Beneficial Effects of Intermediate Dosage of Anticoagulation Treatment on the Prognosis of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: The ETHRA Study

BACKGROUND/AIM

To investigate the efficacy (prognosis, coagulation/inflammation biomarkers) and safety (bleeding events) of different anticoagulation dosages in COVID-19 inpatients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

COVID-19 inpatients (Athens, Greece) were included. The "Enhanced dose THRomboprophylaxis in Admissions (ETHRA)" protocol was applied in certain Departments, suggesting the use of intermediate anticoagulation dosage. The primary endpoint was a composite of intubation/venous thromboembolism/death. Inflammation/coagulation parameters were assessed.

RESULTS

Among 127 admissions, 95 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Twenty-one events (4 deaths, 17 intubations) were observed. Regression analysis demonstrated significant reduction of events with intermediate or therapeutic dosage [HR=0.16 (95%CI=0.05-0.52) p=0.002; HR=0.17 (0.04-0.71) p=0.015, respectively]. D-Dimer values were higher in those who met the composite endpoint. Intermediate dosage treatment was associated with decreased values of ferritin. Three patients (3%) had minor hemorrhagic complications.

CONCLUSION

Anticoagulation treatment (particularly intermediate dosage) appears to have positive impact on COVID-19 inpatients' prognosis by inhibiting both coagulation and inflammatory cascades.

Prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: correlation with physiological parameters

The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). One hundred thirty-nine patients (101 male, mean age = 68.6 ± 9 years), with confirmed IPF and who were admitted to eight Pulmonary Departments in Greece between November 2005 and December 2006 were included in the study. Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) was estimated by echocardiography, and PH was defined as PASP > 36 mmHg. We compared demographics, pulmonary function tests, NYHA functional status, 6-min walk distance (6MWD), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), PaO(2), and P(A-a)O(2) at rest data between patients with PH and without PH (PASP ≤ 36 mmHg). Increased estimated right ventricular systolic pressure was present in 55% of patients (mean PASP = 47.1 ± 11.2 mmHg vs. 30.3 ± 3.8 mmHg, respectively). Patients with PH had a lower but not statistically significant DL(CO) (47.1 ± 18.8 vs. 52.5 ± 20.1), lower PaO(2) at rest (64.6 ± 12.2 vs. 71.1 ± 11.3, P = 0.004), and lower mean 6MWD (282 ± 118 vs. 338 ± 91, P = 0.007). Significant differences were also observed in the NYHA functional status between the two groups (P = 0.02). Statistically significant correlations were observed between PASP and PaO(2) at rest (r = -0.331, P = 0.00), P(A-a)O(2) at rest (r = 0.494, P = 0.00)(,) 6MWD (r = -0.264, P = 0.01), SpO(2) at rest (r = -0.293, P = 0.00), SpO(2) at the end of exercise (r = -0.364, P = 0.00), and also BNP values (r = 0.319, P = 0.01). Moreover, PaO(2) (P = 0.02), P(A-a)O(2) (P = 0.005), and SpO(2) at the end of exercise (P = 0.023) were independent predictors of the presence of estimated PH. Using Doppler echocardiography as a screening tool for the estimation of PH, we found that PH is common in patients with IPF. Gas exchange parameters at rest and exercise desaturation might indicate underlying PH in IPF.

Epidemiology of interstitial lung diseases in Greece

INTRODUCTION

Few data are available on the epidemiology of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), especially after the current classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. The aim of this study is to provide data on the epidemiology of ILDs in Greece, under the ATS/ERS international consensus.

METHODS

Departments of Pneumonology were contacted and asked to complete a questionnaire for every case of ILD that was alive on 2004 as well as for every new case from 1st January 2004 to 31st December 2004. Questions on the patients' demographic data, the exact diagnosis and the procedures used to establish the diagnosis were included. Centers covering about 60% of the Greek population have been analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 967 cases have been registered. The estimated prevalence of ILDs is 17.3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The estimated annual incidence of ILDs is 4.63 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The most frequent disease is sarcoidosis (34.1%), followed in decreasing order by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (19.5%), ILD associated with collagen vascular diseases (12.4%), cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (5.3%), histiocytosis (3.8%), and hypersensitivity pneumonitis (2.6%). Unclassified ILD or not otherwise specified accounted for the 8.5% of prevalent cases.

