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Roldán Gallardo FF, Quintar AA. The pathological growth of the prostate gland in atherogenic contexts. Exp Gerontol 2021; 148:111304. [PMID: 33676974 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human prostate is an androgen-dependent gland where an imbalance in cell proliferation can lead to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which results in voiding lower urinary tract symptoms in the elderly. In the last decades, novel evidence has suggested that BPH might represent an element into the wide spectrum of disorders conforming the Metabolic Syndrome (MS). The dyslipidemic state and the other atherogenic factors of the MS have been shown to induce, maintain and/or aggravate the pathological growth of different organs, with data regarding the prostate being still limited. We here review the available epidemiological and experimental studies about the association of BPH with dyslipidemias. In particular, we have focused on Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins (OxLDL) as a potential trigger for vascular disease and cellular proliferation in atherogenic contexts, analyzing their putative molecular mechanisms, including the induction of specific extracellular vesicles (EVs)-derived miRNAs. In addition to the epidemiological evidence, OxLDL is proposed to play a fundamental role in the upregulation of prostatic cell proliferation by activating the Rho/Akt/p27Kip1 pathway in atherogenic contexts. miR-21, miR-141, miR-143, miR-145, miR-155, and miR-221 would be involved in the transcription of genes related to the proliferative process. Although much remains to be investigated regarding the impact of OxLDL, its receptors, and molecular mechanisms on the prostate, it is clear that EVs and miRNAs represent a promising target for proliferative pathologies of the prostate gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco F Roldán Gallardo
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Amado A Quintar
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Córdoba, Argentina.
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Scalerandi MV, Peinetti N, Leimgruber C, Cuello Rubio MM, Nicola JP, Menezes GB, Maldonado CA, Quintar AA. Inefficient N2-Like Neutrophils Are Promoted by Androgens During Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1980. [PMID: 30233581 PMCID: PMC6129603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are major effectors of acute inflammation against infection and tissue damage, with ability to adapt their phenotype according to the microenvironment. Although sex hormones regulate adaptive immune cells, which explains sex differences in immunity and infection, little information is available about the effects of androgens on neutrophils. We therefore aimed to examine neutrophil recruitment and plasticity in androgen–dependent and –independent sites under androgen manipulation. By using a bacterial model of prostate inflammation, we showed that neutrophil recruitment was higher in testosterone-treated rats, with neutrophil accumulation being positively correlated to serum levels of testosterone and associated to stronger inflammatory signs and tissue damage. Testosterone also promoted LPS-induced neutrophil recruitment to the prostate, peritoneum, and liver sinusoids, as revealed by histopathology, flow cytometry, and intravital microscopy. Strikingly, neutrophils in presence of testosterone exhibited an impaired bactericidal ability and a reduced myeloperoxidase activity. This inefficient cellular profile was accompanied by high expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL10 and TGFβ1, which is compatible with the “N2-like” neutrophil phenotype previously reported in the tumor microenvironment. These data reveal an intriguing role for testosterone promoting inefficient, anti-inflammatory neutrophils that prolong bacterial inflammation, generating a pathogenic environment for several conditions. However, these immunomodulatory properties might be beneficially exploited in autoimmune and other non-bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V Scalerandi
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nahuel Peinetti
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carolina Leimgruber
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariana M Cuello Rubio
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan P Nicola
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gustavo B Menezes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cristina A Maldonado
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Amado A Quintar
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
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Peyret V, Nazar M, Martín M, Quintar AA, Fernandez EA, Geysels RC, Fuziwara CS, Montesinos MM, Maldonado CA, Santisteban P, Kimura ET, Pellizas CG, Nicola JP, Masini-Repiso AM. Functional Toll-like Receptor 4 Overexpression in Papillary Thyroid Cancer by MAPK/ERK–Induced ETS1 Transcriptional Activity. Mol Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sundblad V, Quintar AA, Morosi LG, Niveloni SI, Cabanne A, Smecuol E, Mauriño E, Mariño KV, Bai JC, Maldonado CA, Rabinovich GA. Galectins in Intestinal Inflammation: Galectin-1 Expression Delineates Response to Treatment in Celiac Disease Patients. Front Immunol 2018; 9:379. [PMID: 29545799 PMCID: PMC5837985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins, a family of animal lectins characterized by their affinity for N-acetyllactosamine-enriched glycoconjugates, modulate several immune cell processes shaping the course of innate and adaptive immune responses. Through interaction with a wide range of glycosylated