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Barbosa DLA, Oliveira MLR, Assis Júnior SL, Rech AR, Soares MA, Almeida AC, Ferreira EA, Frazão LA. The exploitation of resources by Trigona spinipes bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponinae) in Eucalyptus cloeziana (Myrtaceae) trees in an integrated crop-livestock-forest system. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e277025. [PMID: 38422284 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.277025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D L A Barbosa
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - UFVJM, Ciência Florestal, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - M L R Oliveira
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - UFVJM, Ciência Florestal, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - S L Assis Júnior
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - UFVJM, Ciência Florestal, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - A R Rech
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - UFVJM, Ciência Florestal, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - M A Soares
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - UFVJM, Ciência Florestal, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - A C Almeida
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - UFVJM, Ciência Florestal, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - E A Ferreira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
| | - L A Frazão
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
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Bergamo PJ, Rito KF, Viana BF, Garcia E, Lughadha EN, Maués MM, Rech AR, Silva FD, Varassin IG, Agostini K, Marques MC, Maruyama PK, Ravena N, Garibaldi LA, Knight TM, Oliveira PEM, Oppata AK, Saraiva AM, Tambosi LR, Tsukahara RY, Freitas L, Wolowski M. Integrating public engagement to intensify pollination services through ecological restoration. iScience 2023; 26:107276. [PMID: 37559905 PMCID: PMC10407755 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, human activities impose threats to nature and the provision of ecosystem services, such as pollination. In this context, ecological restoration provides opportunities to create managed landscapes that maximize biodiversity conservation and sustainable agriculture, e.g., via provision of pollination services. Managing pollination services and restoration opportunities requires the engagement of distinct stakeholders embedded in diverse social institutions. Nevertheless, frameworks toward sustainable agriculture often overlook how stakeholders interact and access power in social arenas. We present a perspective integrating pollination services, ecological restoration, and public engagement for biodiversity conservation and agricultural production. We highlight the importance of a comprehensive assessment of pollination services, restoration opportunities identification, and a public engagement strategy anchored in institutional analysis of the social arenas involved in restoration efforts. Our perspective can therefore guide the implementation of practices from local to country scales to enhance biodiversity conservation and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Bergamo
- Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Kátia F. Rito
- Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Blandina F. Viana
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-210, Brazil
| | - Edenise Garcia
- Instituto de Conservação Ambiental the Nature Conservancy Brasil, São Paulo 01311-936, Brazil
| | - Eimear Nic Lughadha
- Conservation Science Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 9AE, UK
| | - Márcia M. Maués
- Laboratory of Entomology, Embrapa Eastern Amazon, Belém 66095-903, Brazil
| | - André R. Rech
- Centre of Advanced Studies on Functioning of Ecological Systems and Interactions (CAFESIN-MULTIFLOR), Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina 39100-000, Brazil
| | | | - Isabela G. Varassin
- Laboratório de Interações e Biologia Reprodutiva, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Kayna Agostini
- Department of Natural Science, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Araras 13600-970, Brazil
| | | | - Pietro K. Maruyama
- Centre for Ecological Synthesis and Conservation, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Nirvia Ravena
- Centre of Amazonian Studies, Federal University of Pará, de Altos Estudos Amazônicos, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Lucas A. Garibaldi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones em Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Argentina
| | - Tiffany M. Knight
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Community Ecology Department, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Halle 06120, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle 06099, Germany
| | | | | | - Antônio M. Saraiva
- Polythecnic School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leandro Freitas
- Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Marina Wolowski
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Brazil
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3
