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Purbey PK, Paul MK, Iwamoto KS, Daly A, Seo J, Champhekar AS, Campbell K, Schaue D, McBride WH, Dubinett SM, Ribas A, Smale ST, Scumpia PO. Abstract 2325: IRF1 displays opposing tumor cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic roles in anti-tumor immunity. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-2325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs), including IFN-α/β and IFN-γ, are multifaceted cytokines critical for antitumor immunity but contribute to T cell exhaustion through immune checkpoints. Recently, tumor cell expression of IRF1 was shown to enhance antitumor immunity, but a comprehensive evaluation of how IRF1 regulates IFN responses in the tumor and host has not been performed. Here, we show that Irf1-/- mice display enhanced tumor growth of WT and Irf1-/- tumors, as they fail to recruit sufficient NK cells and cytotoxic T cell (CTL). However, Irf1-/- tumors in wild-type mice displayed rapid immunogenic control, expansion of intratumoral lymphoid cells with enhanced effector programs and diminished exhaustion programs when compared to WT tumors. Mechanistically, IRF1 positively regulates the expression of distinct subsets of anti-tumor immunity suppression genes including the CD274/PD-L1, TRAIL, and IDO-1 checkpoints but not the IFN-inducible chemokines CXCL9-11. Surprisingly, control of Irf1-/- tumors required host IFN-α/β signaling but not IFN-γ signaling, while PD-L1 overexpression only weakly restored tumor growth. Thus, IRF1 selectively regulates the effects of IFNs on tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment and may be targeted to boost anti-tumor immunity.
Citation Format: Prabhat Kumar Purbey, Manash K. Paul, Keisuke S. Iwamoto, Allison Daly, Joowon Seo, Ameya S. Champhekar, Katie Campbell, Dorthe Schaue, William H. McBride, Steven M. Dubinett, Antoni Ribas, Stephen T. Smale, Philip O. Scumpia. IRF1 displays opposing tumor cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic roles in anti-tumor immunity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2325.
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Abril-Rodriguez G, Torrejon DY, Karin D, Campbell KM, Medina E, Saco JD, Galvez M, Champhekar AS, Perez-Garcilazo I, Baselga-Carretero I, Singh J, Comin-Anduix B, Puig-Saus C, Ribas A. Remodeling of the tumor microenvironment through PAK4 inhibition sensitizes tumors to immune checkpoint blockade. Cancer Res Commun 2022; 2:1214-1228. [PMID: 36588582 PMCID: PMC9799984 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-21-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PAK4 inhibition can sensitize tumors to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy, however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We report that PAK4 inhibition reverses immune cell exclusion by increasing the infiltration of CD8 T cells and CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs), a specific type of DCs that excel at cross-presenting tumor antigens and constitute a source of CXCL10. Interestingly, in melanoma clinical datasets, PAK4 expression levels negatively correlate with the presence of CCL21, the ligand for CCR7 expressed in CD103+ DCs. Furthermore, we extensively characterized the transcriptome of PAK4 knock out (KO) tumors, in vitro and in vivo, and established the importance of PAK4 expression in the regulation of the extracellular matrix, which can facilitate immune cell infiltration. Comparison between PAK4 wild type (WT) and KO anti-PD-1 treated tumors revealed how PAK4 deletion sensitizes tumors to ICB from a transcriptomic perspective. In addition, we validated genetically and pharmacologically that inhibition of PAK4 kinase activity is sufficient to improve anti-tumor efficacy of anti-PD-1 blockade in multiple melanoma mouse models. Therefore, this study provides novel insights into the mechanism of action of PAK4 inhibition and provides the foundation for a new treatment strategy that aims to overcome resistance to PD-1 blockade by combining anti-PD-1 with a small molecule PAK4 kinase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Abril-Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Davis Y. Torrejon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel Karin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Katie M. Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Egmidio Medina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Justin D. Saco
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Mildred Galvez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Ameya S. Champhekar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Ivan Perez-Garcilazo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Ignacio Baselga-Carretero
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Jas Singh
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California
| | - Begoña Comin-Anduix
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Cristina Puig-Saus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California
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Monticone G, Huang Z, Csibi F, Leit S, Ciccone D, Champhekar AS, Austin JE, Ucar DA, Hossain F, Ibba SV, Boulares AH, Carpino N, Xu K, Majumder S, Osborne BA, Loh C, Miele L. Targeting the Cbl-b-Notch1 axis as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy to boost CD8+ T-cell responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:987298. [PMID: 36090975 PMCID: PMC9459147 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.987298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical feature of cancer is the ability to induce immunosuppression and evade immune responses. Tumor-induced immunosuppression diminishes the effectiveness of endogenous immune responses and decreases the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we describe a new immunosuppressive pathway in which adenosine promotes Casitas B-lineage lymphoma b (Cbl-b)-mediated Notch1 degradation, causing suppression of CD8+ T-cells effector functions. Genetic knockout and pharmacological inhibition of Cbl-b prevents Notch1 degradation in response to adenosine and reactivates its signaling. Reactivation of Notch1 results in enhanced CD8+ T-cell effector functions, anti-cancer response and resistance to immunosuppression. Our work provides evidence that targeting the Cbl-b-Notch1 axis is a novel promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Monticone
