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Sanogo F, Kodio O, Sarro YS, Diarra B, Coulibaly G, Tolofoudie M, Fofana DB, Maiga A, Somboro AM, Diallo F, G Togo AC, Somboro A, Baya B, Kone B, Sanogo M, Dabitao D, Kone A, Diakite M, Doumbia S, Mamoudou M. Hematological profiles of patients with tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria infections in Bamako, Mali. Int J Mycobacteriol 2023; 12:235-240. [PMID: 37721226 DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_208_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in Mali. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections are very common but are often cofounded with TB because of the similarity of symptoms, which makes the diagnosis difficult. Hematological abnormalities associated with TB have been described, but not with NTM. Therefore, the goal of this study was to compare the hematological parameters of patients infected with TB and NTM infections. Methods A cross-sectional study enrolling TB and NTM participants was conducted in 2018-2020. Five milliliters of venous blood and sputum samples were collected from each participant to determine the hematological parameters using the RUBY CELL-DYN Ruby Version 2.2 ML. A BACTEC MGIT 960 and multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were used to distinguish Mycobacterium tuberculosis from NTM, respectively. Results Of the total 90 patients enrolled, there was a decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in both the groups (P = 0.05). In addition, we found that the percentages of basophil cells (P = 0.01) and mean values of platelets (P = 0.04) were significantly higher in TB patients than those of NTMs. Moreover, the mean of absolute values of eosinophil cells of TB patients was significantly lower than those of NTMs (P = 0.03). Conclusion We found significant statistical differences in basophils, platelets, and eosinophils in differentiating TB and NTM in this pilot study. Future studies with patients at different clinical stages are needed to confirm the hematological profiles of TB and NTM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanta Sanogo
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Ousmane Kodio
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB); National Health Laboratory (LNS), Ministry of Health and Social Development, Bamako, Mali
| | - Yeya S Sarro
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Bassirou Diarra
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Gagni Coulibaly
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Mohamed Tolofoudie
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Djeneba B Fofana
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Aminata Maiga
- Ministry of Health and Social Development, Laboratory of Medical Biology and Hospital Hygiene of the Point-G University Hospital, Bamako, Mali
| | - Anou M Somboro
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Fatimata Diallo
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Antièmé C G Togo
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Amadou Somboro
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Bocar Baya
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Bourahima Kone
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Moumine Sanogo
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Djeneba Dabitao
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Amadou Kone
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Mahamadou Diakite
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Seydou Doumbia
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Maiga Mamoudou
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; Preventive Medicine Department, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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2
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Tolofoudie M, Somboro A, Diarra B, Sarro YS, Drame HB, Togo ACG, Sanogo M, Dembele A, Togun T, Nkereuwem E, Baya B, Konate B, Egere U, Traore M, Maiga M, Saliba-Shaw K, Kampmann B, Diallo S, Doumbia S, Sylla M. Isoniazid preventive therapy in child household contacts of adults with active TB in Bamako, Mali. Public Health Action 2021; 11:191-195. [PMID: 34956847 PMCID: PMC8680184 DOI: 10.5588/pha.21.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) is known to reduce the risk of developing active TB in about 59% in children aged ⩽15 years. We assessed adherence, completion and adverse events among children who were household contacts of a newly diagnosed adult with smear-positive TB in Bamako, Mali. METHODS Children aged <15 years living in the same house with an adult smear-positive index case were enrolled in the study in the Bamako Region after consent was obtained from the parent or legal guardian. Adherence was assessed based on the number of tablets consumed during 6 months. RESULTS A total of 260 children aged <15 years were identified as household contacts of 207 adult patients with smear-positive TB during the study period. Among all child contacts, 130/260 (50.0%) were aged 0-4 years and were eligible for IPT; 128/130 (98.5%) were started on IPT and 83/128 (64.8%) completed with good adherence at the end of the 6 months, and without any significant adverse events. CONCLUSION We successfully implemented IPT with good acceptance, but low completion rate. The Mali National TB Program and partners should expand this strategy to reach more children in Bamako and the whole country and create greater awareness in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tolofoudie
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - A Somboro
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - B Diarra
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Y S Sarro
