Isobutylene contamination of blood collected in 10-ml evacuated blood collection tubes with gray conventional rubber stoppers

Dual-column headspace gas chromatographic analysis with two flame-ionization detectors is a commonly used analytical technique for forensic blood ethanol quantitation. This technique is also applicable to the identification and quantitation of other volatile organic compounds such as methanol in biological samples. Compound identification by retention time is limited to those compounds with known retention times programmed into the instrument method. Historically, an early-eluting peak from an unidentified compound has been observed in both chromatograms from antemortem blood samples analyzed for ethanol concentration with this technique. The unidentified compound's retention time matches that of methanol on one column but not on the second column. This previously unidentified compound has been identified as isobutylene. The proposed source of the isobutylene contamination historically observed in antemortem blood samples collected in 10-ml gray-top blood collection tubes is the conventional rubber stopper. Isobutylene was detected in deionized water stored in each of the seven lots of 10-ml blood tubes tested; the expiration dates of the tubes tested spanned the years 2002-2022. Misidentification of isobutylene as methanol is possible when using a single-column gas chromatographic system. The presence of isobutylene in blood collected in a gray-top collection tube does not represent laboratory contamination, is not an interferent with blood ethanol quantitation, and does not affect the ethanol concentration in the blood. A 0.150 g/dl aqueous ethanol standard was stored in a gray-top tube to evaluate the potential impact of isobutylene on ethanol quantitation. The solution's average ethanol concentration measured after storage was 0.150 g/dl.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Tryptamines in the Poison of Incilius alvarius (Amphibia: Bufonidae)

Rising numbers of psychoactive tryptamine derivatives have become available on the drug market over the last decade, making these naturally occurring or synthetically manufactured compounds highly relevant for forensic analysis. One of these compounds is 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), a constituent of the dried poison of Incilius alvarius (Colorado River toad) which has a history of ritual and/or recreational use. Still, comprehensive and validated qualitative as well as quantitative analytical data on the psychoactive components of this poison are scarce. In this study samples of the poison of Incilius alvarius were collected from live toads in the Sonoran Desert, Arizona (USA) and analyzed with a set of complementary methods. Acetone/water (70/30, v/v) proved to be the solvent of choice for the extraction of tryptamine derivatives. Trace compounds were enriched and overload with 5-MeO-DMT was prevented by chromatographic separation of 5-MeO-DMT prior to qualitative analysis. The method for quantification was validated. Applying attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to samples of the poison, 5-MeO-DMT was identified as the main tryptamine by comparison to the reference spectrum. The combined evaluation of analytical data gained from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight high resolution MS (HPLC-qToF-HRMS), and HPLC-MS/MS confirmed the presence of 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-N-methyltryptamine, 5-MeO-tryptamine, 5-MeO-tryptophol, 2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-acetic-acid (5-MIAA), 5-HO-N-methyltryptamine, bufotenin, DMT, and tryptophan. For the first time, 5-MeO-tryptamine and two positional isomers of indole-substituted HO-MeO-DMT were detected in the poison of Incilius alvarius. The tryptamine present in the highest concentrations was 5-MeO-DMT (mean ± standard deviation: 410,000 ± 30,000 µg/g). Mean concentrations of 5-MeO-tryptamine (490 ± 260 µg/g), 5-HO-N-methyltryptamine (270 ± 120 µg/g), bufotenin (2,800 ± 1,900 µg/g), and DMT (250 ± 80 µg/g), showed a relatively high variability between individual samples. The comprehensive analytical reference data of Incilius alvarius poison presented here might prove useful for forensic chemists.

Resectable invasive IPMN versus sporadic pancreatic adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas: Should these two different diseases receive the same treatment? A matched comparison study of the French Surgical Association (AFC)

PURPOSE

To compare survival and impact of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for invasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IIPMN) and sporadic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).

METHODS

From 2005 to 2012, 240 patients underwent pancreatectomy for IIPMN and 1327 for PDAC. Exclusion criteria included neoadjuvant treatment, pancreatic resection other than PD, vascular resection, carcinoma in situ, or <11 examined lymph nodes. Thus, 82 IIPMN and 506 PDAC were eligible for the present study. Finally, The IIPMN group was matched 1:2 to compose the PDAC group according to TNM disease stage, perineural invasion, lymph node ratio, and margin status.

