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Roberts K, Gilbertson A, Dawson S, Turner N, Ridd MJ. Test-guided dietary exclusions for treating established atopic dermatitis in children: A systematic review. Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 52:442-446. [PMID: 34862822 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Gilbertson
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Shoba Dawson
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Matthew J Ridd
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Gilbertson A, Meyer R, Skypala I, Ridd MJ. Dietary management of patients with eczema: Cross-sectional survey of dietitians in the United Kingdom. Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 52:352-354. [PMID: 34634173 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gilbertson
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Matthew J Ridd
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Gilbertson A, Boyle RJ, MacNeill S, Ridd MJ. Healthcare professionals' beliefs and practices regarding food allergy testing for children with eczema. Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 51:735-739. [PMID: 33657640 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gilbertson
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Robert J Boyle
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Matthew J Ridd
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Gilbertson A, Ridd MJ, Sutton E, Liddiard L, Clayton J, Roberts A, Chan J, Bhanot A, Wellesley R, Dawson S. Engaging with diverse audiences to raise awareness about childhood eczema: reflections from two community events. Res Involv Engagem 2021; 7:6. [PMID: 33468241 PMCID: PMC7816356 DOI: 10.1186/s40900-021-00251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eczema is a common childhood condition, causing dry and itchy skin which can be difficult to manage. We have been undertaking eczema and food allergy research to address previously prioritised research questions. We obtained funding to trial novel approaches to reach diverse audiences to raise awareness of childhood eczema, research, and public involvement in research. METHODS This paper reflects on two public engagement events held in collaboration with stakeholders in two settings of ethnic diversity in East Bristol, UK. We invited parents and children to attend the events by public display of posters. We created novel activities related to the research and involved artists to engage parents/carers and children about eczema and the research we are doing into its management. RESULTS Attendance at the first event was lower than expected. Lessons learned were incorporated into the second event, to use a more structured approach and attract greater numbers of parents/carers from more diverse backgrounds. Creative approaches such as using artists at both events made the subject more accessible for diverse audiences, including children. CONCLUSION We successfully delivered two public engagement events. The success of the events has generated individual interest in PPI and enquiries about future events from neighbouring community groups. Reflections from the events have also been fed back to inform the research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gilbertson
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Matthew J. Ridd
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eileen Sutton
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lyn Liddiard
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Julie Clayton
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Amanda Roberts
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jonathan Chan
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alisha Bhanot
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rosie Wellesley
- General Practitioner and Illustrator, Herefordshire CCG, London, UK
| | - Shoba Dawson
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Ridd MJ, Webb D, Roberts K, Santer M, Chalmers JR, Gilbertson A, Marriage D, Blair PS, Turner NL, Garfield K, Coast J, Selman LE, Clement C, Shaw ARG, Muller I, Waddell L, Angier E, Taylor J, Kai J, Boyle RJ. Test-guided dietary management of eczema in children: A randomized controlled feasibility trial (TEST). Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 51:452-462. [PMID: 33386634 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents commonly ask about food allergy tests, to find a cause for their child's eczema, yet the value of routine testing is uncertain. OBJECTIVE To determine whether a clinical trial comparing test-guided dietary advice versus usual care, for the management of eczema, is feasible. METHODS Children (>3 months and <5 years) with mild-to-severe eczema, recruited via primary care, were individually randomized (1:1) to intervention or usual care. Intervention participants underwent structured allergy history and skin prick tests (SPT) with dietary advice for cow's milk, hen's egg, wheat, peanut, cashew and codfish. All participants were followed up for 24 weeks. A sample of doctors and parents was interviewed. Registration ISRCTN15397185. RESULTS From 1059 invitation letters sent to carers of potentially eligible children, 84 were randomized (42 per group) with mean age of 32.4 months (SD 13.9) and POEM of 8.7 (4.8). Of the 42, 6 (14%) intervention participants were advised to exclude one or more foods, most commonly egg, peanut or milk. By participant, 1/6 had an oral food challenge (negative); 3/6 were told to exclude until review in allergy clinic; and 6/6 advised a home dietary trial (exclusion and reintroduction of food over 4-6 weeks) - with 1/6 partially completing it. Participant retention (four withdrawals) and data completeness (74%-100%) were acceptable and contamination low (two usual care participants had allergy tests). There were three minor SPT-related adverse events. During follow-up, 12 intervention and 8 usual care participants had minor, unrelated adverse events plus one unrelated hospital admission. CONCLUSIONS It is possible to recruit, randomize and retain children with eczema from primary care into a trial of food allergy screening and to collect the outcomes of interest. Changes to recruitment and inclusion criteria are needed in a definitive trial, to ensure inclusion of younger children from more diverse backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Ridd