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - H B Drame
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - A C G Togo
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - M Sanogo
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - A Dembele
- Department of Paediatrics, University Teaching Hospital of Gabriel Toure, Bamako, Mali
| | - T Togun
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit-The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - E Nkereuwem
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit-The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - B Baya
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - B Konate
- National Tuberculosis Control Program, Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Bamako, Mali
| | - U Egere
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit-The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - M Traore
- Health Referral Center Five, Ministry of Health and Social Development, Bamako, Mali
| | - M Maiga
- Center for Innovation in Global Health Technology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K Saliba-Shaw
- Collaborative Clinical Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B Kampmann
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit-The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - S Diallo
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - S Doumbia
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - M Sylla
- Department of Paediatrics, University Teaching Hospital of Gabriel Toure, Bamako, Mali
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3
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Diarra B, Decroo T, Somboro A, Coulibaly G, Tolofoudie M, Kone M, Degoga B, Diallo F, Togo ACG, Sanogo M, Sarro YS, Cisse AB, Kodio O, Baya B, Kone A, Maiga M, Dao S, Maiga II, Murphy RL, Siddiqui S, Toloba Y, Konate B, Diakite M, Doumbia S, Van Deun A, Rigouts L, Diallo S, de Jong BC. Fluorescein diacetate and rapid molecular testing for the early identification of rifampicin resistance in Mali. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2021; 24:763-769. [PMID: 32912379 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.19.0698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Non-conversion on auramine smear microscopy indicates a lack of treatment response, possibly associated with initial rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB). However, dead bacteria still stain positive and may be detected. Fluorescein diacetate smear microscopy (FDA) shows live mycobacteria only. Therefore, we studied the potential of 2-month (2M) FDA for the identification of initial RR-TB.METHODS: Between 2015 and 2018, we enrolled new smear-positive pulmonary TB patients from five local centres in Bamako, Mali. After baseline screening, sputum samples were collected at 1M, 2M, 5M and 18M. We used rpoB sequencing to identify initial RR-TB.RESULTS: Of 1359 patients enrolled, 1019 (75%) had rpoB sequencing results. Twenty-six (2.6%, 95%CI: 1.7-3.7) had mutations conferring rifampicin resistance. Most frequent rpoB mutations were located at the codons Asp435Val (42.4%) and Ser450Leu (34.7%). Among patients with initial RR-TB, 72.2% were FDA-negative at 2M (P = 0.2). The positive and negative predictive value of 5M FDA for culture-based failure was respectively 20.0% and 94.7%.CONCLUSION: FDA did not identify the majority of patients with initial RR-TB or culture-based failure. As the full spectrum of mutations identified on sequencing was identified using Xpert, our data support its rapid universal implementation in Mali.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Diarra
- University Clinical Research Centre, SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali, Unit of Mycobacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp
| | - T Decroo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Antwerp, Research Foundation Flanders, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Somboro
- University Clinical Research Centre, SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - G Coulibaly
- University Clinical Research Centre, SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - M Tolofoudie
- University Clinical Research Centre, SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - M Kone
- University Clinical Research Centre, SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - B Degoga
- University Clinical Research Centre, SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - F Diallo
- University Clinical Research Centre, SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - A C G Togo
- University Clinical Research Centre, SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - M Sanogo
- University Clinical Research Centre, SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Y S Sarro
- University Clinical Research Centre, SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - A B Cisse
- Laboratoire National de Référence des Mycobactéries, Institut National de Recherche en Santé publique, Bamako, Mali
| | - O Kodio
- University Clinical Research Centre, SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - B Baya
- University Clinical Research Centre, SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - A Kone
- University Clinical Research Centre, SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - M Maiga
- Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S Dao
- University Clinical Research Centre, SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - I I Maiga
- Laboratoire d´analyses Médicales et Hygiène Hospitalière du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Point-G, Bamako, Mali
| | - R L Murphy
- Laboratoire National de Référence des Mycobactéries, Institut National de Recherche en Santé publique, Bamako, Mali