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Zhi Huang
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Fred Csibi
- Nimbus Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Silvana Leit
- Nimbus Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Ameya S. Champhekar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jermaine E. Austin
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Deniz A. Ucar
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Fokhrul Hossain
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Salome V. Ibba
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - A. Hamid Boulares
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Nicholas Carpino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Keli Xu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Samarpan Majumder
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Barbara A. Osborne
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | | | - Lucio Miele
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Lucio Miele,
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Kim YJ, Sheu KM, Tsoi J, Abril-Rodriguez G, Medina E, Grasso CS, Torrejon DY, Champhekar AS, Litchfield K, Swanton C, Speiser DE, Scumpia PO, Hoffmann A, Graeber TG, Puig-Saus C, Ribas A. Melanoma dedifferentiation induced by IFN-γ epigenetic remodeling in response to anti-PD-1 therapy. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:145859. [PMID: 33914706 DOI: 10.1172/jci145859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma dedifferentiation has been reported to be a state of cellular resistance to targeted therapies and immunotherapies as cancer cells revert to a more primitive cellular phenotype. Here, we show that, counterintuitively, the biopsies of patient tumors that responded to anti-programmed cell death 1 (anti-PD-1) therapy had decreased expression of melanocytic markers and increased neural crest markers, suggesting treatment-induced dedifferentiation. When modeling the effects in vitro, we documented that melanoma cell lines that were originally differentiated underwent a process of neural crest dedifferentiation when continuously exposed to IFN-γ, through global chromatin landscape changes that led to enrichment in specific hyperaccessible chromatin regions. The IFN-γ-induced dedifferentiation signature corresponded with improved outcomes in patients with melanoma, challenging the notion that neural crest dedifferentiation is entirely an adverse phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Joo Kim
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and
| | - Katherine M Sheu
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Catherine S Grasso
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | - Kevin Litchfield
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Swanton
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Thomas G Graeber
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cristina Puig-Saus
- Department of Medicine.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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5
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Torrejon DY, Abril-Rodriguez G, Champhekar AS, Tsoi J, Campbell KM, Kalbasi A, Parisi G, Zaretsky JM, Garcia-Diaz A, Puig-Saus C, Cheung-Lau G, Wohlwender T, Krystofinski P, Vega-Crespo A, Lee CM, Mascaro P, Grasso CS, Berent-Maoz B, Comin-Anduix B, Hu-Lieskovan S, Ribas A. Overcoming Genetically Based Resistance Mechanisms to PD-1 Blockade. Cancer Discov 2020; 10:1140-1157. [PMID: 32467343 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanism-based strategies to overcome resistance to PD-1 blockade therapy are urgently needed. We developed genetic acquired resistant models of JAK1, JAK2, and B2M loss-of-function mutations by gene knockout in human and murine cell lines. Human melanoma cell lines with JAK1/2 knockout became insensitive to IFN-induced antitumor effects, while B2M knockout was no longer recognized by antigen-specific T cells and hence was resistant to cytotoxicity. All of these mutations led to resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy in vivo. JAK1/2-knockout resistance could be overcome with the activation of innate and adaptive immunity by intratumoral Toll-like receptor 9 agonist administration together with anti-PD-1, mediated by natural killer (NK) and CD8 T cells. B2M-knockout resistance could be overcome by NK-cell and CD4 T-cell activation using the CD122 preferential IL2 agonist bempegaldesleukin. Therefore, mechanistically designed combination therapies can overcome genetic resistance to PD-1 blockade therapy. SIGNIFICANCE: The activation of IFN signaling through pattern recognition receptors and the stimulation of NK cells overcome genetic mechanisms of resistance to PD-1 blockade therapy mediated through deficient IFN receptor and antigen presentation pathways. These approaches are being tested in the clinic to improve the antitumor activity of PD-1 blockade therapy.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1079.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis Y Torrejon
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gabriel Abril-Rodriguez
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ameya S Champhekar
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer Tsoi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Katie M Campbell
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anusha Kalbasi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Giulia Parisi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jesse M Zaretsky
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Angel Garcia-Diaz
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Cristina Puig-Saus
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gardenia Cheung-Lau
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Thomas Wohlwender
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paige Krystofinski
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Agustin Vega-Crespo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christopher M Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pau Mascaro
