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Alim AA, Roslan R, Nadzirah S, Saidi LK, Menon PS, Aziah I, Chang Fu D, Sulaiman SA, Abdul Murad NA, Hamzah AA. Geometrical Characterisation of TiO 2-rGO Field-Effect Transistor as a Platform for Biosensing Applications. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1664. [PMID: 37763827 PMCID: PMC10536288 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The performance of the graphene-based field-effect transistor (FET) as a biosensor is based on the output drain current (Id). In this work, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was investigated to obtain a high-performance device that produces a higher Id value. Using the finite element method, a novel top-gate FET was developed in a three-dimensional (3D) simulation model with the titanium dioxide-reduced graphene oxide (TiO2-rGO) nanocomposite as the transducer material, which acts as a platform for biosensing application. Using the Taguchi mixed-level method in Minitab software (Version 16.1.1), eighteen 3D models were designed based on an orthogonal array L18 (6134), with five factors, and three and six levels. The parameters considered were the channel length, electrode length, electrode width, electrode thickness and electrode type. The device was fabricated using the conventional photolithography patterning technique and the metal lift-off method. The material was synthesised using the modified sol-gel method and spin-coated on top of the device. According to the results of the ANOVA, the channel length contributed the most, with 63.11%, indicating that it was the most significant factor in producing a higher Id value. The optimum condition for the highest Id value was at a channel length of 3 µm and an electrode size of 3 µm × 20 µm, with a thickness of 50 nm for the Ag electrode. The electrical measurement in both the simulation and experiment under optimal conditions showed a similar trend, and the difference between the curves was calculated to be 28.7%. Raman analyses were performed to validate the quality of TiO2-rGO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Amirah Alim
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, National University of Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Roharsyafinaz Roslan
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, National University of Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sh Nadzirah
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, National University of Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Lina Khalida Saidi
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), National University of Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - P Susthitha Menon
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, National University of Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ismail Aziah
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Dee Chang Fu
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, National University of Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aishah Sulaiman
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), National University of Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azian Abdul Murad
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), National University of Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azrul Azlan Hamzah
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, National University of Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
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Nadzirah S, Mohamad Zin N, Khalid A, Abu Bakar NF, Kamarudin SS, Zulfakar SS, Kon KW, Muhammad Azami NA, Low TY, Roslan R, M Nassir MNH, Alim AA, Menon PS, Soin N, Gopinath SCB, Abdullah H, Sampe J, Zainal Abidin HE, Mohd Noor SN, Ismail AG, Dee CF, Hamzah AA. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Environment: Current Surveillance and Effective Data Management of COVID-19. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37358486 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2224433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Since diagnostic laboratories handle large COVID-19 samples, researchers have established laboratory-based assays and developed biosensor prototypes. Both share the same purpose; to ascertain the occurrence of air and surface contaminations by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, the biosensors further utilize internet-of-things (IoT) technology to monitor COVID-19 virus contamination, specifically in the diagnostic laboratory setting. The IoT-capable biosensors have great potential to monitor for possible virus contamination. Numerous studies have been done on COVID-19 virus air and surface contamination in the hospital setting. Through reviews, there are abundant reports on the viral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through droplet infections, person-to-person close contact and fecal-oral transmission. However, studies on environmental conditions need to be better reported. Therefore, this review covers the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in airborne and wastewater samples using biosensors with comprehensive studies in methods and techniques of sampling and sensing (2020 until 2023). Furthermore, the review exposes sensing cases in public health settings. Then, the integration of data management together with biosensors is well explained. Last, the review ended with challenges to having a practical COVID-19 biosensor applied for environmental surveillance samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sh Nadzirah
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Malaysia
| | - Noraziah Mohamad Zin
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Arif Khalid
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Faizah Abu Bakar
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Syafiqah Kamarudin
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Shahara Zulfakar
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ken Wong Kon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azila Muhammad Azami
- Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Teck Yew Low
- Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Roharsyafinaz Roslan
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia
| | - M Nizar Hadi M Nassir
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Anis Amirah Alim
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia
| | - P Susthitha Menon
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Soin
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Malaysia
- School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Malaysia
| | - Huda Abdullah
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Jahariah Sampe
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia
| | | | - Siti Nurfadhlina Mohd Noor
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Ghadafi Ismail
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Chang Fu Dee
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Azrul Azlan Hamzah
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia
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