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García-Alberca JM, de Rojas I, Sanchez-Mejias E, Garrido-Martín D, Gonzalez-Palma L, Jimenez S, Pino-Angeles A, Cruz-Gamero JM, Mendoza S, Alarcón-Martín E, Muñoz-Castro C, Real LM, Tena JJ, Polvillo R, Govantes F, Lopez A, Royo-Aguado JL, Navarro V, Gonzalez I, Ruiz M, Reyes-Engel A, Gris E, Bravo MJ, Lopez-Gutierrez L, Mejias-Ortega M, De la Guía P, López de la Rica M, Ocejo O, Torrecilla J, Zafra C, Nieto MD, Urbano C, Jiménez-Sánchez R, Pareja N, Luque M, García-Peralta M, Carrillejo R, Furniet MDC, Rueda L, Sánchez-Fernández A, Mancilla T, Peña I, García-Casares N, Moreno-Grau S, Hernández I, Montrreal L, Quintela I, González-Pérez A, Calero M, Franco-Macías E, Macías J, Menéndez-González M, Frank-García A, Huerto Vilas R, Diez-Fairen M, Lage C, García-Madrona S, García-González P, Valero S, Sotolongo-Grau O, Pérez-Cordón A, Rábano A, Arias Pastor A, Pastor AB, Espinosa A, Corma-Gómez A, Martín Montes Á, Sanabria Á, Martínez Rodríguez C, Buiza-Rueda D, Rodriguez-Rodriguez E, Ortega G, Alvarez I, Rosas Allende I, Pineda JA, Rosende-Roca M, Bernal Sánchez-Arjona M, Fernández-Fuertes M, Alegret M, Roberto N, Del Ser T, Garcia-Ribas G, Sánchez-Juan P, Pastor P, Piñol-Ripoll G, Bullido MJ, Álvarez V, Mir P, Medina M, Marquié M, Sáez ME, Carracedo Á, Laplana M, Tomas-Gallardo L, Orellana A, Tárraga L, Boada M, Fibla Palazon J, Vitorica J, Ruiz A, Guigo R, Gutierrez A, Royo JL. An Insertion Within SIRPβ1 Shows a Dual Effect Over Alzheimer's Disease Cognitive Decline Altering the Microglial Response. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:601-618. [PMID: 38427484 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Background Microglial dysfunction plays a causative role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Here we focus on a germline insertion/deletion variant mapping SIRPβ1, a surface receptor that triggers amyloid-β(Aβ) phagocytosis via TYROBP. Objective To analyze the impact of this copy-number variant in SIRPβ1 expression and how it affects AD molecular etiology. Methods Copy-number variant proxy rs2209313 was evaluated in GERALD and GR@ACE longitudinal series. Hippocampal specimens of genotyped AD patients were also examined. SIRPβ1 isoform-specific phagocytosis assays were performed in HEK393T cells. Results The insertion alters the SIRPβ1 protein isoform landscape compromising its ability to bind oligomeric Aβ and its affinity for TYROBP. SIRPβ1 Dup/Dup patients with mild cognitive impairment show an increased cerebrospinal fluid t-Tau/Aβ ratio (p = 0.018) and a higher risk to develop AD (OR = 1.678, p = 0.018). MRIs showed that Dup/Dup patients exhibited a worse initial response to AD. At the moment of diagnosis, all patients showed equivalent Mini-Mental State Examination scores. However, AD patients with the duplication had less hippocampal degeneration (p < 0.001) and fewer white matter hyperintensities. In contrast, longitudinal studies indicate that patients bearing the duplication allele show a slower cognitive decline (p = 0.013). Transcriptional analysis also shows that the SIRPβ1 duplication allele correlates with higher TREM2 expression and an increased microglial activation. Conclusions The SIRPβ1 internal duplication has opposite effects over MCI-to-Dementia conversion risk and AD progression, affecting microglial response to Aβ. Given the pharmacological approaches focused on the TREM2-TYROBP axis, we believe that SIRPβ1 structural variant might be considered as a potential modulator of this causative pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María García-Alberca
- Alzheimer Research Center and Memory Clinic, Instituto Andaluz de Neurociencia (IANEC), Málaga, Spain
| | - Itziar de Rojas
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Sanchez-Mejias
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Diego Garrido-Martín
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Section of Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Gonzalez-Palma
- Departamento de Especialidades Quirúrgicas, Bioquímica e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sebastian Jimenez
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Almudena Pino-Angeles
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédicaen Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Cruz-Gamero
- Departamento de Especialidades Quirúrgicas, Bioquímica e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Mendoza
- Alzheimer Research Center and Memory Clinic, Instituto Andaluz de Neurociencia (IANEC), Málaga, Spain
| | - Emilio Alarcón-Martín
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Especialidades Quirúrgicas, Bioquímica e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Clara Muñoz-Castro
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Real
- Departamento de Especialidades Quirúrgicas, Bioquímica e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Jesus Tena
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocio Polvillo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Fernando Govantes
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Aroa Lopez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Victoria Navarro
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Gonzalez
- Departamento de Especialidades Quirúrgicas, Bioquímica e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Maximiliano Ruiz
- Departamento de Especialidades Quirúrgicas, Bioquímica e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Armando Reyes-Engel
- Departamento de Especialidades Quirúrgicas, Bioquímica e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Esther Gris
- Alzheimer Research Center and Memory Clinic, Instituto Andaluz de Neurociencia (IANEC), Málaga, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Bravo
- Departamento de Especialidades Quirúrgicas, Bioquímica e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lidia Lopez-Gutierrez
- Departamento de Especialidades Quirúrgicas, Bioquímica e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, ULB Neuroscience, Institute (UNI), Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marina Mejias-Ortega
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Paz De la Guía