RESULTS

There was no difference in patient's characteristics, intraoperative parameters, postoperative outcomes, and histologic parameters. Overall survival and disease-free survival times were comparable between the 2 groups. In each group, overall survival time was significantly poorer in patients who did not achieve adjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.03 for the IIPMN group; p = 0.03 for the PDAC group). In lymph-node negative patients of the IIPMN group, adjuvant chemotherapy did not have any significant impact on overall survival time (OR = 0.57; 95% CI [0.24-1.33]). Considering the whole population (i.e. patients with IIPMN and PDAC; n = 246), patients who did not achieve adjuvant chemotherapy had poorer survival (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

The courses of IIPMN and PDAC were similar after an optimized stage-to-stage comparison. Adjuvant chemotherapy was efficient in both groups. However, in lymph node negative patients, adjuvant chemotherapy seemed not to have a significant impact.

[Position-checking by imaging embarked there tomotherapy and the delegation to the radiology technician]

Tomotherapy is a technique of IMRT and IGRT using a linear accelerator and a helical CT-scanner. To reach this targeting of precision, the repositioning of the patient is essential. The use of a contention adapted according to the location of the disease and the morphology of the patient is necessary for the safety of this one and the treatment. Once the patient positioned on the reference table, technicians of imager's team check by the acquisition of helical imagery with the reference CT-scanner the position of the patient, the zone of the PTV and healthy organs in the protected surroundings. At first, adjustment will be made automatically on three planes of the space (axial, sagittal, frontal) and three rotations (pitch, roll and yaw) by the device of treatment, then the technicians of imagery will bring a modification of these recalls manually. After validation, the processing will then be made in complete safety for the patient and the nursing. This check by MVCT is daily before every session of processing. It is made by the technicians of imagery. The radiation oncologist confirms the images at j0, then controls once a week MVCT. Traceability in the file of the patient of the various marks (osseous and\or soft tissue) necessary for the daily gaps will be noted by this one to delegate to the technicians of imagery the validation of the MVCT before every session.

Placebo and other psychological interactions in headache treatment

We present a theory according which a headache treatment acts through a specific biological effect (when it exists), a placebo effect linked to both expectancy and repetition of its administration (conditioning), and a non-specific psychological effect. The respective part of these components varies with the treatments and the clinical situations. During antiquity, suggestions and beliefs were the mainstays of headache treatment. The word placebo appeared at the beginning of the eighteenth century. Controversies about its effect came from an excessive interpretation due to methodological bias, inadequate consideration of the variation of the measure (regression to the mean) and of the natural course of the disease. Several powerful studies on placebo effect showed that the nature of the treatment, the associated announce, the patients' expectancy, and the repetition of the procedures are of paramount importance. The placebo expectancy is associated with an activation of pre-frontal, anterior cingular, accumbens, and periacqueducal grey opioidergic neurons possibly triggered by the dopaminergic meso-limbic system. In randomized control trials, several arms design could theoretically give information concerning the respective part of the different component of the outcome and control the natural course of the disease. However, for migraine and tension type headache attacks treatment, no three arm (verum, placebo, and natural course) trial is available in the literature. Indirect evidence of a placebo effect in migraine attack treatment, comes from the high amplitude of the improvement observed in the placebo arms (28% of the patients). This figure is lower (6%) when using the harder criterium of pain free at 2 h. But these data disregard the effect of the natural course. For prophylactic treatment with oral medication, the trials performed in the last decades report an improvement in 21% of the patients in the placebo arms. However, in these studies the duration of administration was limited, the control of attacks uncertain as well as the evolution of the co-morbid psycho-pathology. Considering the reviews and meta-analysis of complex prophylactic procedures, it must be concluded that their effect is mostly linked to a placebo and non-specific psychological effects. Acupuncture may have a slight specific effect on tension type headache, but not on migraine. Manual therapy studies do not exhibit difference between manipulation, mobilization, and controls; touch has no proven specific effect. A comprehensive efficacy review of biofeedback studies concludes to a small specific effect on tension type headache but not on migraine. A review of behavioral treatment conclude to an interesting mean improvement but did not demonstrated a specific effect with the exception of a four arm study including a pseudo meditation control group. Expectation-linked placebo, conditioning, and non-specific psychological effects vary according clinical situations and psychological context; likely low in RCT, high after anempathic medical contact, and at its maximum with a desired charismatic healer. The announcements of doctors strongly influence the beliefs of patients, and in consequence their pain and anxiety sensibilities; this modulates the amplitude of the placebo and the non-specific psychological effects and is therefore a major determinant of the therapeutic success. Furthermore, any repetitive contact, even through a placebo, may interfere positively with the psychopathological co-morbidity. One has to keep in mind that the non-specific psychological interactions play a major role in the improvement of the majority of the headache sufferers.