receptors bearing complex branched N-glycans and core 2-O-glycans, these endogenous lectins trigger distinct signaling programs thereby controling immune cell activation, differentiation, recruitment and survival. Given the unique features of mucosal inflammation and the differential expression of galectins throughout the gastrointestinal tract, we discuss here key findings on the role of galectins in intestinal inflammation, particularly Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, and celiac disease (CeD) patients, as well as in murine models resembling these inflammatory conditions. In addition, we present new data highlighting the regulated expression of galectin-1 (Gal-1), a proto-type member of the galectin family, during intestinal inflammation in untreated and treated CeD patients. Our results unveil a substantial upregulation of Gal-1 accompanying the anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic response associated with gluten-free diet in CeD patients, suggesting a major role of this lectin in favoring resolution of inflammation and restoration of mucosal homeostasis. Thus, a coordinated network of galectins and their glycosylated ligands, exerting either anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory responses, may influence the interplay between intestinal epithelial cells and the highly specialized gut immune system in physiologic and pathologic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sundblad
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Amado A Quintar
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Luciano G Morosi
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sonia I Niveloni
- Sección Intestino Delgado, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital de Gastroenterología Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Cabanne
- Unidad de Patología, Hospital de Gastroenterología, Bonorino Udaondo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edgardo Smecuol
- Sección Intestino Delgado, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital de Gastroenterología Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Mauriño
- Sección Intestino Delgado, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital de Gastroenterología Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina V Mariño
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julio C Bai
- Sección Intestino Delgado, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital de Gastroenterología Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones, Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina A Maldonado
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Leimgruber C, Quintar AA, Peinetti N, Scalerandi MV, Nicola JP, Miano JM, Maldonado CA. Testosterone Rescues the De-Differentiation of Smooth Muscle Cells Through Serum Response Factor/Myocardin. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2806-2817. [PMID: 27861881 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostatic smooth muscle cells (pSMCs) differentiation is a key factor for prostatic homeostasis, with androgens exerting multiple effects on these cells. Here, we demonstrated that the myodifferentiator complex Srf/Myocd is up-regulated by testosterone in a dose-dependent manner in primary cultures of rat pSMCs, which was associated to the increase in Acta2, Cnn1, and Lmod1 expressions. Blocking Srf or Myocd by siRNAs inhibited the myodifferentiator effect of testosterone. While LPS led to a dedifferentiated phenotype in pSMCs, characterized by down-regulation of Srf/Myocd and smooth muscle cell (SMC)-restricted genes, endotoxin treatment on Myocd-overexpressing cells did not result in phenotypic alterations. Testosterone at a physiological dose was able to restore the muscular phenotype by normalizing Srf/Myocd expression in inflammation-induced dedifferentiated pSMCs. Moreover, the androgen reestablished the proliferation rate and IL-6 secretion increased by LPS. These results provide novel evidence regarding the myodifferentiating role of testosterone on SMCs by modulating Srf/Myocd. Thus, androgens preserve prostatic SMC phenotype, which is essential to maintain the normal structure and function of the prostate. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2806-2817, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Leimgruber
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Amado A Quintar
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nahuel Peinetti
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María V Scalerandi
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan P Nicola
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Joseph M Miano
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Cristina A Maldonado
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Quintar AA, Gonçalves BF, Taboga SR, Maldonado CA. The mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus
) as a model for inflammation-promoted prostate carcinogenesis. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:1234-1238. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amado A. Quintar
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET); Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| | - Bianca F. Gonçalves
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE); Universidade. Estadual Paulista (UNESP); São José do Rio Preto Brazil
| | - Sebastião R. Taboga
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE); Universidade. Estadual Paulista (UNESP); São José do Rio Preto Brazil
| | - Cristina A. Maldonado
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET); Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