| | - S Siddiqui
- Collaborative Clinical Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Y Toloba
- Service de Pneumo-phtisiologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Point-G, Bamako
| | - B Konate
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Tuberculose (PNLT), Ministère de la santé et des Affaires Sociales, Bamako, Mali
| | - M Diakite
- University Clinical Research Centre, SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - S Doumbia
- University Clinical Research Centre, SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - L Rigouts
- Unit of Mycobacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - S Diallo
- University Clinical Research Centre, SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - B C de Jong
- Unit of Mycobacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp
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4
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Coulibaly N, Kone B, Sanogo M, G Togo AC, Diarra B, Sarro YS, Cisse AB, Kodio O, Coulibaly G, Kone M, Baya B, Maiga M, Dabitao D, Belson M, Dao S, Diallo S, Diakite M, Babana AH, Doumbia S. Performance of Mali's biosafety level 3 laboratory in the external quality assessment in preparedness of laboratory accreditation and support to clinical trials. Int J Mycobacteriol 2021; 9:29-33. [PMID: 32474485 PMCID: PMC8075184 DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The external quality assessment (EQA) or external quality control is an evaluation conducted by a certified external organization to inquire about the quality of the results provided by a laboratory. The primary role of EQA is to verify the accuracy of laboratory results. This is essential in research because research data should be published in international peer-reviewed journals, and laboratory results must be repeatable. In 2007, the University Clinical Research Center (UCRC’s) biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory joined the EQA program with the College of American Pathologists in acid-fast staining and culture and identification of mycobacteria as per laboratory accreditation preparedness. Thus, after 11 years of participation, the goal of our study was to evaluate the performance of our laboratory during the different interlaboratory surveys. Methods: We conducted a descriptive retrospective study to evaluate the results of UCRC mycobacteriology laboratory from surveys conducted during 2007 and 2017. Results: Of the 22 evaluations, the laboratory had satisfactory (100% of concordance results) in 18 (81.8%) and good (80% of concordance results) in 4 (18.2%). Overall, the laboratory was above the commended/accepted limits of 75%. Conclusion: So far, UCRC’s BSL-3 performed well during the first 11 years of survey participation, and efforts should be deployed to maintain this high quality in the preparedness for laboratory accreditation and support to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Coulibaly
- University Clinical Research Center-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - B Kone
- University Clinical Research Center-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - M Sanogo
- University Clinical Research Center-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - A C G Togo
- University Clinical Research Center-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - B Diarra
- University Clinical Research Center-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Y S Sarro
- University Clinical Research Center-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - A B Cisse
- National Referral Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Public Health, INSP, Bamako, Mali
| | - O Kodio
- University Clinical Research Center-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - G Coulibaly
- University Clinical Research Center-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - M Kone
- University Clinical Research Center-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - B Baya
- University Clinical Research Center-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - M Maiga
- University Clinical Research Center-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali; Center for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D Dabitao
- University Clinical Research Center-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - M Belson
- Collaborative Clinical Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - S Dao
- University Clinical Research Center-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - S Diallo
- University Clinical Research Center-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - M Diakite
- University Clinical Research Center-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - A H Babana
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - S Doumbia
- University Clinical Research Center-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
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5