Psychopathology and quality of life burden in chronic daily headache: influence of migraine symptoms

The aim of this study is to compare the psychopathology and the quality of life of chronic daily headache patients between those with migraine headache and those with tension-type headache. We enrolled 106 adults with chronic daily headache (CDH) who consulted for the first time in specialised centres. The patients were classified according to the IHS 2004 criteria and the propositions of the Headache Classification Committee (2006) with a computed algorithm: 8 had chronic migraine (without medication overuse), 18 had chronic tension-type headache (without medication overuse), 80 had medication overuse headache and among them, 43 fulfilled the criteria for the sub-group of migraine (m) MOH, and 37 the subgroup for tension-type (tt) MOH. We tested five variables: MADRS global score, HAMA psychic and somatic sub-scales, SF-36 psychic, and somatic summary components. We compared patients with migraine symptoms (CM and mMOH) to those with tension-type symptoms (CTTH and ttMOH) and neutralised pain intensity with an ANCOVA which is a priori higher in the migraine group. We failed to find any difference between migraine and tension-type groups in the MADRS global score, the HAMA psychological sub-score and the SF36 physical component summary. The HAMA somatic anxiety subscale was higher in the migraine group than in the tension-type group (F(1,103) = 10.10, p = 0.001). The SF36 mental component summary was significantly worse in the migraine as compared with the tension-type subgroup (F(1,103) = 5.758, p = 0.018). In the four CDH subgroups, all the SF36 dimension scores except one (Physical Functioning) showed a more than 20 point difference from those seen in the adjusted historical controls. Furthermore, two sub-scores were significantly more affected in the migraine group as compared to the tension-type group, the physical health bodily pain (F(1,103) = 4.51, p = 0.036) and the mental health (F(1,103) = 8.17, p = 0.005). Considering that the statistic procedure neutralises the pain intensity factor, our data suggest a particular vulnerability to somatic symptoms and a special predisposition to develop negative pain affect in migraine patients in comparison to tension-type patients.

The FHM1 Mutation S218L: A Severe Clinical Phenotype? A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a rare autosomal dominant subtype of migraine with aura that is characterized by motor weakness during attacks. FHM1 is associated with mutations in the CACNA1A gene located on chromosome 19. We report a severe, prolonged HM attack in a young pregnant patient who had the S218L FHM1. This CACNA1A mutation has been associated with HM, delayed cerebral oedema and coma following minor head trauma. The case history we report suggests a specific, severe phenotype and the co-occurrence of HM and epilepsy related to the S218L FHM1 mutation.

[Genetic evolution of poliovirus: success and difficulties in the eradication of paralytic poliomyelitis]

Poliovirus, the aetiological agent of poliomyelitis, is an enterovirus of the Picronaviridae family. Despite the success of the World Health Organisation (WHO) worldwide vaccination campaign against poliomyelitis, poliovirus remains a public health problem in several developing countries, in Africa and Asia in particular. This is partly due to the considerable capacity of poliovirus strains to circulate and spread in populations with insufficient vaccine coverage. In addition, the attenuated strains of the oral polio vaccine (OPV) may rapidly evolve a neurovirulent phenotype, causing rare cases of paralytic poliomyelitis. The recent occurrence of epidemics associated with vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) has highlighted the emergence of recombinant strains with genomes constituted of sequences from OPV strains together with sequences from non-polio enteroviruses. In this review, after briefly describing the molecular biology of poliovirus and the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis, we will provide an overview of the current situation concerning poliomyelitis prophylaxis and the strategies developed to fight this disease. We will also deal with the issue of the possible re-emergence of poliovirus after declaration of the eradication of wildtype poliovirus.