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Quintar AA, Maldonado CA. Androgen regulation of host defenses and response to inflammatory stimuli in the prostate gland. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:1223-1233. [PMID: 28244686 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The prostate gland is a strictly androgen-dependent organ which is also the main target of infectious and inflammatory diseases in the male reproductive tract. Host defenses and immunity of the gland have unique features to maintain a constant balance between response and tolerance to diverse antigens. In this context, the effects of reproductive hormones on the male tract are thus complex and have just started to be defined. From the classical description of "the prostatic antibacterial factor," many host defense proteins with potent microbicidal and anti-tumoral activities have been described in the organ. Indeed, it has been proposed a central role for resident cells, that is, epithelial and smooth muscle cells, in the prostatic response against injuries. However, these cells also represent the target of the inflammatory damage, leading to the development of a Proliferative Inflammatory Atrophy-like process in the epithelium and a myofibroblastic-like reactive stroma. Available data on androgen regulation of inflammation led to a model of the complex control, in which the final effect will depend on the tissue microenvironment, the cause of inflammation, and the levels of androgens among other factors. In this paper, we review the current scientific literature about the inflammatory process in the gland, the modulation of host defense proteins, and the influence of testosterone on the resolution of prostatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amado A Quintar
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Pabellón de Biología Celular. E. Barros esq. Enfermera Gordillo 1 piso Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristina A Maldonado
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Pabellón de Biología Celular. E. Barros esq. Enfermera Gordillo 1 piso Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
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Uribe Echevarría L, Leimgruber C, García González J, Nevado A, Álvarez R, García LN, Quintar AA, Maldonado CA. Evidence of eosinophil extracellular trap cell death in COPD: does it represent the trigger that switches on the disease? Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12:885-896. [PMID: 28352169 PMCID: PMC5359000 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s115969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the numerous studies on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the cellular and molecular basis of the disease’s development remain unclear. Neutrophils and eosinophils are known to be key players in COPD. Recently, neutrophil extracellular trap cell death (NETosis), a mechanism due to decondensation and extrusion of chromatin to form extracellular traps, has been demonstrated in COPD. However, there is limited knowledge about eosinophil extracellular trap cell death (EETosis) and its role in the pathogenesis of COPD. The aim of this study was to evaluate EETosis in stable COPD. Induced sputum obtained from healthy smokers and low exacerbation risk COPD A or B group patients or high exacerbation risk COPD C or D group patients were included. Samples were examined using electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Healthy smokers (n=10) and COPD A (n=19) group exhibited neutrophilic or paucigranulocytic phenotypes, with NETosis being absent in these patients. In contrast, COPD B (n=29), with eosinophilic or mixed phenotypes, showed EETosis and incipient NETosis. COPD C (n=18) and COPD D groups (n=13) were differentiated from low exacerbation rate-COPD group by the abundant cellular debris, with COPD C group having an eosinophilic pattern and numerous cells undergoing EETosis. A hallmark of this group was the abundant released membranes that often appeared phagocytosed by neutrophils, which coincidentally exhibited early NETosis changes. The COPD D group included patients with a neutrophilic or mixed pattern, with abundant neutrophil extracellular trap-derived material. This study is the first to demonstrate EETosis at different stages of stable COPD. The results suggest a role for eosinophils in COPD pathophysiology, especially at the beginning and during the persistence of the disease, regardless of whether the patient quit smoking, with EETosis debris probably triggering uncontrolled NETosis. The main target of these findings should be young smokers with the potential to develop COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Leimgruber
- Electronic Microscopy Center, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Alberto Nevado
- Pneumonology Service, Sanatorio Allende (Nueva Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ruth Álvarez
- Smoking Cessation Cente, Nuevo Hospital San Roque of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Luciana N García
- Electronic Microscopy Center, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Amado A Quintar
- Electronic Microscopy Center, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristina A Maldonado
- Electronic Microscopy Center, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology