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Diarra B, Tolofoudie M, Sarro YS, Togo ACG, Bane S, Nientao I, Cisse AB, Kone M, Somboro A, Degoga B, Diallo F, Coulibaly G, Kodio O, Sanogo M, Kone B, Diabate S, Baya B, Kone A, Dabitao D, Maiga M, Belson M, Dao S, Maiga II, Murphy RL, Siddiqui S, Toloba Y, Konate B, Doumbia S, de Jong BC, Diallo S. Diabetes Mellitus among new tuberculosis patients in Bamako, Mali. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2019; 17:100128. [PMID: 31788570 PMCID: PMC6879999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2019.100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diabetes Mellitus (DM) increases worldwide, mostly in low- and middle-income countries. In Mali, the prevalence in the adult population is estimated at 1.8%, but tuberculosis (TB) patients are not systematically screened. The goal of our study was to determine the prevalence of DM among newly diagnosed TB patients. Methods We conducted a cross sectional study and a pilot prospective cohort study in four health centers in Bamako. All patients underwent fasting capillary-blood glucose (FCBG) test at Day 0, and repeated after one-week of TB treatment. Venous FBG test was performed for discrepancies between the two FCBG results. Thereafter, FCBG was performed for pilot study at month-2 (M2) and M5 of TB treatment. Results Two hundred and one patients were enrolled in this study. Impaired fasting blood glucose was identified in 17 (8.5%), of whom 11 (5.5%) had DM (VFBG >7 mmol/L). Among patients with DM, seven (63.6%) had successful TB treatment outcome, versus 142 (74.7%) of those without DM (p = 0.64), and (OR: 1.69, 95%CI 0.47–6.02). Conclusion The prevalence of DM among TB patients in Bamako exceeds that of the general population and screening at TB diagnosis suffices to identify those with DM. Systematic screening of both diseases will allow better treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Diarra
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC)-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M Tolofoudie
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC)-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Y S Sarro
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC)-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - A C G Togo
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC)-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - S Bane
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC)-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - I Nientao
- Service de Médecine et d'Endocrinologie de l'hôpital du Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - A B Cisse
- Laboratoire National de Référence des Mycobactéries (LNR), Institut National de Recherche en Santé publique (INRSP), Bamako, Mali
| | - M Kone
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC)-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - A Somboro
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC)-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - B Degoga
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC)-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - F Diallo
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC)-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - G Coulibaly
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC)-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - O Kodio
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC)-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - M Sanogo
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC)-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - B Kone
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC)-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - S Diabate
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC)-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - B Baya
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC)-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - A Kone
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC)-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - D Dabitao
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC)-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - M Maiga
- Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - M Belson
- Collaborative Clinical Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - S Dao
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC)-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - I I Maiga
- Laboratoire d'analyses Médicales et Hygiène Hospitalière du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Point-G, Bamako, Mali
| | - R L Murphy
- Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - S Siddiqui
- Collaborative Clinical Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Y Toloba
- Service de Pneumo-phtisiologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Point-G, Bamako, Mali
| | - B Konate
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Tuberculose (PNLT), Ministère de la santé et de l'hygiène publique, Bamako, Mali
| | - S Doumbia
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC)-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - B C de Jong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - S Diallo
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC)-SEREFO-Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
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6
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Kone B, Maiga M, Baya B, Sarro YDS, Coulibaly N, Kone A, Diarra B, Sanogo M, Togo ACG, Goita D, Dembele M, Polis MA, Warfield J, Belson M, Dao S, Orsega S, Murphy RL, Diallo S, Siddiqui S. Establishing Reference Ranges of Hematological Parameters from Malian Healthy Adults. J Blood Lymph 2017; 7:154. [PMID: 29423342 PMCID: PMC5800422 DOI: 10.4172/2165-7831.1000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Measurement of immuno-hematological parameters has been historically helpful in the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of many infectious diseases and cancers. However, these parameters have not yet been established in many developing countries where patient care strongly relies on such low-cost tests. This study describes the immuno-hematological parameter ranges for Malian healthy adults. METHODS A cross sectional study was conducted from August 2004 to May 2013. We included 213 healthy volunteers (173 male and 40 female), aged between 18-59 years. Median, 2.5 and 97.5 percentile ranges for each immuno-hematological