precipitation niche and for both reconstruction methods. In contrast, the inferred relationship between climatic conditions and niche evolution rates depends on paleoclimatic reconstruction method: rates of temperature niche evolution are significantly negatively related to absolute temperatures inferred using the paleoelevation model but not those reconstructed from the fossil record. We suggest that paleoclimatic change might be a weak driver of climatic niche evolution in birds and highlight the need for greater integration of different paleoclimate reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Eyres
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany.,RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jussi T Eronen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Program and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,BIOS Research Unit, Helsinki, 00170, Finland
| | - Oskar Hagen
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, D-USYS, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH-8092, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Böhning-Gaese
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
| | - Susanne A Fritz
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany.,Institut für Geowissenschaften, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
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Eyres A, Böhning‐Gaese K, Orme CDL, Rahbek C, Fritz SA. A tale of two seasons: The link between seasonal migration and climatic niches in passerine birds. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11983-11997. [PMID: 33209264 PMCID: PMC7663971 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The question of whether migratory birds track a specific climatic niche by seasonal movements has important implications for understanding the evolution of migration, the factors affecting species' distributions, and the responses of migrants to climate change. Despite much research, previous studies of bird migration have produced mixed results. However, whether migrants track climate is only one half of the question, the other being why residents remain in the same geographic range year-round. We provide a literature overview and test the hypothesis of seasonal niche tracking by evaluating seasonal climatic niche overlap across 437 migratory and resident species from eight clades of passerine birds. Seasonal climatic niches were based on a new global dataset of breeding and nonbreeding ranges. Overlap between climatic niches was quantified using ordination methods. We compared niche overlap of migratory species to two null expectations, (a) a scenario in which they do not migrate and (b) in comparison with the overlap experienced by closely related resident species, while controlling for breeding location and range size. Partly in accordance with the hypothesis of niche tracking, we found that the overlap of breeding versus nonbreeding climatic conditions in migratory species was greater than the overlap they would experience if they did not migrate. However, this was only true for migrants breeding outside the tropics and only relative to the overlap species would experience if they stayed in the breeding range year-round. In contrast to the hypothesis of niche tracking, migratory species experienced lower seasonal climatic niche overlap than resident species, with significant differences between tropical and nontropical species. Our study suggests that in seasonal nontropical environments migration away from the breeding range may serve to avoid seasonally harsh climate; however, different factors may drive seasonal movements in the climatically more stable tropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Eyres
- Department of Biological SciencesGoethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreSenckenberg Gesellschaft für NaturforschungFrankfurtGermany
| | - Katrin Böhning‐Gaese
- Department of Biological SciencesGoethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreSenckenberg Gesellschaft für NaturforschungFrankfurtGermany
| | - C. David L. Orme
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondon, AscotUK
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Susanne A. Fritz
- Department of Biological SciencesGoethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreSenckenberg Gesellschaft für NaturforschungFrankfurtGermany
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Bowden SD, Eyres A, Chung JCS, Monson RE, Thompson A, Salmond GPC, Spring DR, Welch M. Virulence in Pectobacterium atrosepticum is regulated by a coincidence circuit involving quorum sensing and the stress alarmone, (p)ppGpp. Mol Microbiol 2013; 90:457-71. [PMID: 23957692 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pectobacterium atrosepticum (Pca) is a Gram-negative phytopathogen which causes disease by secreting plant cell wall degrading exoenzymes (PCWDEs). Previous studies have shown that PCWDE production is regulated by (i) the intercellular quorum sensing (QS) signal molecule, 3-oxo-hexanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (OHHL), and (ii) the intracellular 'alarmone', (p)ppGpp, which reports on nutrient limitation. Here we show that these two signals form an integrated coincidence circuit which ensures that metabolically costly PCWDE synthesis does not occur unless the population is simultaneously quorate and nutrient limited. A (p)ppGpp null ΔrelAΔspoT mutant was defective in both OHHL and PCWDE production, and nutritional supplementation of wild type cultures (which suppresses (p)ppGpp production) also suppressed OHHL and PCWDE production. There was a substantial overlap in the transcriptome of a (p)ppGpp deficient relA mutant and of a QS defective expI (OHHL synthase) mutant, especially with regards to virulence-associated genes. Random transposon mutagenesis revealed that disruption of rsmA was sufficient to restore PCWDE production in the (p)ppGpp null strain. We found that the ratio of RsmA protein to its RNA antagonist, rsmB, was modulated independently by (p)ppGpp and QS. While QS predominantly controlled virulence by modulating RsmA levels, (p)ppGpp exerted regulation through the modulation of the RsmA antagonist, rsmB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Bowden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Building O, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
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Grønlund JT, Eyres A, Kumar S, Buchanan-Wollaston V, Gifford ML. Cell specific analysis of Arabidopsis leaves using fluorescence activated cell sorting. J Vis Exp 2012:4214. [PMID: 23070217 PMCID: PMC3490320 DOI: 10.3791/4214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
After initiation of the leaf primordium, biomass accumulation is controlled mainly by cell proliferation and expansion in the leaves1. However, the Arabidopsis leaf is a complex organ made up of many different cell types and several structures. At the same time, the growing leaf contains cells at different stages of development, with the cells furthest from the petiole being the first to stop expanding and undergo senescence1. Different cells within the leaf are therefore dividing, elongating or differentiating; active, stressed or dead; and/or responding to stimuli in sub-sets of their cellular type at any one time. This makes genomic study of the leaf challenging: for example when analyzing expression data from whole leaves, signals from genetic networks operating in distinct cellular response zones or cell types will be confounded, resulting in an inaccurate profile being generated. To address this, several methods have been described which enable studies of cell specific gene expression. These include laser-capture microdissection (LCM)2 or GFP expressing plants used for protoplast generation and subsequent fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)3,4, the recently described INTACT system for nuclear precipitation5 and immunoprecipitation of polysomes6. FACS has been successfully used for a number of studies, including showing that the cell identity and distance from the root tip had a significant effect on the expression profiles of a large number of genes3,7. FACS of GFP lines have also been used to demonstrate cell-specific transcriptional regulation during root nitrogen responses and lateral root development8, salt stress9 auxin distribution in the root10 and to create a gene expression map of the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem11. Although FACS has previously been used to sort Arabidopsis leaf derived protoplasts based on autofluorescence12,13, so far the use of FACS on Arabidopsis lines expressing GFP in the leaves has been very limited4. In the following protocol we describe a method for obtaining Arabidopsis leaf protoplasts that are compatible with FACS while minimizing the impact of the protoplast generation regime. We demonstrate the method using the KC464 Arabidopsis line, which express GFP in the adaxial epidermis14, the KC274 line, which express GFP in the vascular tissue14 and the TP382 Arabidopsis line, which express a double GFP construct linked to a nuclear localization signal in the guard cells (data not shown; Figure 2). We are currently using this method to study both cell-type specific expression during development and stress, as well as heterogeneous cell populations at various stages of senescence.
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