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Douglas Webb
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kirsty Roberts
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Miriam Santer
- Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Joanne R Chalmers
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anna Gilbertson
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Deb Marriage
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter S Blair
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, Bristol Trials Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicholas L Turner
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, Bristol Trials Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kirsty Garfield
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, Bristol Trials Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Health Economics Bristol, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Joanna Coast
- Health Economics Bristol, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lucy E Selman
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, Bristol Trials Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Clare Clement
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, Bristol Trials Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alison R G Shaw
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ingrid Muller
- Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Lisa Waddell
- Nottingham City Care Partnership, Nottingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Angier
- Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jodi Taylor
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, Bristol Trials Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Joe Kai
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Robert J Boyle
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Clement C, Ridd MJ, Roberts K, Santer M, Boyle R, Muller I, Gilbertson A, Angier E, Selman L, Shaw ARG. Parents and GPs' understandings and beliefs about food allergy testing in children with eczema: qualitative interview study within the Trial of Eczema allergy Screening Tests (TEST) feasibility trial. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e041229. [PMID: 33208335 PMCID: PMC7677338 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore parent and general practitioner (GP) understanding and beliefs about food allergy testing for children with eczema. DESIGN AND SETTING Qualitative interview study in UK primary care within the Trial of Eczema allergy Screening Tests feasibility trial. PARTICIPANTS Semi-structured interviews with parents of children with eczema taking part in the feasibility study and GPs at practices hosting the study. RESULTS 21 parents and 11 GPs were interviewed. Parents discussed a range of potential causes for eczema, including a role for food allergy. They believed allergy testing to be beneficial as it could potentially identify a cure or help reduce symptoms and they found negative tests reassuring, suggesting to them that no dietary changes were needed. GPs reported limited experience and uncertainty regarding food allergy in children with eczema. While some GPs believed referral for allergy testing could be appropriate, most were unclear about its utility. They thought it should be reserved for children with severe eczema or complex problems but wanted more information to advise parents and help guide decision making. CONCLUSIONS Parents' motivations for allergy testing are driven by the desire to improve their child's condition and exclude food allergy as a possible cause of symptoms. GPs are uncertain about the role of allergy testing and want more information about its usefulness to support parents and help inform decision making. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN15397185.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Clement
- Bristol Trials Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Matthew J Ridd
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kirsty Roberts
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Miriam Santer
- Primary Care and Population Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Robert Boyle
- Inflammation, Repair, and Development Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre of Evidence-based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ingrid Muller
- Primary Care and Population Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Anna Gilbertson
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Elizabeth Angier
- Primary Care and Population Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Lucy Selman
- Bristol Trials Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alison R G Shaw
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Simons-Rudolph A, Iritani B, Odongo F, Rennie S, Gilbertson A, Kwaro D, Luseno W. Adolescent perceptions about participating in HIV-related research studies. Child Youth Serv Rev 2020; 116:105262. [PMID: 32905545 PMCID: PMC7472997 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The rising incidence of infection among youth in sub-Saharan Africa makes HIV-related research among younger people a top priority. There remains, however, a lack of consistent and unambiguous ethical principles and guidance for researchers wishing to conduct HIV studies with adolescents. The overarching aim of our research was to better understand youths' experiences with HIV studies. The present study explored four questions: (1) What strategies are effective for recruiting youth for HIV studies? (2) What motivates youth to participate in these studies? (3) How do study participants perceive HIV testing within the context of a research study? (4) What do participants understand about the risks of study participation? These data are essential to inform guidelines for the responsible conduct of research with young people. We interviewed 82 adolescents (aged 15-19) in Kenya taking part in a study examining ethical issues pertaining to their involvement in HIV-related research. Pursuant to our research questions, we found that direct study recruitment