Création d’une filière neuro-vasculaire régionale : évaluation de la prise en charge à 18 mois

INTRODUCTION

Our university hospital serves a population of 300 000 inhabitants. Stroke is the leading cause of admission in our department of neurology. In June 2003, when the Emergency Department (ED) was closed in our institution, was created an acute stroke network (ASN), comprising 2 beds of direct admission and thrombolysis in the intensive care unit, and 4 beds dedicated to stroke care in the department of neurology, in which standardized stroke care protocols were implemented.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in stroke care related to the creation of the ASN in terms of delays of arrival, imaging, use of intravenous (IV) thrombolysis, and outcome of patients. We conducted a prospective study during 18 months to evaluate characteristics of patients admitted with suspected stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) in the newly created ASN and to assess conditions of treatment with IV thrombolysis in terms of safety and efficacy. We also compared the outcome data before and after the creation of the ASN.

METHODS

For each patient admitted in our hospital for suspected stroke or TIA, were prospectively collected clinical and outcome data (age, mode of transport, delay of arrival after the onset of symptoms (OS), treatment with IV thrombolysis, outcome and discharge). This study was conducted in the ED during six months in 2002, and in the ASN during 18 months, for all patients admitted for stroke.

RESULTS

Three hundred and sixty four patients were admitted in the ASN. Emergency medical services (EMS) were used in half of cases for transport, and median delay of admission after the OS was 2h and 52 min. Median delay of imaging was 1 h and 45 min. Seventeen patients (8.5 p. 100 of ischemic stroke patients) were treated with IV thrombolysis, with an initial good outcome in 9 patients, 7 with a dramatic recovery). The main reason for therapeutic abstention for untreated patients admitted in the first 3 hours was a mild deficit with a NIHSS<6. Compared with the previous management in the ED, patients in the ASN were younger, had more severe neurological symptoms, the EMS transport was the main mode of transport (versus used in 17 p. 100 of cases in 2002), and the delay of admission was significantly lower: 2 h 52 versus 5 h 10 (p<0.02). After adjustment on the main predictive factors, only patients with hemorrhagic strokes had a better outcome after the creation of the ASN.

CONCLUSIONS

Creation of an ASN was associated with a significant decrease of admission and imaging delays, due to a strong collaboration with EMS, and with a better outcome for hemorrhagic stroke patients. Treatment with intravenous thrombolysis in the first 3 hours could be used widely and was efficient and safe. However, the creation of dedicated stroke units for all stroke patients remains necessary to improve quality of care and outcome.

Visual recognition memory differentiates dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia

OBJECTIVE

To compare cognitive impairments in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), to discriminate between the two entities.

METHODS

10 DLB and 12 PDD consecutive patients performed a neuropsychological battery designed to assess several cognitive domains: verbal and visual memory (Delayed Matching to Sample (DMS)-48), language, gnosia, praxia and executive functions.

RESULTS

DLB patients had poorer performances in orientation (p<0.05), Trail Making Test A (p<0.05) and reading of names of colours in the Stroop Test (p<0.05). Their scores were also lower in the visual object recognition memory test (DMS-48), in both immediate (p<0.05) and delayed recognition (p<0.05). No differences were observed in the other tests.

CONCLUSION

Despite global similarities in cognitive performances between DLB and PDD patients, we observed important differences: in particular, DMS-48, a test of visual object recognition memory and visual storage capacity, was poorer in DLB patients.

Transient global amnesia caused by painless aortic dissection

Neurological syndromes secondary to acute aortic dissection (AAD) are uncommon and usually consist of focal deficits after an embolic cerebral infarction. This article reports the observation of an AAD with the chief complaint of transient acute memory impairment-that is, a non-usual stroke-like symptom.