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García LN, Leimgruber C, Uribe Echevarría EM, Acosta PL, Brahamian JM, Polack FP, Miró MS, Quintar AA, Sotomayor CE, Maldonado CA. Protective phenotypes of club cells and alveolar macrophages are favored as part of endotoxin-mediated prevention of asthma. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:904-16. [PMID: 25504013 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214562338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic asthma is a chronic allergic disease that involves T-helper type 2 (Th2)-inflammation and airway remodeling. Bronchiolar club cells (CC) and alveolar macrophages (AM) are sentinel cells of airway barrier against inhaled injuries, where allergy induces mucous metaplasia of CC and the alternative activation of AM, which compromise host defense mechanisms and amplify Th2-inflammation. As there is evidence that high levels of environmental endotoxin modulates asthma, the goal of this study was to evaluate if the activation of local host defenses by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) previous to allergy development can contribute to preserving CC and AM protective phenotypes. Endotoxin stimulus before allergen exposition reduced hallmarks of allergic inflammation including eosinophil influx, Interleukin-4 and airway hyperreactivity, while the T-helper type 1 related cytokines IL-12 and Interferon-γ were enhanced. This response was accompanied by the preservation of the normal CC phenotype and the anti-allergic proteins Club Cell Secretory Protein (CCSP) and Surfactant-D, thereby leading to lower levels of CC metaplasia and preventing the increase of the pro-Th2 cytokine Thymic stromal lymphopoietin. In addition, classically activated alveolar macrophages expressing nitric oxide were promoted over the alternatively activated ones that expressed arginase-1. We verified that LPS induced a long-term overexpression of CCSP and the innate immune markers Toll-like receptor 4, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, changes that were preserved in spite of the allergen challenge. These results demonstrate that LPS pre-exposition modifies the local bronchioalveolar microenvironment by inducing natural anti-allergic mechanisms while reducing local factors that drive Th2 type responses, thus modulating allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana N García
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), CONICET and Centro de Microscopía Electrónica- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros esq. Enfermera Gordillo, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HRA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carolina Leimgruber
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), CONICET and Centro de Microscopía Electrónica- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros esq. Enfermera Gordillo, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HRA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Elisa M Uribe Echevarría
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), CONICET and Centro de Microscopía Electrónica- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros esq. Enfermera Gordillo, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HRA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Patricio L Acosta
- Fundación INFANT, Gavilan 94 C1406ABC, Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge M Brahamian
- Fundación INFANT, Gavilan 94 C1406ABC, Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando P Polack
- Fundación INFANT, Gavilan 94 C1406ABC, Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, MCN, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - María S Miró
- Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende (X5000HRA), Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Amado A Quintar
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), CONICET and Centro de Microscopía Electrónica- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros esq. Enfermera Gordillo, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HRA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia E Sotomayor
- Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende (X5000HRA), Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristina A Maldonado
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), CONICET and Centro de Microscopía Electrónica- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros esq. Enfermera Gordillo, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HRA, Córdoba, Argentina
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Roth FD, Quintar AA, Leimgruber C, García L, Uribe Echevarría EM, Torres AI, Maldonado CA. Restoration of the normal Clara cell phenotype after chronic allergic inflammation. Int J Exp Pathol 2013; 94:399-411. [PMID: 23998365 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolar Clara cells play a critical role in lung homoeostasis. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronic allergy on these cells and the efficacy of budesonide (BUD) and montelukast (MK) in restoring their typical phenotypes after ovalbumin-induced chronic allergy in mice. Chronic allergy induced extensive bronchiolar Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff (AB/PAS)-positive metaplasia. In addition, cells accumulated numerous big electron-lucent granules negative for Clara cell main secretory protein (CC16), and consequently, CC16 was significantly reduced in bronchoalveolar lavage. A concomitant reduction in SP-D and CYP2E1 content was observed. The phenotypic changes induced by allergy were pharmacologically reversed by both treatments; MK was more efficient than BUD in doing so. MK decreased AB/PAS reactivity to control levels whereas they remained persistently elevated after BUD. Moreover, most non-ciliated cells recovered their normal morphology after MK, whereas for BUD normal cells coexisted with 'transitional' cells that contained remnant mucous granules and stained strongly for CC16 and SP-D. Glucocorticoids were also less able to reduce inflammatory infiltration and maintained higher percentage of neutrophils, which may have contributed to prolonged mucin expression. These results show that chronic allergy-induced mucous metaplasia of Clara cells affects their defensive mechanisms. However, anti-inflammatory treatments were able to re-establish the normal phenotype of Clara cell, with MK being more efficient at restoring a normal profile than BUD. This study highlights the role of epithelial cells in lung injuries and their contribution to anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix D Roth