parameter are presented. RESULTS In our study population, the hematological parameters' ranges were mostly different to the universal established ranges. We found in our population a Median white blood cell (WBC) count of 5200 cells/μL [3237.5-11900], Red Blood Cell (RBC) count of 4.94 10^6 [3.56-6.17], hemoglobin (Hb) of 14.2 g/dL [12.2-17.38], platelet count (Plt) of 275 10^3/μL [145.4-614.4], lymphocytes 2050/μL [1200-3800], neutrophils 2200/μL [1040-6220]; monocytes 200/μL [100-660]; eosinophils 131/μL [0-1026]; CD4 902 cells/μL [444-1669] and CD8 485 cells/μL [0-1272]. We found significant gender differences in RBC, Hb level and MPV. However, RBC and Hb were higher in males median values compared to females (median values) (p<0.001), whereas the Mean platelet volume lower values (MPV) in males than females (P<0.047). The hemoglobin level for some West African countries (Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, and Nigeria) ranged from 13.5 to 15.1 g/dL for males and 12 to 13 g/dL for females. However in East and Southern Africa, the values were anywhere from 14.1 to 16.1 for males and 11.2 to 14.4 for females. CONCLUSION Our data may help physicians to better define hematological abnormalities in patients. They may also be used to define new "normal hematological values" in Malian population or in the whole West African population.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kone
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - M Maiga
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., in support to NIAID, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - B Baya
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - YDS Sarro
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - N Coulibaly
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - A Kone
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - B Diarra
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - M Sanogo
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - ACG Togo
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - D Goita
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - M Dembele
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - MA Polis
- National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - J Warfield
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., in support to NIAID, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - M Belson
- National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - S Dao
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - S Orsega
- National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - RL Murphy
- Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - S Diallo
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - S Siddiqui
- National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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7
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Sanogo M, Kone B, Diarra B, Maiga M, Baya B, Somboro AM, Sarro YS, Togo ACG, Dembele BPP, Goita D, Kone A, M'Baye O, Coulibaly N, Diabate S, Traore B, Diallo MH, Coulibaly YI, Saleeb P, Belson M, Orsega S, Siddiqui S, Polis MA, Dao S, Murphy RL, Diallo S. Performance of microscopic observation drug susceptibility for the rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis and detection of drug resistance in Bamako, Mali. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 23:408.e1-408.e6. [PMID: 28110049 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In Mali early detection and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are still challenging due to the cost, time and/or complexity associated with regular tests. Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility (MODS) is a low-cost assay validated by WHO in 2010. It is a liquid-culture-based assay to detect the 'cording' characteristic of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and to assess susceptibility to both isoniazid and rifampicin defining multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). In this study we aimed to evaluate the performance of MODS as diagnostic tool compared with a validated method-Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube/Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing/Streptomycin, Isoniazid, Rifampicin and Ethambutol (MGIT/AST/SIRE). METHODS AND RESULTS Between January 2010 and October 2015 we included 98 patients with suspected TB in an observational cohort study. The sensitivity and specificity of MODS assay for detecting TB were respectively 94.12% and 85.71% compared with the reference MGIT/7H11 culture, with a Cohen κ coefficient of 0.78 (95% CI 0.517-1.043). The median time to culture positivity for MODS assay and MGIT (plus interquartile range, IQR) was respectively 8 days (IQR 5-11) and 6 days (IQR 5-6). In detecting patients with MDR-TB, the sensitivity and specificity of MODS assay were respectively 100% and 95.92%. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value were, respectively, 66.7% and 100%. The median turnaround times for obtaining MDR-TB results using MODS assay and MGIT/AST/SIRE was respectively 9 days and 35 days. Hence, the MODS assay rapidly identifies MDR-TB in Mali compared with the MGIT/AST/SIRE. CONCLUSION As an easy, simple, fast and affordable method, the MODS assay could significantly improve the management of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sanogo
- SEREFO Laboratories of the University Clinical Research Centre, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - B Kone
- SEREFO Laboratories of the University Clinical Research Centre, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - B Diarra
- SEREFO Laboratories of the University Clinical Research Centre, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Biomedical Department, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - M Maiga