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Amorim MD, Maruyama PK, Baronio GJ, Azevedo CS, Rech AR. Hummingbird contribution to plant reproduction in the rupestrian grasslands is not defined by pollination syndrome. Oecologia 2022; 199:1-12. [PMID: 35043254 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Floral traits mediate the roles of distinct animals as effective pollinators along a generalization/specialization continuum. Many plant species are visited by different pollinator functional groups and the specific contribution of each group is expected to reflect the set of floral characteristics defined by pollination syndromes. Although considered a highly specialized nectarivorous group, hummingbirds frequently visit flowers lacking apparent specialization to bird pollination. How they contribute to the reproduction of these plants, however, has not been evaluated through field experiments considering multiple non-related plant species simultaneously. Here, we investigated hummingbirds' contributions to the pollination of ten plant species comprising a gradient of adaptation to bird pollination in the Brazilian rupestrian grasslands. We excluded hummingbirds from flowers and evaluated their relative contribution in comparison to insects (mainly bees) on conspecific/heterospecific pollen deposition and fruit set. Floral traits that are typically associated with bird pollination were associated with increased pollen deposition, but not with fruit set in the presence of hummingbirds. With hummingbirds, conspecific and heterospecific pollen deposition increased in most species, while fruit set increased in four plant species with varying degrees of fit to ornithophily. Our results show that assessing the relative contribution of specific pollinator groups may depend on when this contribution is measured, i.e. pollen deposition or fruit set. Considering fruit set, our results indicate that hummingbirds contributed to plant reproduction independently of the fit to bird pollination syndrome. This emphasizes their importance as under-appreciated generalized pollinators in some communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsal D Amorim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Conservação e Manejo da Vida Silvestre, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Pietro K Maruyama
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gudryan J Baronio
- Programa de Pos-Graduação em Ciência Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Cristiano S Azevedo
- Departamento de Evolução, Biodiversidade e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, s/n, Bauxita, Ouro Prêto, MG, CEP: 35400-000, Brazil
| | - André R Rech
- Faculdade Interdisciplinar de Humanidades, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, 39100-000, Brazil
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4
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Bergamo PJ, Wolowski M, Tambosi LR, Garcia E, Agostini K, Garibaldi LA, Knight TM, Nic Lughadha E, Oliveira PEAM, Marques MCM, Maruyama PK, Maués MM, Oppata AK, Rech AR, Saraiva AM, Silva FDS, Sousa G, Tsukahara RY, Varassin IG, Viana BF, Freitas L. Areas Requiring Restoration Efforts are a Complementary Opportunity to Support the Demand for Pollination Services in Brazil. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:12043-12053. [PMID: 34423633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Crop pollination is one of Nature's Contributions to People (NCP) that reconciles biodiversity conservation and agricultural production. NCP benefits vary across space, including among distinct political-administrative levels within nations. Moreover, initiatives to restore ecosystems may enhance NCP provision, such as crop pollination delivered by native pollinators. We mapped crop pollination demand (PD), diversity of pollinator-dependent crops, and vegetation deficit (VD) (vis-a-vis Brazilian legal requirements) across all 5570 municipalities in Brazil. Pollinator-dependent crops represented ∼55% of the annual monetary value of agricultural production and ∼15% of the annual crop production. Municipalities with greater crop PD (i.e., higher degree of pollinator dependence of crop production) also had greater VD, associated with large properties and monocultures. In contrast, municipalities with a greater diversity of pollinator-dependent crops and predominantly small properties presented a smaller VD. Our results support that ecological restoration prompted by legal requirements offers great potential to promote crop productivity in larger properties. Moreover, conservation of vegetation remnants could support food security in small properties. We provided the first steps to identify spatial patterns linking biodiversity conservation and pollination service. Using Brazilian legal requirements as an example, we show that land-use management policies may be successfully used to ensure agricultural sustainability and crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Bergamo
- Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Marina Wolowski
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Brazil
| | | | - Edenise Garcia
- Instituto de Conservação Ambiental The Nature Conservancy Brasil, São Paulo 01311-936, Brazil
| | - Kayna Agostini