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Catherine S Grasso
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Beata Berent-Maoz
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Begoña Comin-Anduix
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Siwen Hu-Lieskovan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. .,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California
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6
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Puig-Saus C, Parisi G, Garcia-Diaz A, Krystofinski PE, Sandoval S, Zhang R, Champhekar AS, McCabe J, Cheung-Lau GC, Truong NA, Vega-Crespo A, Komenan MDS, Pang J, Macabali MH, Saco JD, Goodwin JL, Bolon B, Seet CS, Montel-Hagen A, Crooks GM, Hollis RP, Campo-Fernandez B, Bischof D, Cornetta K, Gschweng EH, Adelson C, Nguyen A, Yang L, Witte ON, Baltimore D, Comin-Anduix B, Kohn DB, Wang X, Cabrera P, Kaplan-Lefko PJ, Berent-Maoz B, Ribas A. IND-Enabling Studies for a Clinical Trial to Genetically Program a Persistent Cancer-Targeted Immune System. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:1000-1011. [PMID: 30409823 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To improve persistence of adoptively transferred T-cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells and durable clinical responses, we designed a clinical trial to transplant genetically-modified hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) together with adoptive cell transfer of T cells both engineered to express an NY-ESO-1 TCR. Here, we report the preclinical studies performed to enable an investigational new drug (IND) application. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN HSCs transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing NY-ESO-1 TCR and the PET reporter/suicide gene HSV1-sr39TK and T cells transduced with a retroviral vector expressing NY-ESO-1 TCR were coadministered to myelodepleted HLA-A2/Kb mice within a formal Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)-compliant study to demonstrate safety, persistence, and HSC differentiation into all blood lineages. Non-GLP experiments included assessment of transgene immunogenicity and in vitro viral insertion safety studies. Furthermore, Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant cell production qualification runs were performed to establish the manufacturing protocols for clinical use. RESULTS TCR genetically modified and ex vivo-cultured HSCs differentiated into all blood subsets in vivo after HSC transplantation, and coadministration of TCR-transduced T cells did not result in increased toxicity. The expression of NY-ESO-1 TCR and sr39TK transgenes did not have a detrimental effect on gene-modified HSC's differentiation to all blood cell lineages. There was no evidence of genotoxicity induced by the lentiviral vector. GMP batches of clinical-grade transgenic cells produced during qualification runs had adequate stability and functionality. CONCLUSIONS Coadministration of HSCs and T cells expressing an NY-ESO-1 TCR is safe in preclinical models. The results presented in this article led to the FDA approval of IND 17471.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Puig-Saus
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California. .,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Giulia Parisi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Angel Garcia-Diaz
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paige E Krystofinski
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Salemiz Sandoval
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ruixue Zhang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ameya S Champhekar
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - James McCabe
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gardenia C Cheung-Lau
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nhat A Truong
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Agustin Vega-Crespo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Marie Desiles S Komenan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jia Pang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mignonette H Macabali
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Justin D Saco
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeffrey L Goodwin
- Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine (DLAM), Department of Medicine, DGSOM, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Christopher S Seet
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Amelie Montel-Hagen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, DGSOM, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gay M Crooks
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, DGSOM, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, DGSOM, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Roger P Hollis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Beatriz Campo-Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniela Bischof
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Vector Production Facility, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kenneth Cornetta
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Vector Production Facility, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Eric H Gschweng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Celia Adelson
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alexander Nguyen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lili Yang
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Owen N Witte
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Baltimore
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Begonya Comin-Anduix
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Donald B Kohn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, DGSOM, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Statistics Core, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paula Cabrera
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paula J Kaplan-Lefko
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Beata Berent-Maoz
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California. .,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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