- SEREFO Laboratories of the University Clinical Research Centre, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., NCI Campus at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - B Baya
- SEREFO Laboratories of the University Clinical Research Centre, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - A M Somboro
- SEREFO Laboratories of the University Clinical Research Centre, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Y S Sarro
- SEREFO Laboratories of the University Clinical Research Centre, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - A C G Togo
- SEREFO Laboratories of the University Clinical Research Centre, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - B P P Dembele
- SEREFO Laboratories of the University Clinical Research Centre, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - D Goita
- SEREFO Laboratories of the University Clinical Research Centre, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - A Kone
- SEREFO Laboratories of the University Clinical Research Centre, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - O M'Baye
- SEREFO Laboratories of the University Clinical Research Centre, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - N Coulibaly
- SEREFO Laboratories of the University Clinical Research Centre, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - S Diabate
- SEREFO Laboratories of the University Clinical Research Centre, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - B Traore
- SEREFO Laboratories of the University Clinical Research Centre, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - M H Diallo
- SEREFO Laboratories of the University Clinical Research Centre, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Y I Coulibaly
- Filariasis Unit of the Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC), USTTB, Bamako, Mali
| | - P Saleeb
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Belson
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Orsega
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Siddiqui
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M A Polis
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Dao
- SEREFO Laboratories of the University Clinical Research Centre, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - R L Murphy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S Diallo
- SEREFO Laboratories of the University Clinical Research Centre, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
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8
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Diarra B, Goita D, Tounkara S, Sanogo M, Baya B, Togo ACG, Maiga M, Sarro YS, Kone A, Kone B, M'Baye O, Coulibaly N, Kassambara H, Cisse A, Belson M, Polis MA, Otu J, Gehre F, Antonio M, Dao S, Siddiqui S, Murphy RL, de Jong BC, Diallo S. Tuberculosis drug resistance in Bamako, Mali, from 2006 to 2014. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:714. [PMID: 27894266 PMCID: PMC5126865 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although Drug resistance tuberculosis is not a new phenomenon, Mali remains one of the “blank” countries without systematic data. Methods Between 2006 and 2014, we enrolled pulmonary TB patients from local TB diagnostics centers and a university referral hospital in several observational cohort studies. These consecutive patients had first line drug susceptibility testing (DST) performed on their isolates. A subset of MDR was subsequently tested for second line drug resistance. Results A total of 1186 mycobacterial cultures were performed on samples from 522 patients, including 1105 sputa and 81 blood samples, yielding one or more Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (Mtbc) positive cultures for 343 patients. Phenotypic DST was performed on 337 (98.3%) unique Mtbc isolates, of which 127 (37.7%) were resistant to at least one drug, including 75 (22.3%) with multidrug resistance (MDR). The overall prevalence of MDR-TB was 3.4% among new patients and 66.3% among retreatment patients. Second line DST was available for 38 (50.7%) of MDR patients and seven (18.4%) had resistance to either fluoroquinolones or second-line injectable drugs. Conclusion The drug resistance levels, including MDR, found in this study are relatively high, likely related to the selected referral population. While worrisome, the numbers remained stable over the study period. These findings prompt a nationwide drug resistance survey, as well as continuous surveillance of all retreatment patients, which will provide more accurate results on countrywide drug resistance rates and ensure that MDR patients access appropriate second line treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-2060-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Diarra
- SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - D Goita
- SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - S Tounkara
- SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - M Sanogo
- SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - B Baya
- SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - A C G Togo
- SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - M Maiga
- SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Y S Sarro
- SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - A Kone
- SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - B Kone
- SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - O M'Baye
- SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - N Coulibaly
- SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - H Kassambara
- SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - A Cisse
