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Baranzini SE, Madireddy LR, Cromer A, D'Antonio M, Lehr L, Beelke M, Farmer P, Battaglini M, Caillier SJ, Stromillo ML, De Stefano N, Monnet E, Cree BAC. Prognostic biomarkers of IFNb therapy in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 2014; 21:894-904. [PMID: 25392319 DOI: 10.1177/1352458514555786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon beta (IFNb) reduces relapse frequency and disability progression in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVES Early identification of prognostic biomarkers of IFNb-treated patients will allow more effective management of MS. METHODS The IMPROVE study evaluated subcutaneous IFNb versus placebo in 180 patients with relapsing-remitting MS. Magnetic resonance imaging scans, clinical assessments, and blood samples were obtained at baseline and every 4 weeks from every participant. Thirty-nine biomarkers (32 transcripts; seven proteins) were studied in 155 patients from IMPROVE. Therapeutic response was defined by absence of new combined unique lesions, relapses, and sustained increase in Expanded Disability Status Scale over 1 year. A machine learning approach was used to examine the association between biomarker expression and treatment response. RESULTS While baseline levels of individual genes were relatively poor predictors, combinations of three genes were able to identify subjects with sub-optimal therapeutic responses. The triplet CASP2/IRF4/IRF6, previously identified in an independent dataset, was tested among other combinations. This triplet showed acceptable predictive accuracy (0.68) and specificity (0.88), but had relatively low sensitivity (0.22) resulting in an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.63. Other combinations of biomarkers resulted in AUC of up to 0.80 (e.g. CASP2/IL10/IL12Rb1). CONCLUSIONS Baseline expression, or induction ratios, of specific gene combinations correlate with future therapeutic response to IFNb, and have the potential to be prognostically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E Baranzini
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA/ Equal contribution
| | - Lohith R Madireddy
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA/ Equal contribution
| | - Anne Cromer
- Merck Serono S.A. - Geneva, Switzerland/During the completion of this study, Merck Serono closed its Geneva operations. These authors are no longer with the company
| | | | - Lorenz Lehr
- Merck Serono S.A. - Geneva, Switzerland/During the completion of this study, Merck Serono closed its Geneva operations. These authors are no longer with the company
| | - Manolo Beelke
- Merck Serono S.A. - Geneva, Switzerland/During the completion of this study, Merck Serono closed its Geneva operations. These authors are no longer with the company
| | - Pierre Farmer
- Merck Serono S.A. - Geneva, Switzerland/During the completion of this study, Merck Serono closed its Geneva operations. These authors are no longer with the company
| | | | - Stacy J Caillier
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA/ Equal contribution
| | - Maria L Stromillo
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA/ Equal contributionDepartment of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA/ Equal contributionMerck Serono S.A. - Geneva, Switzerland/During the completion of this study, Merck Serono closed its Geneva operations. These authors are no longer with the companyMerck Serono RBM S.p.A- Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, ItalyMerck Serono S.A. - Geneva, Switzerland/During the completion of this study, Merck Serono closed its Geneva operations. These authors are no longer with the companyMerck Serono S.A. - Geneva, Switzerland/During the completion of this study, Merck Serono closed its Geneva operations. These authors are no longer with the companyMerck Serono S.A. - Geneva, Switzerland/During the completion of this study, Merck Serono closed its Geneva operations. These authors are no longer with the companyUniversity of Siena, Siena, ItalyDepartment of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA/ Equal contributionMerck Serono S.A. - Geneva, Switzerland/During the completion of this study, Merck Serono closed its Geneva operations. These authors are no longer with the companyDepartment of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA/ Equal contribution
| | - Nicola De Stefano
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA/ Equal contributionDepartment of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA/ Equal contributionMerck Serono S.A. - Geneva, Switzerland/During the completion of this study, Merck Serono closed its Geneva operations. These authors are no longer with the companyMerck Serono RBM S.p.A- Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, ItalyMerck Serono S.A. - Geneva, Switzerland/During the completion of this study, Merck Serono closed its Geneva operations. These authors are no longer with the companyMerck Serono S.A. - Geneva, Switzerland/During the completion of this study, Merck Serono closed its Geneva operations. These authors are no longer with the companyMerck Serono S.A. - Geneva, Switzerland/During the completion of this study, Merck Serono closed its Geneva operations. These authors are no longer with the companyUniversity of Siena, Siena, ItalyDepartment of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA/ Equal contributionMerck Serono S.A. - Geneva, Switzerland/During the completion of this study, Merck Serono closed its Geneva operations. These authors are no longer with the companyDepartment of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA/ Equal contribution