- Department of Natural Science, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Araras 13600-970, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Garibaldi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Agroecología y Desarollo Rural, Instituto de Investigaciones em Recursos Naturales, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Argentina
| | - Tiffany M Knight
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Community Ecology Department, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Halle 06120, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle 06099, Germany
| | - Eimear Nic Lughadha
- Conservation Science Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 9AE, U.K
| | - Paulo E A M Oliveira
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-302, Brazil
| | - Marcia C M Marques
- Botany Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Pietro K Maruyama
- Centre of Ecological Synthesis and Conservation, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Márcia M Maués
- Laboratory of Entomology, Embrapa Eastern Amazon, Belém 66095-903, Brazil
| | - Alberto K Oppata
- Cooperativa Agrícola Mista de Tomé-Açu, Tomé-Açu 68682-000, Brazil
| | - André R Rech
- Centre of Advanced Studies on Functioning of Ecological Systems and Interactions (CAFESIN-MULTIFLOR), Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Antônio M Saraiva
- Polythecnic School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 055-08-010, Brazil
| | - Felipe D S Silva
- Federal Institute of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, 78607-899, Brazil
| | - Gizele Sousa
- Cooperativa Agrícola Mista de Tomé-Açu, Tomé-Açu 68682-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Y Tsukahara
- Fundação ABC Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Agropecuário, Castro 84165-700, Brazil
| | - Isabela G Varassin
- Laboratório de Interações e Biologia Reprodutiva, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Blandina F Viana
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-210, Brazil
| | - Leandro Freitas
- Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil
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5
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Amorim MD, Costa DDS, Krahl DRP, Fischer E, Rech AR. Gongylolepis martiana, an Asteraceae pollinated by bats in the Amazon. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2021; 23:728-734. [PMID: 33950548 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Most Asteraceae species are pollinated by insects, mainly bees and butterflies, although pollination by birds has been documented and pollination by bats has been suggested for some species. Here, we investigated the pollination of Gongylolepis martiana, a species supposedly pollinated by bats. We assessed floral traits and visitors in a population of G. martiana in the Brazilian Amazon, measuring pollen removal from anthers and deposition on stigmas by diurnal and nocturnal visitors. Florets opened at dusk and lasted for 4 days, with the male phase starting on the first night and the female phase on the third night. Accumulated nectar per capitulum was 69.6 μl per night and sugar concentration was 15%. Nectar-feeding bats and hummingbirds contacted the sexual parts, but pollen removal and deposition were greater throughout the night than during the day, when Meliponini bees considerably reduced pollen availability. Other nocturnal visitors of G. martiana were rare, including nocturnal bees and moths that foraged for pollen and nectar, respectively. Our results support that nectarivorous bats are the main pollinators of G. martiana, confirming Vogel's hypothesis of bat pollination in Asteraceae, particularly in the genus Gongylolepis. Since anthesis and each sexual floral phase started in the evening, nectarivorous bats and diurnal bees caused additive priority effects, preventing hummingbirds from being efficient pollinators. The high density of flowering individuals of G. martiana in patches from white-sand forests likely increases bat attraction, while the small amount of nectar per plant favours cross-pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Amorim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal dos Vales de Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - D da S Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - D R P Krahl
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - E Fischer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - A R Rech
- Faculdade Interdisciplinar de Humanidades, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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6