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest that sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are the most frequent ILDs in our population. In comparison with the few previous reports, interesting dissimilarities have been observed.

Comparison of cisplatin-paclitaxel combination versus cisplatin-etoposide in patients with small-cell lung cancer: a Phase III study

Cisplatin-paclitaxel and cisplatin-etoposide combination therapies were compared in limited and extensive disease in patients with small-cell lung cancer. The primary objectives were to determine median and overall survival, time to tumor progression and tolerance and the secondary objective, the response rate. From January 2003 till July 2007, 108 patients were enrolled in the study. All patients had histologically- or cytologically-confirmed small-cell lung cancer. All patients were chemotherapy and radiotherapy naive. The patients were designated to receive six cycles: in the investigational Arm A, cisplatin, 80 mg/m(2) and paclitaxel 175 mg/m(2) were infused on day 1 (1 cycle) and repeated every 3 weeks. In the control Arm B, cisplatin, 80 mg/m(2) was administered on day 1 and etoposide, 120 mg/m(2) per day was given on days 1-3 (1 cycle), every 3 weeks. In Arm A, 6 (11.3%) patients achieved a complete response and 32 (58.1%), a partial response; in Arm B, 7 (12.7%) patients achieved a complete response and 32 (58.2%) a partial response. The median survival time in Arm A patients was 12 months and in Arm B, 13 months, p=0.354. The time to tumor progression (TTP) was 8 and 6 months for Arms A and B, respectively (p=0.060). Toxicity, although common in both Arms, was acceptable. Neutropenia, anemia and diarrhea were higher in the control Arm. The cisplatin-paclitaxel combination is not superior to cisplatin-etoposide with respect to survival, TTP, toxicity and response rate. The former combination could be applied as an alternative chemotherapy regimen for patients with limited or advanced small-cell lung cancer.

Impaired aortic elastic properties in patients with systemic sarcoidosis

BACKGROUND

Systemic sarcoidosis (Sar) is a granulomatous disorder involving multiple organs. Widespread vascular involvement and microangiopathy are common in patients with Sar. In addition, subclinical cardiac involvement is increasingly recognized in patients with Sar. However, data on the effect of Sar on the elastic properties of the arteries and myocardial performance are limited. In this study we looked for differences in aortic distensibility (AoD) which is an index of aortic elasticity, and myocardial performance of the ventricles, between patients with Sar and healthy subjects. In addition, we examined potential associations between AoD and clinical, respiratory and echocardiographic findings in patients with Sar.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 83 consecutive patients (26 male/57 female, mean age 51.1 +/- 13.3 years) with Sar, without cardiac symptoms, were included. All patients underwent echocardiographic and respiratory evaluation including lung function tests. Additionally, 83 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects served as controls. AoD was determined non-invasively by ultrasonography.

RESULTS

AoD was lower in the Sar compared to the control group (2.29 +/- 0.26 vs. 2.45 +/- 0.20 .10(-) (6) cm2 x dyn(-1), P < 0.01), while left ventricular mass (LVM) was higher in the Sar group (221.3 +/- 50.2 vs. 195.6 +/- 31.3 g, P = 0.007). Furthermore, myocardial performance of both ventricles was impaired in the Sar group. Multivariate linear regression analysis in the total sample population demonstrated a significant and independent inverse relationship between AoD and the presence of Sar (P < 0.001). The same analysis in the Sar patients showed that AoD was associated significantly and independently with the stage of Sar, age, systolic blood pressure, LVM and myocardial performance of both ventricles. No significant relationship was found between AoD and disease duration, pulmonary artery pressure or lung function tests.

CONCLUSIONS

Presence and severity of Sar are associated with reduced aortic distensibility, irrespective of the disease duration, pulmonary artery pressure and lung function. In addition, patients with Sar have increased LVM and impaired myocardial performance.