Comorbidité psychiatrique au cours des événements non épileptiques : étude rétrospective dans un centre de vidéo-EEG

INTRODUCTION

Pseudoseizures involve a group of paroxysmal behavioral symptoms mimicking an epileptic seizure, but without modifications of cerebral electrical activity.

PATIENTS AND METHOD

In this retrospective study focusing on mental disorders, 37 patients with pseudoseizures were recorded during video-EEG procedure.

RESULTS

According to DSM-IV criteria, 70 percent of the patients had at least one mental disorder when evaluated. Diagnoses were, in decreasing order of frequency: post-traumatic stress disorders, other anxious disorders, somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, and mood disorders.

CONCLUSION

The strong association between pseudoseizures and post-traumatic stress disorders is discussed. Our results argue in favor of a systematic evaluation of psychiatric comorbidity.

[Cyclosporin-induced toxic neuromyopathy]

INTRODUCTION

Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressive treatment whose side effects limit its usefulness. Among neurological side effects, neuropathies or myopathies have been reported, specially inpatients given combinations of cyclosporine with co-enzyme A reductase inhibitors.

CASE REPORT

We report here the case of a 67-year-old woman who developed few months after a kidney graft sensorimotor disorders which progressed rapidly. Since all etiologies of such a disorder were ruled out, the hypothesis of toxicity exclusively induced by cyclosporine was suggested and confirmed by the improvement observed after its withdrawal.

CONCLUSION

This observation highlights the fact that cyclosporine may induce neuromyopathies even when given alone at the therapeutic dosage.

Adult onset ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency: an unusual cause of semantic disorders

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) is the most common urea cycle disorder. This condition usually presents in neonates or children. This report describes the clinical case of a 21 year old woman who was diagnosed in adulthood during the course of an unexplained coma. After recovery from the coma, she presented very unusual neuropsychological disorders involving memory and the meaning of certain words, suggesting a semantic deficit. The discovery of OTCD in adulthood is rare and the neuropsychological consequences may be unique.

Neuropathie démyélinisante et syndrome de Gougerot-Sjögren : un piège diagnostique

INTRODUCTION

Neuropathies induced by Sjögren's syndrome (SS) are usually axonal. Nevertheless some demyelinating neuropathies have been described in patients with SS. To date, the relationship between demyelinating neuropathies and SS remains imprecise.

CASE REPORT

A 75 year-old man presented with a chronic history of sensory disturbances linked to demyelinating neuropathy. Electroneuromyography revealed a demyelinating neuropathy and complementary tests revealed both Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and HMSN IA.

CONCLUSION

We suggested that an inherited affection might be researched before considering that demyelinating neuropathy might be a form of peripheral nervous system involvement in SS.

Dissections simultanées des deux artères carotides internes et des deux artères vertébrales révélatrices d’un Syndrome d’Ehlers-Danlos type IV

INTRODUCTION

Dissection of cervical arteries is a frequent cause of stroke in young subjects.

CASE REPORT

We report the case of a 34-year-old patient who experienced simultaneous dissection of both internal carotid arteries and both vertebral arteries leading to repeated motor deficit of the right half-body associated with persistent otalgia. Search for an etiology led to the diagnosis of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV.

CONCLUSION

Search for the cause of cervical artery dissection must consider connective tIssue disease, particularly vascular forms of Ehler-Danlos syndrome. Diagnostic, therapeutic as well as prognostic aspects are discussed.

[Functional brain lateralization in children: developmental theories and implication for developmental diseases]

The functional specialization of each hemisphere in adults is now well accepted. Neuropsychology of hemispheric functioning in young children is a more debatable issue and must take into account additional factors such as development and maturation, characterized by complex changes in anatomy and organization. The first part of this review describes the theory behind the development of the functional organization of the brain. Second, we discuss data regarding brain lesions in children with brain damage and with normal development. We comment on the concept of plasticity and the critical period. We also discuss the neurobiological processes underlying the functional organization of the brain in the model of developmental disorders in children. We chose three disorders involving the left hemisphere (developmental dysphasia), both hemispheres (benign rolandic epilepsy) or the right hemisphere (congenital hydrocephalus) in order to examine their relationship to a specific hemispheric functional organization. We used classic neuropsychological tests such as the dichotic listening task, the dichaptic palpation and the time-sharing paradigm. The patterns observed in each pathology are discussed in light of data obtained in children with brain lesions.