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Konzmann S, Hilgendorf F, Niester C, Rech AR, Lunau K. Morphological specialization of heterantherous Rhynchanthera grandiflora (Melastomataceae) accommodates pollinator diversity. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2020; 22:583-590. [PMID: 32112502 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The tropical Melastomataceae are characterized by poricidal anthers which constitute a floral filter selecting for buzz-pollinating bees. Stamens are often dimorphic, sometimes with discernible feeding and pollinating functions. Rhynchanthera grandiflora produces nectarless flowers with four short stamens and one long stamen; all anthers feature a narrow elongation with an upwards facing pore. We tested pollen transfer by diverse foraging bees and viability of pollen from both stamen types. The impact of anther morphology on pollen release direction and scattering angle was studied to determine the plant's reproductive strategy. Medium-sized to large bees sonicated flowers in a specific position, and the probability of pollen transfer correlated with bee size even among these legitimate visitors. Small bees acted as pollen thieves or robbers. Anther rostrum and pore morphology serve to direct and focus the pollen jet released by floral sonication towards the pollinator's body. Resulting from the ventral and dorsal positioning of the short and long stamens, respectively, the pollinator's body was widely covered with pollen. This improves the plant's chances of outcrossing, irrespective of which bee body part contacts the stigma. Consequently, R. grandiflora is also able to employ bee species of various sizes as pollen vectors. The strategy of spreading pollen all over the pollinator's body is rather cost-intensive but counterbalanced by ensuring that most of the released pollen is in fact transferred to the bee. Thus, flowers of R. grandiflora illustrate how specialized morphology may serve to improve pollination by a functional group of pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Konzmann
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - F Hilgendorf
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - C Niester
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A R Rech
- Licenciatura em Educação do Campo, Faculdade Interdisciplinar em Humanidades, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil
| | - K Lunau
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Barônio GJ, Maciel AA, Oliveira AC, Kobal RO, Meireles DA, Brito VL, Rech AR. Plantas, polinizadores e algumas articulações da biologia da polinização com a teoria ecológica. Rodriguésia 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860201667201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Resumo A consolidação em uma área do conhecimento acontece principalmente quando as informações acerca de um determinado fato ou fenômeno são sistematizadas na forma de uma teoria explicativa, capaz de gerar novas hipóteses testáveis. Na biologia da polinização, o teste de diversas hipóteses ecológicas permitiu ampliar o entendimento sobre os processos que originam, mantêm, alteram ou ainda excluem as interações entre plantas e visitantes florais, gerando os padrões observados na natureza. Visando sintetizar esse panorama teórico e oferecer condições para que novas questões relacionadas ao funcionamento de interações de polinização sejam geradas, compilamos aqui um conjunto de 25 hipóteses, ideias e teorias ecológicas que fornecem aporte conceitual para a área. Essas ideias estão relacionadas a aspectos reprodutivos, morfológicos, cognitivos, macroecológicos e de coexistência, de acordo com a especialização das interações entre as plantas e seus polinizadores. Ao apresentarmos essas ideias principais, esperamos promover a utilização de uma abordagem teórico-conceitual explícita no planejamento e desenvolvimento de estudos em biologia da polinização. Concluímos com a expectativa de que essa contribuição direcione os estudos em biologia da polinização no Brasil e contribua para o avanço e internacionalização das pesquisas desenvolvidas no país.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - André R. Rech
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Brazil
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8
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Bergamo PJ, Rech AR, Brito VLG, Sazima M. Flower colour and visitation rates of
C
ostus arabicus
support the ‘bee avoidance’ hypothesis for red‐reflecting hummingbird‐pollinated flowers. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Bergamo
- Departmento de Biologia Vegetal Instituto de Biologia, C.P. 6109 Universidade Estadual de Campinas 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brasil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas 13083‐970 Campinas SPBrasil
| | - André R. Rech
- Departmento de Biologia Vegetal Instituto de Biologia, C.P. 6109 Universidade Estadual de Campinas 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brasil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas 13083‐970 Campinas SPBrasil
- Curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri – UFVJM 39100‐000 Diamantina MG Brasil
| | - Vinícius L. G. Brito
- Departmento de Biologia Vegetal Instituto de Biologia, C.P. 6109 Universidade Estadual de Campinas 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brasil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biologia Vegetal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Federal de Uberlândia‐ UFU 38400‐902 Uberlândia MG Brasil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biologia Vegetal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brasil
| | - Marlies Sazima
- Departmento de Biologia Vegetal Instituto de Biologia, C.P. 6109 Universidade Estadual de Campinas 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brasil
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