| | - Emmanuel Monnet
- Merck Serono S.A. - Geneva, Switzerland/During the completion of this study, Merck Serono closed its Geneva operations. These authors are no longer with the company
| | - Bruce A C Cree
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA/ Equal contribution
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Buchwalter G, Hickey MM, Cromer A, Selfors LM, Gunawardane RN, Frishman J, Jeselsohn R, Lim E, Chi D, Fu X, Schiff R, Brown M, Brugge JS. PDEF promotes luminal differentiation and acts as a survival factor for ER-positive breast cancer cells. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:753-67. [PMID: 23764000 PMCID: PMC3711136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and can be classified based on gene expression profiles that reflect distinct epithelial subtypes. We identify prostate-derived ETS factor (PDEF) as a mediator of mammary luminal epithelial lineage-specific gene expression and as a factor required for tumorigenesis in a subset of breast cancers. PDEF levels strongly correlate with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive luminal breast cancer, and PDEF transcription is inversely regulated by ER and GATA3. Furthermore, PDEF is essential for luminal breast cancer cell survival and is required in models of endocrine resistance. These results offer insights into the function of this ETS factor that are clinically relevant and may be of therapeutic value for patients with breast cancer treated with endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Buchwalter
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
| | - Michele M. Hickey
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Anne Cromer
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Laura M. Selfors
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Jason Frishman
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
| | - Rinath Jeselsohn
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
| | - Elgene Lim
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
| | - David Chi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
| | - Xiaosong Fu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Rachel Schiff
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Myles Brown
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
- Correspondence: (J.S.B.), (M.B.)
| | - Joan S. Brugge
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Correspondence: (J.S.B.), (M.B.)
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Cree B, Madireddy L, De Stefano N, Caillier S, Stromillo ML, Battaglini M, Monet E, Cromer A, D'Antonio M, Farmer P, Lehr L, Beelke M, Baranzini S. Association of Targeted Blood Biomarkers with Interferon Beta-1a Treatment Administration, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Activity, and Treatment Response (P02.089). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Muller PAJ, Caswell PT, Doyle B, Iwanicki MP, Tan EH, Karim S, Lukashchuk N, Gillespie DA, Ludwig RL, Gosselin P, Cromer A, Brugge JS, Sansom OJ, Norman JC, Vousden KH. Mutant p53 drives invasion by promoting integrin recycling. Cell 2010; 139:1327-41. [PMID: 20064378 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
p53 is a tumor suppressor protein whose function is frequently lost in cancers through missense mutations within the Tp53 gene. This results in the expression of point-mutated p53 proteins that have both lost wild-type tumor suppressor activity and show gain of functions that contribute to transformation and metastasis. Here, we show that mutant p53 expression can promote invasion, loss of directionality of migration, and metastatic behavior. These activities of p53 reflect enhanced integrin and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) trafficking, which depends on Rab-coupling protein (RCP) and results in constitutive activation of EGFR/integrin signaling. We provide evidence that mutant p53 promotes cell invasion via the inhibition of TAp63, and simultaneous loss of p53 and TAp63 recapitulates the phenotype of mutant p53 in cells. These findings open the possibility that blocking alpha5/beta1-integrin and/or the EGF receptor will have therapeutic benefit in mutant p53-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A J Muller
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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Abstract
Using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (SELDI-TOF), Li et al. [Clin Chem 48(8): 1296-1304, 2002] identified 3 serum biomarkers, BC1 (4.3 kDa), BC2 (8.1 kDa) and BC3 (8.9 kDa), whose combination significantly detects breast cancer patients from non-cancer controls. This work aimed to validate these biomarkers in an independent prospective study. We screened 89 serum samples including 49 breast cancers at pT1-4N0M0 (n = 23), pT1-4N1-3M0 (n = 17) or pT1-4N0-3M1 (n = 9) stages, 13 benign breast diseases and 27 healthy women. The BC2 biomarker significance was not recovered. However, we found 2 peaks that we named BC1a (4286 Da) and BC1b (4302 Da), that could correspond to Li's BC1 since they significantly decrease in breast cancers (p < 0.00007 and p < 0.0002, respectively). Similarly, BC3a (8919 Da) and BC3b (8961 Da) are significantly increased in breast cancers (p < 0.02 and p < 0.0002, respectively) and could correspond to the Li's BC3. For each biomarker we defined stringent (no errors) and flexible (less than 10% errors) cut-off values and tested the power of the combined BC1a/BC1b/BC3a/BC3b stringent and flexible profiles to discriminate breast cancers. They identified 33% and 45% cancers, respectively. Applied to the same series, Ca 15.3 test identified 22% patients. Interestingly, in association with the BC1a/BC1b/BC3a/BC3b profiles, Ca 15.3 improved the number of detected cancers indicating that it is an independent parameter. Collectively, our data partially validate those of Li's study and confirm that the BC1 and BC3 biomarkers are helpful for breast cancer diagnosis.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/blood