[Acute motor axonal neuropathy, enterovirus and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: can there be a link?]

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder of both upper and lower motor neurons. Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) affects only the lower motor neuron and occurs, in the majority of cases, after an infection. To date, the etiology of ALS remains unknown but seems multifactorial. A 60 year-old man with a past medical history of AMAN developed ALS 9 years later. At that time, genomic sequences of enterovirus (echovirus 6 and 7) were detected in cerebrospinal fluid by RT-PCR. This particular succession led to discuss a possible link between theses two disorders and consequently the involvement of enterovirus in the development of ALS.

SMN1 gene study in three families in which ALS and spinal muscular atrophy co-exist

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by SMN1 gene deletions or mutations, and ALS is the most frequent motor neuron condition in adults. The authors describe three families in which ALS and SMA coexist. The authors found that no SOD1 mutation was found within these families; all three ALS cases had at least two SMN1 copies; and an abnormal SMN1 gene locus did not explain the co-occurrence of these two motor neuron disorders in these families.

[Hemimegalencephaly: a misleading EEG tracing]

Hemimegalencephaly is a rare cerebral malformation that usually presents with mental retardation, controlateral hemiparesis and intractable seizures. We report a case of hemimegalencephaly diagnosed in adulthood based on MRI findings. The electroencephalogram initially suggested partial status epilepticus. The diagnosis of this cerebral malformation has been made easier thanks to recent progress in cerebral imagery with MRI. We describe and discuss the relevant encephalographic aspects.

MRI morphometric study and correlation with cognitive functions in young adults shunted for congenital hydrocephalus related to spina bifida

We studied the morphometric MRI findings and their correlation with cognitive functions in a population of 10 young adults shunted for congenital hydrocephalus related to spina bifida. Morphometric MRI analysis included measurement of the ventricular dilatation index, frontal and occipital parenchymal thickness and the size of the corpus callosum. The neuropsychological status was evaluated, notably to look for a discrepancy between verbal and performance skills, a finding which has previously been described in hydrocephalic children. We also investigated whether there was a correlation between cognitive function and cerebral morphometric indexes. In each case, MRI demonstrated the structural changes associated with the Chiari II malformation. The size of the lateral ventricles varied, ranging from important dilatation to small ventricles. Six patients had only partial development of the corpus callosum. All patients had a normal global IQ. In our population of young adults, we did not observe any discrepancy between verbal and visuospatial performances as has been described in children with hydrocephalus. We found no relationship between cognitive function and ventricle dilatation or parenchymal thickness or between the size of the corpus callosum and callosal transfer.

Cognitive function in adolescents and young adults in complete remission from benign childhood epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes

Benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) is a frequent, benign childhood epilepsy with a good prognosis. However, neuropsychological deficits have been reported during its active phase. In this study, we evaluate the long-term neuropsychological consequences of this reputedly benign epilepsy, particularly the relation between paroxysmal abnormalities and cerebral language lateralization. The neuropsychological outcomes concerning both overall cognitive and lateral hemispheric functions were studied in twenty-three adolescents and young adults in total recovery from BECTS, in thirty-three controls without any significant past neurological history and in ten adolescents and young adults with complete resolution of generalized idiopathic epilepsy (childhood absence epilepsy or CAE). Language lateralization was evaluated using classical neuropsychological procedures (dichotic listening tasks, dual-task procedure). No difference was seen in the three populations with respect to overall cognitive function: memory, language and the executive functions. Although the Performance IQ was lower in patients in remission from CAE, the results were within normal limits. However, qualitative analysis of the dual-task procedure suggested a different organizational pattern for cerebral language in adolescents and young adults in remission from BECTS as compared to controls and patients in remission from CAE. The different organization in cerebral pattern in BECTS patients appeared to be related to the initial epileptic focus as determined by the EEG and/or the sleep-recording. We discuss the relationship between the presence of paroxysmal anomalies in childhood and subtle functional lateralized hemispheric abnormalities in adulthood.