combined with encouragement from female relatives was the greatest facilitator to study enrolment among young people. Most young participants expressed that they were motivated to join the study in order to (1) learn their HIV status (n = 49) and (2) receive HIV-related education (n = 26), even though both are already free and widely available. Participants largely preferred testing in a place they deemed "private," although both the health clinic and home were regarded by adolescents as locations with greater privacy. Adolescents largely did not accurately perceive risks of the study two months after baseline, although they could remember the benefits with great clarity. This work can inform researchers, policymakers, and ethics review committees on approaches to maximize efficiency in recruitment and data collection, and to enhance understanding of risks and benefits in HIV-related research among adolescents. While further research is needed, these data may be used by others conducting HIV research in this region to improve recruitment strategies and more effectively engage and appeal to young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.P. Simons-Rudolph
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation (PIRE),
Chapel Hill, USA
- Corresponding author at: PIRE, 101 Conner Dr., Ste
200, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
| | - B.J. Iritani
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation (PIRE),
Chapel Hill, USA
| | - F.S. Odongo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu,
Kenya
| | - S. Rennie
- Department of Social Medicine, UNC Center for Bioethics,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - A. Gilbertson
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation (PIRE),
Chapel Hill, USA
| | - D. Kwaro
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu,
Kenya
| | - W.K. Luseno
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation (PIRE),
Chapel Hill, USA
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Blair PS, Turnbull S, Ingram J, Redmond N, Lucas PJ, Cabral C, Hollinghurst S, Dixon P, Peters TJ, Horwood J, Little P, Francis NA, Gilbertson A, Jameson C, Hay AD. Feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial of a within-consultation intervention to reduce antibiotic prescribing for children presenting to primary care with acute respiratory tract infection and cough. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e014506. [PMID: 28490554 PMCID: PMC5623421 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate recruitment and retention, data collection methods and the acceptability of a 'within-consultation' complex intervention designed to reduce antibiotic prescribing. DESIGN Primary care feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial. SETTING 32 general practices in South West England recruiting children from October 2014 to April 2015. PARTICIPANTS Children (aged 3 months to <12 years) with acute cough and respiratory tract infection (RTI). INTERVENTION A web-based clinician-focussed clinical rule to predict risk of future hospitalisation and a printed leaflet with individualised child health information for carers, safety-netting advice and a treatment decision record. CONTROLS Usual practice, with clinicians recording data on symptoms, signs and treatment decisions. RESULTS Of 542 children invited, 501 (92.4%) consented to participate, a month ahead of schedule. Antibiotic prescribing data were collected for all children, follow-up data for 495 (98.8%) and the National Health Service resource use data for 494 (98.6%). The overall antibiotic prescribing rates for children's RTIs were 25% and 15.8% (p=0.018) in intervention and control groups, respectively. We found evidence of postrandomisation differential recruitment: the number of children recruited to the intervention arm was higher (292 vs 209); over half were recruited by prescribing nurses compared with less than a third in the control arm; children in the intervention arm were younger (median age 2 vs 3 years controls, p=0.03) and appeared to be more unwell than those in the control arm with higher respiratory rates (p<0.0001), wheeze prevalence (p=0.007) and global illness severity scores assessed by carers (p=0.045) and clinicians (p=0.01). Interviews with clinicians confirmed preferential recruitment of less unwell children to the trial, more so in the control arm. CONCLUSION Differential recruitment may explain the paradoxical antibiotic prescribing rates. Future cluster level studies should consider designs which remove the need for individual consent postrandomisation and embed the intervention within electronic primary care records. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN 23547970 UKCRN STUDY ID: 16891.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Blair
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sophie Turnbull
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jenny Ingram
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Niamh Redmond
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | - Christie Cabral
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sandra Hollinghurst
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Padraig Dixon
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tim J Peters
- National Institute for Health Research Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jeremy Horwood
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Paul Little
- Department of Primary Care & Population Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Anna Gilbertson
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Catherine Jameson
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alastair D Hay
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Taylor J, Gilbertson A, Semchuk W, Johnson J. Effect of verbal encouragement on patient question-asking behaviour during medication counselling. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7174.2001.tb01056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Context
Empowering patients to take a more active role in health-related encounters is a goal of many advocates today. This stems from evidence that patients remain rather passive during interactions with doctors and pharmacists.