Lipoplatin plus gemcitabine versus cisplatin plus gemcitabine in NSCLC: Preliminary results of a phase III trial

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Background: Lipoplatin is a liposomal formulation of cisplatin, designed to reduce its adverse reactions without reducing efficacy. Its nanoparticles evade immune surveillance and extravasate preferentially into tumors inducing tumor cell apoptosis; lipoplatin may also act as antiangiogenesis factor. This is the initial report of a randomized, multicenter, phase III trial comparing the two drugs. Methods: Eligibility criteria included confirmed diagnosis of inoperable/metastatic NSCLC, no previous chemotherapy, WHO PS 0–1, adequate end-organ function. Patients received Lipoplatin 120 mg/m2 D1,8,15 or cisplatin 100 mg/m2 D1, combined with gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 D1,8, in 3-week cycles, with disease evaluation after 3 and 6 cycles. Primary endpoints are overall survival and toxicity, with Response Rates, PFS and QOL also being evaluated. Results: 59 patients have been treated, 33 with lipoplatin and 26 with cisplatin; 17 have completed treatment. 2 lipoplatin patients had a hypersensitivity reaction during the first infusion. There were no grade 4 toxicities. Grade 3 toxicities were observed in <5% of the patients and were comparable for the two groups, except neutropenia (3% for lipoplatin, 15% for cisplatin). Main grade 1–2 toxicities were anemia (93% vs 88%), leucopenia (51% vs 38%), neutropenia (45% vs 30%), thrombocytopenia (58% vs 31%), hepatotoxicity (38% vs 46%), nausea/vomiting (13% vs 35%), asthenia (31% vs 30%) and anorexia (32% vs 34%). Concerning nephrotoxicity, grade 2 was reported in only 6% of lipoplatin patients vs 19% in cisplatin, although lipoplatin was administered without pre-hydration as a 6-hour infusion. Neurotoxicity was also markedly less in lipoplatin. So far, 32 patients have been assessed for response, 16 in each group; 4 partial responses have been reported in each group. However, difference has been observed in stable disease (23% in lipoplatin vs 12% in cisplatin) as well as progressive disease (16% vs 35%). Conclusions: Preliminary results show that lipoplatin may have a better safety and therapeutic profile than cisplatin, when combined with gemcitabine, in advanced NSCLC. Particularly important might be its significantly lower neuro- and nephro-toxicity and its administration on an outpatients basis.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Long-term clinical effects of interferon gamma-1b and colchicine in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)/usual interstitial pneumonia is a deadly disease with no effective treatment. The purpose of this randomised prospective multicentric study was to characterise the clinical effects of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) 1b administered subcutaneously thrice weekly versus colchicine for 2 yrs. This study had no pre-specified end-points. Fifty consecutive IPF patients were randomised. Patients with mild-to-moderate IPF were eligible for the study if they had histologically proven IPF, or, in the absence of surgical biopsy, fulfilled the European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society criteria. In the intent-to-treat population, five out of 32 (15.6%) IFN-gamma-1b patients and seven out of 18 (38.8%) colchicine patients died after a median follow-up period of 25 months Patients treated with IFN-gamma 1b showed a better outcome after 2 yrs of therapy, and fewer symptoms, as assessed using the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire, after 12 months of therapy. Also, the IFN-gamma-1b group exhibited a higher forced vital capacity (percentage of the predicted value) after 24 months of treatment. No significant differences were detected in resting arterial oxygen tension, total lung capacity (% pred), transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide (% pred) and high-resolution computed tomographic scoring between the two treatment groups. These data suggest that long-term treatment with interferon gamma 1b may improve survival and outcome in patients with mild-to-moderate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Further studies are needed to verify these results.

Second-line treatment with irinotecan plus cisplatin vs cisplatin of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer pretreated with taxanes and gemcitabine: a multicenter randomised phase II study

