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Carneiro J, Sampaio I, de Sousa E Silva-Júnior J, Farias I, Hrbek T, Pissinatti A, Silva R, Martins-Junior A, Boubli J, Ferrari SF, Schneider H. Phylogeny, molecular dating and zoogeographic history of the titi monkeys (Callicebus, Pitheciidae) of eastern Brazil. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 124:10-15. [PMID: 29505826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The titi monkeys belong to a genus of New World primates endemic to South America, which were recently reclassified in three genera (Cheracebus, Plecturocebus and Callicebus). The genus Callicebus, which currently includes five species, is endemic to eastern Brazil, occurring in the Caatinga, Savanna, and Atlantic Forest biomes. In the present study, we investigated the validity of these species and inferred their phylogenetic relationships, divergence times, and biogeographic patterns based on the molecular analysis of a concatenated sequence of 11 mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers, derived from 13 specimens. We ran Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) analyses, and estimated genetic distances, divergence times. Ancestral areas were estimated on BioGeoBears. Our results suggest that at about twelve million years ago, the ancestor of all titi monkeys inhabited a wide area that extended from the Amazon forest to the South of the Atlantic forest. A first vicariant event originated Cheracebus in the West of the Amazon and the ancestor of Callicebus and Plectorocebus which, later were separated by a second one. The diversification of Callicebus occurred during the Plio-Pleistocene (beginning at 5 Ma) probably influenced by climatic fluctuations and geological events. Therefore, the results of the present work confirmed the existence of five species that currently inhabit forested areas under increasing threat from human activities. Thus, a reliable diagnosis of the taxonomic status of species living in endangered environments is extremely important for the development of conservation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeferson Carneiro
- Institute of Coastal Studies, Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus Universitário de Bragança, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Iracilda Sampaio
- Institute of Coastal Studies, Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus Universitário de Bragança, Pará, Brazil.
| | | | - Izeni Farias
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.
| | - Tomas Hrbek
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.
| | | | - Ronylson Silva
- Institute of Coastal Studies, Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus Universitário de Bragança, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Antônio Martins-Junior
- Institute of Coastal Studies, Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus Universitário de Bragança, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Jean Boubli
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, England, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Horacio Schneider
- Institute of Coastal Studies, Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus Universitário de Bragança, Pará, Brazil.
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