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van der Westhuizen CJ, Stander A, Riley DL, Panayides JL. Discovery of Novel Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors by Virtual Screening, In Vitro Screening, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:1550-1572. [PMID: 35139637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease and currently poses a significant socioeconomic problem. This study describes the uses of computer-aided drug discovery techniques to identify novel inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, a target for Alzheimer's disease. High-throughput virtual screening was employed to predict potential inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. Validation of enrichment was performed with the DUD-E data set, showing that an ensemble of binding pocket conformations is critical when a diverse set of ligands are being screened. A total of 720 compounds were submitted for in vitro screening, which led to 25 hits being identified with IC50 values of less than 50 μM. The majority of these hits belonged to two scaffolds: 1-ethyl-3-methoxy-3-methylpyrrolidine and 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-6-amine both of which are noted to be promising compounds for further optimization. As various possible binding poses were suggested from molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to validate the poses. In the case of the most active compounds identified, a critical, stable water bridge formed deep within the binding pocket was identified potentially explaining in part the lack of activity for subsets of compounds that are not able to form this water bridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Johan van der Westhuizen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria 0028, South Africa.,Pharmaceutical Technologies, CSIR Future Production: Chemicals, Meiring Naudé Road, Pretoria 0184, South Africa
| | - André Stander
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria 0031, South Africa
| | - Darren L Riley
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Jenny-Lee Panayides
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, CSIR Future Production: Chemicals, Meiring Naudé Road, Pretoria 0184, South Africa
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Westhuizen D, Slabber CA, Fernandes MA, Joubert DF, Kleinhans G, Westhuizen CJ, Stander A, Munro OQ, Bezuidenhout DI. Cover Feature: A Cytotoxic Bis(1,2,3‐triazol‐5‐ylidene)carbazolide Gold(III) Complex Targets DNA by Partial Intercalation (Chem. Eur. J. 32/2021). Chemistry 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Westhuizen
- Molecular Sciences Institute School of Chemistry University of the Witwatersrand 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Cathryn A. Slabber
- Molecular Sciences Institute School of Chemistry University of the Witwatersrand 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Manuel A. Fernandes
- Molecular Sciences Institute School of Chemistry University of the Witwatersrand 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Daniël F. Joubert
- Department of Physiology University of Pretoria 0031 Pretoria South Africa
| | - George Kleinhans
- Molecular Sciences Institute School of Chemistry University of the Witwatersrand 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
- Chemistry Department University of Pretoria 0028 Pretoria South Africa
| | - C. Johan Westhuizen
- Chemistry Department University of Pretoria 0028 Pretoria South Africa
- Future Production: Chemicals Pharmaceutical Technologies Research Group Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) 0184 Pretoria South Africa
| | - André Stander
- Department of Physiology University of Pretoria 0031 Pretoria South Africa
| | - Orde Q. Munro
- Molecular Sciences Institute School of Chemistry University of the Witwatersrand 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Daniela I. Bezuidenhout
- Molecular Sciences Institute School of Chemistry University of the Witwatersrand 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry Environmental and Chemical Engineering University of Oulu 3000 Oulu Finland
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van der Westhuizen D, Slabber CA, Fernandes MA, Joubert DF, Kleinhans G, van der Westhuizen CJ, Stander A, Munro OQ, Bezuidenhout DI. A Cytotoxic Bis(1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene)carbazolide Gold(III) Complex Targets DNA by Partial Intercalation. Chemistry 2021; 27:8295-8307. [PMID: 33822431 PMCID: PMC8251726 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of bis(triazolium)carbazole precursors and their corresponding coinage metal (Au, Ag) complexes are reported. For alkylated triazolium salts, di- or tetranuclear complexes with bridging ligands were isolated, while the bis(aryl) analogue afforded a bis(carbene) AuI -CNC pincer complex suitable for oxidation to the redox-stable [AuIII (CNC)Cl]+ cation. Although the ligand salt and the [AuIII (CNC)Cl]+ complex were both notably cytotoxic toward the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, the AuIII complex was somewhat more selective. Electrophoresis, viscometry, UV-vis, CD and LD spectroscopy suggest the cytotoxic [AuIII (CNC)Cl]+ complex behaves as a partial DNA intercalator. In silico screening indicated that the [AuIII (CNC)Cl]+ complex can target DNA three-way junctions with good specificity, several other regular B-DNA forms, and Z-DNA. Multiple hydrophobic π-type interactions involving T and A bases appear to be important for B-form DNA binding, while phosphate O⋅⋅⋅Au interactions evidently underpin Z-DNA binding. The CNC ligand effectively stabilizes the AuIII ion, preventing reduction in the presence of glutathione. Both the redox stability and DNA affinity of the hit compound might be key factors underpinning its cytotoxicity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cathryn A. Slabber
- Molecular Sciences InstituteSchool of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand2050JohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Manuel A. Fernandes
- Molecular Sciences InstituteSchool of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand2050JohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Daniël F. Joubert
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Pretoria0031PretoriaSouth Africa
| | - George Kleinhans
- Molecular Sciences InstituteSchool of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand2050JohannesburgSouth Africa
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of Pretoria0028PretoriaSouth Africa
| | - C. Johan van der Westhuizen
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of Pretoria0028PretoriaSouth Africa
- Future Production: ChemicalsPharmaceutical Technologies Research GroupCouncil for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)0184PretoriaSouth Africa
| | - André Stander
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Pretoria0031PretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Orde Q. Munro
- Molecular Sciences InstituteSchool of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand2050JohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Daniela I. Bezuidenhout
- Molecular Sciences InstituteSchool of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand2050JohannesburgSouth Africa
- Laboratory of Inorganic ChemistryEnvironmental and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Oulu3000OuluFinland
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Westhuizen CJVD, Greunen DGV, Cordier W, Nell M, Steenkamp V, Stander A, Panayides JL, Riley DL. Binding pose analysis of hydroxyethylamine based β-secretase inhibitors and application thereof to the design and synthesis of novel indeno[1,2-b]indole based inhibitors. ARKIVOC 2020. [DOI: 10.24820/ark.5550190.p011.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Ramabulana T, Scheepers LM, Moodley T, Maharaj VJ, Stander A, Gama N, Ferreira D, Sonopo MS, Selepe MA. Bioactive Lignans from Hypoestes aristata. J Nat Prod 2020; 83:2483-2489. [PMID: 32786879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of extracts of the stems of Hypoestes aristata led to the isolation of nine lignans that included four known compounds, namely, hinokinin (1), savinin (2), medioresinol (3), and two cubebins (8a,b), three new butyrolactone lignans (4-6), and butyrolactol lignans 7a-c. The structures of the new compounds were established using 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS data. The absolute configurations of the new lignans were determined from their ECD data and the Mosher's ester method. This is the first unequivocal assignment of the absolute configuration at C-7 and C-7' of 7- and 7'-hydroxybutyrolactone lignans. The compounds were screened for inhibition of an HIV-1 protease enzyme, and compounds 1 and 6 exhibited moderate activity in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tshifhiwa Ramabulana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Luki-Marié Scheepers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Thirshen Moodley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Vinesh J Maharaj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - André Stander
- Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Ntombenhle Gama
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Daneel Ferreira
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Molahlehi S Sonopo
- Radiochemistry, South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (Necsa), Pelindaba, Brits, South Africa
| | - Mamoalosi A Selepe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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