- Alzheimer Research Center and Memory Clinic, Instituto Andaluz de Neurociencia (IANEC), Málaga, Spain
| | - María López de la Rica
- Alzheimer Research Center and Memory Clinic, Instituto Andaluz de Neurociencia (IANEC), Málaga, Spain
| | - Olga Ocejo
- Centro Residencial Almudena, Malaga, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nuria Pareja
- Asociación de Familiares de Enfermos de Alzheimer de la Axarquía, Vélez-Málaga, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Lourdes Rueda
- Asociación de Familiares de Alzheimer de Archidona, Archidona, Spain
| | | | - Tomás Mancilla
- Residencia DomusViFuentesol, Alhaurín de la Torre, Spain
| | - Isabel Peña
- Residencia DomusViFuentesol, Alhaurín de la Torre, Spain
| | | | - Sonia Moreno-Grau
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Hernández
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Montrreal
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inés Quintela
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Centro Nacional de Genotipado, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Calero
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIEN Foundation/Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Franco-Macías
- Unidad de Demencias, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Macías
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Menéndez-González
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Frank-García
- Department of Neurology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Huerto Vilas
- Unitat Trastorns Cognitius, Hospital Universitari Santa Maria de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomedica de Lleida (IRBLLeida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Mónica Diez-Fairen
- Department of Neurology, Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitari Germans Triasi Pujol and Germans Triasi Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Memory Disorders Unit, Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Lage
- Neurology Service, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital (University of Cantabria and IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | | | - Pablo García-González
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergi Valero
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Sotolongo-Grau
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Pérez-Cordón
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Rábano
- CIEN Foundation/Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Arias Pastor
- Unitat Trastorns Cognitius, Hospital Universitari Santa Maria de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomedica de Lleida (IRBLLeida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Pastor
- CIEN Foundation/Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Espinosa
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anaïs Corma-Gómez
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ángel Martín Montes
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neurology, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Sanabria
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Dolores Buiza-Rueda
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Eloy Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Neurology Service, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital (University of Cantabria and IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Gemma Ortega
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Alvarez
- Department of Neurology, Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitari Germans Triasi Pujol and Germans Triasi Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Rosas Allende
- Laboratorio de Genética, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan A Pineda
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Maitée Rosende-Roca
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Bernal Sánchez-Arjona
- Unidad de Demencias, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Fernández-Fuertes
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Montserrat Alegret
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Roberto
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teodoro Del Ser
- CIEN Foundation/Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Pau Pastor
- Department of Neurology, Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitari Germans Triasi Pujol and Germans Triasi Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Piñol-Ripoll
- Unitat Trastorns Cognitius, Hospital Universitari Santa Maria de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - María José Bullido
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Genética, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pablo Mir
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Medina
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIEN Foundation/Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Marquié
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ángel Carracedo
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Centro Nacional de Genotipado, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica CIBERER-CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marina Laplana
- Institut de Recerca Biomedica de Lleida (IRBLLeida), Lleida, Spain
- Departament de Ciencies Mediques Basiques, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Laura Tomas-Gallardo
- Proteomics and Biochemistry Unit, Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, CSIC-Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Adelina Orellana
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluís Tárraga
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercè Boada
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Fibla Palazon
- Institut de Recerca Biomedica de Lleida (IRBLLeida), Lleida, Spain
- Departament de Ciencies Mediques Basiques, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Javier Vitorica
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Agustín Ruiz
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roderic Guigo
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Royo
- Departamento de Especialidades Quirúrgicas, Bioquímica e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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