Sleep and brain lesions: a critical review of the literature and additional new cases

We present a comprehensive review of sleep studies performed in patients with brain lesions complemented by 16 additional personal selected cases and by discussion of the corresponding animal data. The reader is cautioned about the risk of establishing an erroneous correlation between abnormal sleep and a given disorder due to the important inter and intra variability of sleep parameters among individuals. Salient points are stressed: the high frequency of post-stroke sleep breathing disorders is becoming increasingly recognised and may, in the near future, change the way this condition is managed. Meso-diencephalic bilateral infarcts induce a variable degree of damage to both waking and non-REM sleep networks producing and abnormal waking and sometimes a stage 1 hypersomnia reduced by modafinil or bromocriptine, which can be considered as a syndrome of cathecholaminergic deficiency. Central pontine lesions induce REM and non-REM sleep insomnia with bilateral lateral gaze paralysis. Bulbar stroke leads to frequent sleep breathing disorders. Polysomnography can help define the extent of involvement of various degenerative diseases. Fragmented sleep in Parkinson's disease may be preceded by REM sleep behavioural disorders. Multiple system atrophies are characterised by important sleep disorganization. Sleep waking disorganization and a specific ocular REM pattern are often seen in supra-nuclear ophtalmoplegia. In Alzheimer patients, sleep perturbations parallel the mental deterioration and are possibly related to cholinergic deficiency. Fronto-temporal dementia may be associated with an important decrease in REM sleep. Few narcoleptic syndromes are reported to be associated with a tumour of the third ventricle or a multiple sclerosis or to follow a brain trauma; all these cases raise the question whether this is a simple coincidence, a revelation of a latent narcolepsy or, as in non-DR16/DQ5 patients, a genuine symptomatic narcolepsy. Trypanosomiasis and the abnormal prion protein precociously after sleep patterns. Polysomnography is a precious tool for evaluating brain function provided it is realised under optimal conditions in stable patients and interpreted with caution. Several unpublished cases are presented: one case of pseudohypersomnia due to a bilateral thalamic infarct and corrected by modafinil, four probable late-onset autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias without sleep pattern anomalies, six cases of fronto-temporal dementia with strong reduction in total sleep time and REMS percentage on the first polysomnographic night, one case of periodic hypersomnia associated with a Rathke's cleft cyst and four cases of suspected symptomatic narcolepsy with a DR16-DQ5 haplotype, three of which were post-traumatic without MRI anomalies, and one associated with multiple sclerosis exhibiting pontine hyper signals on MRI.

Quantitative analysis of striatal dopamine D2 receptors with 123 I-iodolisuride SPECT in degenerative extrapyramidal diseases

123I-Iodolisuride has high specific affinity for binding on dopamine D2 receptors in the striatum and has been used in a few single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies of extrapyramidal disorders. The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is very difficult in the first 5 years of evolution, with 15-25% false positive diagnoses. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the value of iodolisuride SPECT in discriminating Parkinson's from the most frequent Parkinson-plus syndromes (PPS). Seventeen patients with an extrapyramidal syndrome had a SPECT examination 1 h after injection of 180-185 MBq of 123I-iodolisuride. They were followed under dopaminergic treatment for at least 2 years. After 2 years, they were separated in two groups according to specific clinical criteria and sensitivity to dopaminergic treatment: nine patients had PD (age = 59.8+/-8.8 years; Hoehn and Yahr = 1.8+/-0.7; evolution = 4.3+/-3 years) and eight had PPS (age = 71.6+/-7.3 years; Hoehn and Yahr = 2.9+/-2.0; evolution = 4.1+/-1.5 years). The binding potential of iodolisuride in the striatum was assessed by considering the striatum (S)/occipital lobe (O) ratio at the pseudo-equilibrium 1 h after injection. The S/O ratio was statistically different between PD and PPS (1.97+/-0.3 vs. 1.65+/-0.2 (P<0.02)). Iodolisuride SPECT could differentiate both groups with a sensitivity of 88.8% and a specificity of 75%. Iodolisuride is a good specific D2 receptor ligand for SPECT and complements specific clinical criteria for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and differentiation between different extrapyramidal disorders.