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, INICSA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Leimgruber C, Quintar AA, Sosa LDV, García LN, Figueredo M, Maldonado CA. Dedifferentiation of prostate smooth muscle cells in response to bacterial LPS. Prostate 2011; 71:1097-107. [PMID: 21557274 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are strongly involved in the development and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. However, their participation in prostatitis has not been completely elucidated. Thus, we aimed to characterize the response of normal SMC to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS Primary prostate SMCs from normal rats were stimulated with LPS (0.1, 1, or 10 µg/ml) for 24 or 48 hr. The phenotype was evaluated by electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and Western blot of SMCα-actin (ACTA2), calponin, vimentin, and tenascin-C, while the innate immune response was assessed by immunodetection of TLR4, CD14, and nuclear NF-κB. The secretion of TNFα and IL6 was determined using ELISA. RESULTS Bacterial LPS induces SMCs to develop a secretory phenotype including dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae with well-developed Golgi complexes. Furthermore, SMCs displayed a decrease in ACTA2 and calponin, and an increase in vimentin levels after LPS challenge. The co-expression of ACTA2 and vimentin, together with the induction of tenascin-C expression indicate that a myofibroblastic-like phenotype was induced by the endotoxin. Moreover, LPS elicited a TLR4 increase, with a peak in NF-κB activation occurring after 10 min of treatment. Finally, LPS stimulated the secretion of IL6 and TNFα. CONCLUSIONS Prostate SMCs are capable of responding to LPS in vitro by dedifferentiating from a contractile to a miofibroblastic-like phenotype and secreting cytokines, with the TLR4 signaling pathway being involved in this response. In this way, prostate SMCs may contribute to the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases by modifying the epithelial-stromal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Leimgruber
- Center of Electron Microscopy, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
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Quintar AA, Nishioka S, Torres AI, Maldonado CA, Aoki A. The Initial Segment of the Rat Epididymis Is Able to Uptake Immature Germ Cells Shed by Testicular Damage. Cells Tissues Organs 2011; 193:170-83. [DOI: 10.1159/000317127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Quintar AA, Doll A, Leimgruber C, Palmeri CM, Roth FD, Maccioni M, Maldonado CA. Acute inflammation promotes early cellular stimulation of the epithelial and stromal compartments of the rat prostate. Prostate 2010; 70:1153-65. [PMID: 20564470 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been proposed that prostatic inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of benign hyperplasia and prostate cancer. However, little information is available about the prostatic reaction to bacterial compounds in vivo. Our aim was therefore to evaluate the early effects of bacterial infection on rat ventral prostate compartments. METHODS Using a rat model of acute bacterial prostatitis by Escherichia coli, we analyzed the histological and ultrastructural changes in the prostate at 24, 48, and 72 hr postinfection. Prostatic tissues were immunostained for prostatic binding protein (PBP), ACTA2, ErbB1, and ErbB2 receptors, TUNEL, and markers of cell proliferation. Dot and Western blots for PBP, ACTA2, ErbB1, ErbB2, and TGFbeta1 were also performed. RESULTS The prostatic epithelium became hypertrophied, with increases in PBP and ErbB1 expression at 24 hr postinfection. Moreover, inflammation induced the expression of ErbB2, a receptor strongly involved in carcinogenesis. These alterations were more pronounced at 48 hr, but the epithelium also showed apoptosis and finally atrophy at 72 hr postinfection, with a decrease in PBP and ErbB receptors. Interestingly, the epithelial cells exhibited a high level of proliferation in response to the bacteria. The stromal reaction to acute inflammation was initially characterized by smooth muscle hypertrophy. Afterwards, muscle cells acquired a secretory phenotype, with a reduction in ACTA2 at 72 hr postinfection. CONCLUSIONS Prostatic inflammation, even at the early stages, promotes atrophic and proliferative changes, and the upregulation of ErbB receptors together with dedifferentiation of smooth muscle cells. These data suggest that repetitive reinfections could lead to uncontrolled growth in the prostate gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amado A Quintar