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/diagnosis
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Breast Neoplasms/blood
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/blood
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Lobular/blood
- Carcinoma, Lobular/diagnosis
- Female
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Prospective Studies
- Proteomics
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Mathelin
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1, place de l'hôpital, Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Abstract
Breast cancer is the first cause of death between 35 and 55 years. Genetic alterations and modifications in gene expression are found during different steps of tumor progression. These changes are translated at the protein level where quantitative and qualitative modifications are found in tumor compared to normal samples. Similarly to studies aimed at deciphering transcriptional changes important in cancer, proteomic approaches allow the global and comparative study of proteins in normal and pathological samples. The objective of this article is to present common proteomic methods and to review the first published results concerning proteomics studies applied to breast cancer with an emphasis on reports obtained using the SELDI-TOF MS (Surface Enhanced Laser Desorption Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry). In breast cancer, it is possible to explore the tumoral proteome and/or the blood derived proteome. The first studies are aimed at globally understanding the disease while the latter are aimed at discovering serum proteins or biomarkers useful for the early detection, diagnosis, prognosis and management of cancer. Promising results are obtained using these emerging methods and these novel biomarkers should be validated in the future and will have an important impact for the management of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mathelin
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, CHRU de Strasbourg, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg cedex, France.
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Carles A, Millon R, Cromer A, Ganguli G, Lemaire F, Young J, Wasylyk C, Muller D, Schultz I, Rabouel Y, Dembélé D, Zhao C, Marchal P, Ducray C, Bracco L, Abecassis J, Poch O, Wasylyk B. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma transcriptome analysis by comprehensive validated differential display. Oncogene 2006; 25:1821-31. [PMID: 16261155 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is common worldwide and is associated with a poor rate of survival. Identification of new markers and therapeutic targets, and understanding the complex transformation process, will require a comprehensive description of genome expression, that can only be achieved by combining different methodologies. We report here the HNSCC transcriptome that was determined by exhaustive differential display (DD) analysis coupled with validation by different methods on the same patient samples. The resulting 820 nonredundant sequences were analysed by high throughput bioinformatics analysis. Human proteins were identified for 73% (596) of the DD sequences. A large proportion (>50%) of the remaining unassigned sequences match ESTs (expressed sequence tags) from human tumours. For the functionally annotated proteins, there is significant enrichment for relevant biological processes, including cell motility, protein biosynthesis, stress and immune responses, cell death, cell cycle, cell proliferation and/or maintenance and transport. Three of the novel proteins (TMEM16A, PHLDB2 and ARHGAP21) were analysed further to show that they have the potential to be developed as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carles
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
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8
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Seghatoleslam A, Zambrano A, Millon R, Ganguli G, Argentini M, Cromer A, Abecassis J, Wasylyk B. Analysis of a novel human gene, LOC92912, over-expressed in hypopharyngeal tumours. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 339:422-9. [PMID: 16300736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have identified by differential display a number of novel genes that are expressed in hypopharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. We report here the characterisation of one of these novel human genes, LOC92912, that encodes a protein of 375 amino acids. The protein contains a RWD domain, a coiled-coil, and an E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme domain. LOC92912 is upregulated in about 85% of tumour samples. It is expressed in tumour masses and in invasive epithelium, and is located in the cytoplasm of cells. To gain insights into its functions, we identified potential interacting partners by immunoaffinity purification of the flag tagged protein followed by MALDI peptide mass fingerprinting mass spectrometry. Actin and six actin-binding proteins were unambiguously identified as potential interacting partners, suggesting that LOC92912's functions may be linked with the cytoskeleton. This novel human gene may represent a new target for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Seghatoleslam