[Primary hypereosinophilia syndrome manifesting as encephalopathy and vision disorders]

We report the case of a 60-year-old man who developed visual and cognitive disorders. Investigations confirmed the diagnosis of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome even though the patient had a history of rectal cancer. The olinical course was favorable after treatment. We discuss the different clinical forms, imaging data and treatments of eosinphilic syndrome.

[Primary lateral sclerosis with breast cancer, a potential paraneoplastic neurological syndrome]

Few reports indicate that motor neuron diseases may have paraneoplastic origin. A 70 year-old woman suffering from progressive upper motor neuron disease is presented. Laboratory, radiological and neurophysiologic studies were compatible with primary lateral sclerosis. Six years later a routine screening led to the discovery of a breast cancer, suggesting that the upper motor neuron syndrome could be paraneoplastic. So, in female patients with primary lateral sclerosis, a mammography should be recommended to search for breast cancer.

Continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep (CSWS): outcome in adulthood

We report a longitudinal, electroencephalographic and neuropsychological analysis of epilepsy with continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep (CSWS) in a 19 year-old boy. The clinical course fluctuated, with temporary worsening or improvement of the paroxysmal abnormalities, epilepsy and cognitive functions. At the end of the follow-up period, seizures persisted. Evaluation of the boy's behaviour, language and cognitive function suggested a dysexecutive syndrome. We discuss the relationship between paroxysmal abnormalities and neuropsychological disorders.

[Determination of language dominance using EEG spectral analysis versus the Wada test in temporal epilepsy (right-handed subjects)]

Spectral analysis of the EEG alpha rhythm was studied in nine temporal epileptic right-handed patients in order to predict localization of the speech area. We studied the variation of the spectral power of the alpha rhythm during an activation paradigm previously validated in normal right-handed subjects. Significant alpha power decreases in the left hemisphere during writing with the right hand (as compared to resting) and/or significant alpha power decreases in the right hemisphere during left-hand recognition and classification of cardboard objects (as compared to resting) were considered as consistent with left-hemisphere dominance for language. The results of EEG spectral analysis were compared with those of the Wada test. The left hemisphere was dominant for language according to the Wada test in eight subjects and the right hemisphere in one subject. Six patients had a significant alpha power reduction in the hemisphere concerned during lateralized cognitive tasks, consistent with language localization in the left hemisphere according to the Wada test. The three remaining patients had no significant EEG spectral power variations. A significant decrease of alpha power in the active hemisphere during cerebral activation seems statistically related to left-hemispheric dominance for language in right-handed subjects (hemispheric specialization). However, the localization of the speech area using this electrophysiological method does not appear clinically relevant for a case-by-case decision in individual patients.

Sleep and epilepsy

This review considers the effect of sleep on seizures and interictal electroencephalogram (EEG) paroxysmal activities (PAs), as classified by the International League Against Epilepsy criteria. No type of seizure is, per se, specifically linked with non-rapid eye movement (NREM) or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. However, in some syndromes, seizures are more frequent in slow wave sleep (SWS) [partial motor or generalized seizure in benign epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes (BECTS), frontal seizures in idiopathic familial or not familial frontal lobe epilepsy and generalized tonic seizure in secondary generalized epilepsy are increased by SWS]. Conversely myoclonia and grand mal seizures are associated with awakening in some forms of generalized idiopathic epilepsy. There is a mean increase in PAs during SWS in generalized and in partial epilepsies on the whole. However, precise analysis shows that in partial cryptogenic or symptomatic epilepsy and, most likely, in the majority of generalized idiopathic epileptic syndromes about 20% of patients have an increase in PA density during SWS, 20% experience an increase in waking, 50% have very few PAs and in 10% there is no significant difference between sleep and waking. BECTS, however, exhibits a definite increase in sleep PA increase and in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy an increase in PAs during the intra-night awakening is reported. There are at least three syndromes, which cause a huge increase in PAs during sleep: the Landau-Kleffner syndrome and the syndromes of continuous focal or generalized spike-waves during SWS. Their physiopathology and neuropsychological consequences are discussed. Neurophysiological animal data are also reported highlighting the relationships between slow sleep oscillations and the generation of spike waves. A biochemical review is also presented.