- Center of Electron Microscopy, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Gatti G, Quintar AA, Andreani V, Nicola JP, Maldonado CA, Masini-Repiso AM, Rivero VE, Maccioni M. Expression of Toll-like receptor 4 in the prostate gland and its association with the severity of prostate cancer. Prostate 2009; 69:1387-97. [PMID: 19496069 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation has been postulated to be an important driving force to prostate carcinoma. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) compose a family of receptors mainly expressed on immune cells. Recently, functional TLRs have been shown to be also expressed in numerous cancer cells, but their significance has only recently begun to be explored. The purpose of this study was to investigate the putative role of TLR4 expression in prostate carcinoma. METHODS To determine if there is an association between TLR4 expression and the malignancy of the tumor, 35 prostate carcinoma samples showing different Gleason grades were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Also, to explore the functionality of the receptors expressed on the epithelium, we analyzed the type of cytokine response elicited and the signaling pathways involved after TLR4 triggering in the human prostate adenocarcinoma cell line, DU-145. RESULTS TLR4 is expressed in the normal prostate gland in both stroma and epithelium. TLR4 expression significantly drops to negative values as the Gleason grade augments in both, stroma and epithelium. Moreover, DU-145 cells also exhibit TLR4 expression and respond to TLR4 agonists, activating the transcription factor NF-kappaB and increasing the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Inhibition of the molecular adaptors MyD88 and MAL by overexpression of dominant-negative mutants diminished LPS-induced activation of NF-kappaB, showing that DU-145 cells activate the NF-kappaB through MyD88-dependent signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that TLR4 in prostate cells could synergize with innate immune cells contributing to an eventual inflammatory process, which in genetically prone individuals could promote carcinogenesis. Prostate 69: 1387-1397, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Gatti
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is an innate immune protein that is present in mucosal lined surfaces throughout the human body, including the male reproductive tract. In the present study, we characterized the regulation of SP-D expression in the mouse and rat prostate. METHODS Real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunostaining were used to characterize SP-D mRNA and protein in the mouse male reproductive tract. In order to evaluate the effects of testosterone on SP-D gene expression, we measured SP-D mRNA levels via real time RT-PCR in prostates from sham-castrated mice and castrated mice. In addition, we used a rat prostatitis model in which Escherichia coli was injected into the prostate in vivo to determine if infection influences SP-D protein levels in the prostate. RESULTS We found that SP-D mRNA and protein are present throughout the mouse male reproductive tract, including in the prostate. We determined that castration increases prostate SP-D mRNA levels (~7 fold) when compared to levels in sham-castrated animals. Finally, we demonstrated that infection in the prostate results in a significant increase in SP-D content 24 and 48 hours post-infection. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that infection and androgens regulate SP-D in the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Oberley
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, USA, CO 80206
| | - Kelli L Goss
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA, 52242
| | - Amado A Quintar
- Center for Electron Microscopy, School of Medical Science, National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Cristina A Maldonado
- Center for Electron Microscopy, School of Medical Science, National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Jeanne M Snyder
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA, 52242
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Quintar AA, Roth FD, De Paul AL, Aoki A, Maldonado CA. Toll-like receptor 4 in rat prostate: modulation by testosterone and acute bacterial infection in epithelial and stromal cells. Biol Reprod 2006; 75:664-72. [PMID: 16870940 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.053967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The prostate gland is the most inflammation-prone organ in the male reproductive tract. However, little information is available regarding the immunobiology of this gland. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is considered to be a major sensor of danger signals and a key trigger of the innate immune responses. TLRs have also been implicated in the development of different inflammatory diseases in organs in which epithelial-stromal interactions are critical for homeostasis. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the presence and regulation of TLR4 in the rat prostate. Western blot and immunocytochemical studies revealed that constitutive expression of TLR4 in the rat ventral prostate was localized in the epithelial cells, mainly associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, as well as in smooth muscle cells in the stroma. In addition, increased concentrations of TLR4 were found in castrated rats, predominantly in hypertrophied smooth muscle cells. On the other hand, using a bacterial prostatitis model, we observed an increment in the TLR4 cytoplasmic content and migration of this receptor to the apical plasmatic membranes of epithelial cells at 24 h and 48 h post-infection. These findings suggest that the prostate gland is able to recognize pathogens and to initiate immune responses. In addition, TLR4 appears to be implicated in the vital stromal-epithelial interactions that maintain prostate homeostasis during prostatitis, as well as following androgen deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amado A Quintar
- Center of Electron Microscopy, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, X5000HRA Córdoba, Argentina
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