- Laboratoire National de Référence des Mycobactéries (LNR), Institut National de Recherche en Santé publique (INRSP), Bamako, Mali
| | - M Belson
- CCRB, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M A Polis
- CCRB, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Otu
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Atlantic Boulevard, Medical Research Council (MRC), Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - F Gehre
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Atlantic Boulevard, Medical Research Council (MRC), Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M Antonio
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Atlantic Boulevard, Medical Research Council (MRC), Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia.,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - S Dao
- SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - S Siddiqui
- CCRB, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R L Murphy
- Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - B C de Jong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - S Diallo
- SEREFO Program, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
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9
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Hoenen T, Safronetz D, Groseth A, Wollenberg KR, Koita OA, Diarra B, Fall IS, Haidara FC, Diallo F, Sanogo M, Sarro YS, Kone A, Togo ACG, Traore A, Kodio M, Dosseh A, Rosenke K, de Wit E, Feldmann F, Ebihara H, Munster VJ, Zoon KC, Feldmann H, Sow S. Virology. Mutation rate and genotype variation of Ebola virus from Mali case sequences. Science 2015; 348:117-9. [PMID: 25814067 PMCID: PMC11045032 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa5646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of Ebola virus (EBOV) in West Africa during 2013-2015 is unprecedented. Early reports suggested that in this outbreak EBOV is mutating twice as fast as previously observed, which indicates the potential for changes in transmissibility and virulence and could render current molecular diagnostics and countermeasures ineffective. We have determined additional full-length sequences from two clusters of imported EBOV infections into Mali, and we show that the nucleotide substitution rate (9.6 × 10(-4) substitutions per site per year) is consistent with rates observed in Central African outbreaks. In addition, overall variation among all genotypes observed remains low. Thus, our data indicate that EBOV is not undergoing rapid evolution in humans during the current outbreak. This finding has important implications for outbreak response and public health decisions and should alleviate several previously raised concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hoenen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - D Safronetz
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - A Groseth
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - K R Wollenberg
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - O A Koita
- Center of Research and Training for HIV and Tuberculosis, University of Science, Technique and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - B Diarra
- Center of Research and Training for HIV and Tuberculosis, University of Science, Technique and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - I S Fall
- World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali
| | - F C Haidara
- Centre des Operations d'Urgence, Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Centre National d'Appui à la lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Sante et de l'Hygiène Publique, Bamako, Mali
| | - F Diallo
- Centre des Operations d'Urgence, Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Centre National d'Appui à la lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Sante et de l'Hygiène Publique, Bamako, Mali
| | - M Sanogo
- Center of Research and Training for HIV and Tuberculosis, University of Science, Technique and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - Y S Sarro
- Center of Research and Training for HIV and Tuberculosis, University of Science, Technique and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - A Kone
- Center of Research and Training for HIV and Tuberculosis, University of Science, Technique and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - A C G Togo
- Center of Research and Training for HIV and Tuberculosis, University of Science, Technique and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - A Traore
- Centre des Operations d'Urgence, Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Centre National d'Appui à la lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Sante et de l'Hygiène Publique, Bamako, Mali
| | - M Kodio
- Centre des Operations d'Urgence, Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Centre National d'Appui à la lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Sante et de l'Hygiène Publique, Bamako, Mali
| | - A Dosseh
- World Health Organization Inter-Country Support Team, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - K Rosenke
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - E de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - F Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - H Ebihara
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - V J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - K C Zoon
- Office of the Scientific Director, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA
| | - H Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
| | - S Sow
- Centre des Operations d'Urgence, Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Centre National d'Appui à la lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Sante et de l'Hygiène Publique, Bamako, Mali.
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