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, Illkirch Cedex, Strasbourg 67404, France
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Cromer A, Carles A, Millon R, Ganguli G, Chalmel F, Lemaire F, Young J, Dembélé D, Thibault C, Muller D, Poch O, Abecassis J, Wasylyk B. Identification of genes associated with tumorigenesis and metastatic potential of hypopharyngeal cancer by microarray analysis. Oncogene 2004; 23:2484-98. [PMID: 14676830 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer among men in the developed world. There is a need, for both clinical and scientific reasons, to find markers to identify patients with aggressive disease as early as possible, and to understand the events leading to malignant transformation and susceptibility to metastasis. We report the first large-scale gene expression analysis of a unique HNSCC location, the hypopharynx. Four normal and 34 tumour samples were analysed with 12 600 gene microarrays. Clusters of differentially expressed genes were identified in the chromosomal regions 3q27.3, 17q21.2-q21.31, 7q11.22-q22.1 and 11q13.1-q13.3, which, interestingly, have already been identified by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) as major regions of gene amplification. We showed that six overexpressed genes (EIF4G1, DVL3, EPHB4, MCM7, BRMS1 and SART1) located in these regions are indeed amplified. We report 119 genes that are highly differentially expressed between 'early' tumours and normal samples. Of these, we validated by quantitative PCR six novel poorly characterized genes. These genes are potential new markers of HNSCC. Comparing patients with relatively nonaggressive and aggressive tumours (without or with clinical evidence of metastasis 3 years after surgery), we identified 164 differentially expressed genes potentially involved in the acquisition of metastatic potential. This study contributes to the understanding of HNSCC, staging patients into prognostic groups and identifying high-risk patients who may benefit from more aggressive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cromer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch cedex, France
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10
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Lemaire F, Millon R, Young J, Cromer A, Wasylyk C, Schultz I, Muller D, Marchal P, Zhao C, Melle D, Bracco L, Abecassis J, Wasylyk B. Differential expression profiling of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Br J Cancer 2004; 89:1940-9. [PMID: 14612907 PMCID: PMC2394447 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the fifth most common cancer in men with an incidence of about 780 000 new cases per year worldwide and a poor rate of survival. There is a need for a better understanding of HNSCC, for the development of rational targeted interventions and to define new prognostic or diagnostic markers. To address these needs, we performed a large-scale differential display comparison of hypopharyngeal HNSCCs against histologically normal tissue from the same patients. We have identified 70 genes that exhibit a striking difference in expression between tumours and normal tissues. There is only a limited overlap with other HNSCC gene expression studies that have used other techniques and more heterogeneous tumour samples. Our results provide new insights into the understanding of HNSCC. At the genome level, a series of differentially expressed genes cluster at 12p12–13 and 1q21, two hotspots of genome disruption. The known genes share functional relationships in keratinocyte differentiation, angiogenesis, immunology, detoxification, and cell surface receptors. Of particular interest are the 13 ‘unknown’ genes that exist only in EST, theoretical cDNA and protein databases, or as chromosomal locations. The differentially expressed genes that we have identified are potential new markers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lemaire
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch cedex, France
| | - R Millon
- UPRES EA 34-30, Centre Paul Strauss, 3 rue de la Porte de l'Hôpital, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - J Young
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch cedex, France
| | - A Cromer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch cedex, France
| | - C Wasylyk
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch cedex, France
| | - I Schultz
- UPRES EA 34-30, Centre Paul Strauss, 3 rue de la Porte de l'Hôpital, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - D Muller
- UPRES EA 34-30, Centre Paul Strauss, 3 rue de la Porte de l'Hôpital, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - P Marchal
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch cedex, France
| | - C Zhao
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch cedex, France
| | - D Melle
- Exonhit Therapeutics, 65 Boulevard Masséna, Paris F-75013, France
| | - L Bracco
- Exonhit Therapeutics, 65 Boulevard Masséna, Paris F-75013, France
| | - J Abecassis
- UPRES EA 34-30, Centre Paul Strauss, 3 rue de la Porte de l'Hôpital, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - B Wasylyk
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch cedex, France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch cedex, France. E-mail: .
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