Objective
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of verbal encouragement on patient question-asking. It was hypothesised that encouragement to ask questions would elicit a freer flow of questioning.
Method
The study had two arms — intervention and control. The same prescription processing steps occurred for each group except that intervention subjects were presented with a short verbal message (to invite questioning) before the prescription was handed over to a pharmacist for filling. Any questions patients raised during subsequent medication counselling were recorded. Observations took place in one Canadian community pharmacy.
Results
A total of 127 patients were observed for study purposes (60 intervention and 67 control). A total of 141 questions were asked by 59 patients; the other 68 patients had no questions when asked. Subjects in the intervention group (one outlier removed) asked an average of 1.1 questions per encounter, while the control group asked 0.9 questions. This difference was not statistically significant.
Conclusion
The hypothesis of no difference in the rate of patient question-asking between groups was retained. This method of encouraging patients to become more involved in the counselling process proved unsuccessful.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Taylor
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - A Gilbertson
- Shoppers Drug Mart, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - W Semchuk
- Regina Health District, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - J Johnson
- Department of Public Health Services, University of Alberta, Canada
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Abstract
Stump ulcers are common problems in amputees. Temporary discontinuation of prosthetic limb use is frequently employed to facilitate healing. Inevitably, this limits activity and may, for instance, prevent an amputee from going to work. A survey of clinical practice was carried out based on the premise that controlled continued prosthetic limb use in patients with stump ulcers will not adversely affect the ulcer nor prevent healing. The survey would also form a basis for developing future guidelines in the management of stump ulcers. All consecutive patients attending the Chapel Allerton Hospital prosthetic clinic between January 2003 and May 2004 with stump ulcers were recruited into the study. Primary outcome measures were changes in the surface area of the ulcers and in clinical photographs taken on 2 occasions 6 weeks apart. Some 102 patients with a mean age 60 years (range 18 - 88 years) were recruited. Eight patients who were established prosthetic limb users did not complete the study and were excluded from the analysis. Of the patients 52 were newly referred patients with delayed surgical wound healing while 42 were established prosthetic limb users for at least 1 year. Continued prosthetic limb was associated with a significant reduction in ulcer size (p < 0.05). Mean sizes of the ulcers at first and second observations were 3.30 cm2 (range 0.06 - 81) and 0.70 cm2 (range 0.00 - 13.00) respectively. The ulcers improved in 83 cases while two were unchanged. Deterioration was observed in nine cases. The current clinical practice is to allow most of the patients to commence or continue prosthetic limb wearing despite the presence of stump ulceration. This observational study found that, despite prosthetic use, 60 (64%) cases healed completely within the six-week study period and 23 (25%) ulcers reduced in size. The ulcers were unchanged in 2% of the cases. Deterioration was observed in nine (9%) cases. This survey suggests that the current practice of allowing patients to use their prostheses is safe. A clinical trial is now needed to establish whether this practice alters healing rate or has any other disadvantages for new or established amputees.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Salawu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK.
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Abstract
Several facets of the Tree-Scar-Trauma hypothesis were addressed. The first inquiry was whether scars, knotholes, and/or broken branches on a drawn tree are indicative of previous victimization. A statistically significant relationship between these variables was found. The study also examined differences between mental health patients (N = 56) and control subjects (N = 215) with regard to their abuse history and tree drawings. No significant differences between these two populations were found. A modification of Buck's (1948) hypothesis with regard to the relationship between the location of traumatic indicators on projective tree drawings and age of traumatization was tested and not validated. However, the association between the duration of physical abuse and the number of indicators on the tree was statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Torem
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Akron General Medical Center, OH 44307
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Abstract
The compliance of three types of breathing tubing commonly used in lung ventilators was measured. The black rubber corrugated tubing commonly used in anaesthetic circuits is too compliant for use in ventilators in intensive care. It is suggested that the international draft standard of compliance for breathing tubes used in lung ventilators should be amended.
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