The aim of this study was to compare the irinotecan/cisplatin regimen with cisplatin as second-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) pretreated with a taxane/gemcitabine regimen. Patients (n = 147) with stage IV NSCLC pretreated with a taxane/gemcitabine regimen were randomly assigned to receive either irinotecan (110 mg m(-2), day 1 and 100 mg m(-2), day 8) and cisplatin (80 mg m(-2), day 8) (IC; n = 74) or CDDP (80 mg m(-2), day 1) (C; n = 73) every 3 weeks. Patients treated with IC and C had a median survival of 7.8 and 8.8 months, respectively (P = 0.933). The 1-year survival rate was 34.3% for IC-treated patients and 31.7% for C-treated patients. Cox's regression analysis revealed that response to treatment (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.787; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1578-4.922) and performance status (HR = 1.865; 95% CI: 1.199-2.872) was independent prognostic factors for survival. Overall response rate was 22.5% (95% CI: 12.8-32.2%) for IC-treated patients and 7.0% (95% CI: 1.15-13.6%) for C-treated patients (P = 0.012); tumour growth control (partial remission (PR) + stable disease (SD)) was observed in 26 (38%) IC and 25 (36%) C patients (P = 0.878). There was no difference in terms of quality of life between the two chemotherapy arms. The incidence of febrile neutropenia, grade 3 and 4 neutropenia and grade 3 and 4 diarrhoea was significantly higher in the IC- than the C-treated patients. Other toxicities were mild. There were no treatment-related deaths in either arm. The IC regimen did not confer a survival benefit compared with C as second-line treatment of patients with advanced NSCLC pretreated with a taxane/gemcitabine regimen, despite its better efficacy in terms of response rate.

Comparison of docetaxel/cisplatin to docetaxel/gemcitabine as first-line treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer: early results of a randomized trial

The study compares docetaxel plus cisplatin (DC) and docetaxel plus gemcitabine (DG) regimens for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients were randomized to receive either the DC or the DG combination. They were stratified according to age, performance status (PS) and stage of disease. Three hundred seventeen patients entered the study. Of them, 162 received the DC regimen and 155 the DG regimen. There were no differences in the patients' characteristics between the two study arms. Preliminary analysis included 132 evaluable patients in the DC arm and 114 in the DG arm. Three complete responses (CR) (2.3%) and 39 partial responses (PR) (30%) were documented in the DC arm (response rate (RR) 32.3%; 95% CI 23.87-39.76%), whereas 1 CR (0.9%) and 38 PR (33%) were documented in the DG arm (RR: 33.9%; 95% CI 25.5-42.92%). No differences in the RR, response duration, time to tumor progression, overall survival and 1-year survival were observed between the two groups. Regarding toxicity, there were no significant differences in grade 3-4 anaemia and thrombocytopenia between the two arms. However, grade 3-4 neutropenia occurred in 40 patients (33%) treated with the DC regimen and in 31 patients (22%) treated with the DG regimen (P=0.01). Twenty-four (16%) patients in the DC arm and 20 (14%) in the DG arm developed febrile neutropenia. There was one death due to sepsis in each arm. Non-haematological toxicity was mild and equal in the two arms, with the exception of grade 3-4 nausea and diarrhoea, which were more frequent in the DC arm. In conclusion, preliminary results showed that the DG regimen was as effective as the DC regimen. The toxicity profile of the DG combination was relatively milder. Hence, cisplatin cannot be considered longer as a mandatory component of chemotherapy against NSCLC.

Second-line treatment with vinorelbine and carboplatin in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. A multicenter phase II study

OBJECTIVE

A phase II study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of vinorelbine-carboplatin (VNB-C) combination as a salvage treatment in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progressing after or failing previous non-platinum, taxane-based treatment.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Thirty-seven patients with cytologically or histologically confirmed NSCLC were enrolled. VNB 30 mg/m(2) was administered on days 1 and 8 and C 300 mg/m(2) on day 1 every 28 days. G-CSF (5 microg/kg per day s.c.) was used prophylactically on days 10-15 in case of grade 3-4 neutropenia or febrile neutropenia after the first cycle.

RESULTS

Twenty-nine patients were evaluable for response and all were evaluable for toxicity. In an intention-to-treat analysis, two (5%) complete and four (11%) partial responses were documented for an overall response rate of 16% (95% CI, 4.49-28.84%). Eleven (30%) patients experienced disease stabilisation and 20 (54%) disease progression. The median duration of response was 7.5 months, the median TTP was 9 months, and the median survival was 8.5 months. Patients with objective remission and stable disease had a statistically significant survival benefit over patients with disease progression. Grade 3 and 4 neutropenia occurred in three (8%) and ten (27%) patients, respectively, and six cases (16%) were complicated with fever. Grade 4 thrombocytopenia was documented in one (3%) patient. Non-hematological toxicity was mild, with grade 2 and 3 asthenia reported in 18 (48%) patients. No treatment-related deaths occurred.

CONCLUSION

VNB-C combination is well tolerated and retains a notable degree of activity in NSCLC patients progressing after previous non-platinum, taxane-based treatment. Moreover, it confers tumour growth control in a significant proportion of patients, and this seems to be associated with a survival benefit for them.

Vinorelbine-based regimens as salvage treatment in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: two parallel multicenter phase II trials

Two parallel phase II trials were conducted in order to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of vinorelbine-ifosfamide (VNB-IFX) and vinorelbine-carboplatin (VNB-C) combinations as salvage treatment in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients failing platinum-based front-line chemotherapy were enrolled in the VNB-IFX trial while patients failing non-platinum-containing chemotherapy were treated with VNB-C. Twenty-nine patients were treated with VNB-IFX [median age: 59 years; performance status, PS (WHO) 0--1: 72% and disease stage IV: 79%] and 37 with VNB-C [median age: 61 years; PS (WHO) 0--1: 51% and stage IV: 84%]. Patients received vinorelbine 25 mg/m(2) i.v. on days 1 and 8 and ifosfamide 1.6 g/m(2) i.v. on days 8--10 with uroprotective mesna, in cycles of 28 days. G-CSF (5 microg/kg/day s.c.) was administered prophylactically on days 11--16 or until hematological recovery. The VNB-C regimen consisted of carboplatin 300 mg/m(2) on day 1 and vinorelbine 30 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8 every 28 days.

RESULTS

Twenty-six patients were evaluable for response in the VNB-IFX trial and 29 in the VNB-C. Overall response rates (intent-to-treat analysis) were 3% (1 patient; duration of response: 3 months) for the VNB-IFX and 16% (median duration of response: 7.5 months) for the VNB-C combination. The median time to progression and survival for patients receiving VNB-IFX were 4.5 and 6 months (1-year survival: 19%), respectively; the corresponding values for VNB-C were 9.0 and 8.5 months (1-year survival: 38%). The median survival of patients achieving stable disease was 10 (VNB-IFX) and 14.5 (VNB-C) months. Grade 3--4 neutropenia occurred in 4 (13%) of the patients treated with VNB-IFX; all cases were complicated with fever. Grade 3--4 neutropenia was documented in 13 (35%) patients in the VNB-C trial; 6 (16%) developed neutropenic fever. There were no treatment-related deaths. Non-hematologic toxicity for the VNB-IFX and VNB-C regimens was mild with grade 2--3 peripheral neurotoxicity occurring in 3 (10%) and 7 (19%) patients, and grade 2--3 asthenia in 11 (38%) and 18 (48%) patients, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Both combinations were associated with a tolerable toxicity profile. VNB-C demonstrated notable activity in patients previously treated with a taxane-based regimen, whilst VNB-IFX failed to produce a significant response rate in patients treated with platinum-containing chemotherapy. Stabilization of disease was associated with a favorable survival in both studies.

Platinum-based and non-platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomised multicentre trial

BACKGROUND

Docetaxel in combination with cisplatin or gemcitabine are active chemotherapy reigimes against non-small-cell lung cancer. We compared the efficacy and safety of a combination of cisplatin and docetaxel (group 1) with that of gemcitabine and docetaxel (group 2) in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in a prospective, randomised, multicentre trial.

METHODS

Patients with stage IIIB or IV lung cancer who had not had prior chemotherapy were allocated either to group 1 and treated with docetaxel (100 mg/m(2), day 1) and cisplatin (80 mg/m(2), day 2) or to group 2 and treated with gemcitabine (1100 mg/m(2), days 1 and 8) and docetaxel (100 mg/m(2), day 8). All patients received recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (150 mg/m(2)). All patients received recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (150 mg/m(2)) had appropriate standard premedication. Response and toxicity were assessed using WHO criteria. Analysis was by intention to treat.

FINDINGS

441 patients were randomly assigned to receive docetaxel/cisplatin (group 1, n=219) or gemcitabine/docetaxel (group 2, n=222). 14 patients in group 1 and 21 patients in group 2 were not evaluable. Objective response rates were similar in the two groups: group 1, 32.4% (95% CI 26.2-38.6%; 1.4% complete response and 31% partial response); group 2, 30.2% (24.5-36.2%; 0.9% complete response and 29.3% partial response). The two groups did not differ in median duration of response, time to tumour progression, overall survival, or 1 year or 2 year survival rates.

INTERPRETATION

Both drug combinations had comparable activity in patients with advanced cancer who had not previously had chemotherapy; however, gemcitabine and docetaxel had the most favourable toxicity profile.

Docetaxel in combination with gemcitabine plus rhG-CSF support as second-line treatment in non-small cell lung cancer. A multicenter phase II study

BACKGROUND

Docetaxel in combination with gemcitabine is an active front-line chemotherapy regimen against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with acceptable toxicity. A multicenter phase II study was conducted in order to determine the toxicity and efficacy of this combination, as salvage treatment in patients progressing after a cisplatin-based front line regimens.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Thirty-two patients with histologically confirmed, bidimensionally measurable NSCLC, who failed prior cisplatin-based chemotherapy were enrolled. The patients' median age was 62.5 years, 29 (91%) were male, 23 (72%) had disease stage IV, and 22 (69%) had a performance status (WHO) 0-1. Gemcitabine (900 mg/m(2)) was administered on days 1 and 8 and docetaxel (100 mg/m(2)) on day 8, after appropriate premedication. rhG-CSF (150 microg/m(2)) was given prophylactically from day 9 to 15. Treatment was repeated on an outpatient basis every three weeks.

RESULTS

A total of 127 chemotherapy cycles were administered. In an intention-to-treat analysis five patients (15.6%; 95% CI: 3.04-28.21%) achieved a partial response, 11 (34.4%) stable disease, and 16 (50%) progressive disease. The median duration of response was 9 months, the median TTP 7 months, and the overall median survival 6.5 months; the overall 1-year survival probability was 27.6%. Grade 3/4 neutropenia was observed in five (15.6%) patients and in two of them associated with fever. Grade 3 anemia and thrombocytopenia occurred in three (9%) and two (6.5%) patients, respectively. Non-hematologic toxicity was very mild with only one episode of grade 4 diarrhea and mucositis, respectively; two (6%) patients complained for grade 3 asthenia.

CONCLUSION

The combination of gemcitabine and docetaxel with prophylactic use of rhG-CSF is a safe and well-tolerated regimen for the treatment of patients with advanced NSCLC, who failed front-line treatment with cisplatin-based regimens.

Mounier-Kuhn syndrome (tracheobronchomegaly)

This paper describes a case of tracheobronchomegaly, which is a rare condition. The radiological, bronchoscopic and computed tomographic (CT) appearance of the condition are described. Together with the patient's history, these examinations are very useful in diagnosis, since, in cases of patients with chronic recurrent respiratory infections, they help us review any anatomical abnormalities.

Effects of amiodarone on refractory ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction: experimental study

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a single dose of intravenous amiodarone in facilitating defibrillation of ventricular fibrillation refractory to lidocaine and epinephrine plus direct current countershocks in experimental acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND

Amiodarone has been hailed as the most effective single antiarrhythmic drug for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. However, intravenous amiodarone has only sporadically been used in the defibrillation of ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction.

METHODS

Acute myocardial infarction was induced in 60 dogs by ligation of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery for 2 h. Animals that developed spontaneous ventricular fibrillation were treated with lidocaine and epinephrine plus five direct-current countershocks. Dogs with ventricular fibrillation refractory to this regimen were randomized to further treatment with additional intravenous administration of epinephrine and bolus lidocaine plus < or = 15 direct-current countershocks (group I) or administration of amiodarone, 10 mg/kg body weight intravenously, followed by defibrillation with direct-current counter-shock (group II).

RESULTS

Sixteen (27%) of the 60 dogs in which the protocol was attempted developed spontaneous ventricular fibrillation 21 min after ligation and were included in the study. Lidocaine and epinephrine plus five direct-current countershocks succeeded in converting ventricular fibrillation in one dog (6%). The other 15 dogs were randomized to group I (8 dogs) or group II (7 dogs). Defibrillation was achieved in one of the eight dogs in group I and in six of the seven dogs in group II (p < 0.005).

CONCLUSIONS

In an experimental model of acute ischemia, intravenous amiodarone (10 mg/kg) influences positively the response to defibrillation of ventricular fibrillation refractory to lidocaine and epinephrine plus direct current countershocks.