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Kuo JTW, Wu T, Lucio-Forster A. Baylisascaris procyonis (Raccoon roundworm). Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:350-351. [PMID: 38151360 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy Wu
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
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2
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Wu TK, Kaneko S, Lucio-Forster A, Spagnoli S, Schultz-Powell L, Liotta J, Bowman D. Cestodiasis in 2 Puerto Rican crested anoles. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:258-261. [PMID: 38362634 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241229072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Two adult male Puerto Rican crested anoles (Anolis cristatellus cristatellus) housed in a research facility were presented with debilitation and were euthanized. On autopsy, anole 1 had a large cystic white structure in the left pelvic limb, which protruded through the ruptured epidermis, and a large, poorly demarcated swelling in the right caudal abdomen. Anole 2 had masses in the mid-dorsum, caudal dorsum, left pelvic limb, and tail. These masses contained variably sized cestode larvae, which ruptured into the coelomic cavity. Evaluation of the larvae revealed a thickened and wrinkled anterior end, with a cleft-like invagination, consistent with either a plerocercoid sparganum or a tetrathyridium. Histologically, several cestode larvae were contained in the body wall of both anoles. These were up to 650 μm in diameter, with a thin tegument and a spongy parenchyma. The spongy parenchyma contained numerous, up to 30 μm diameter, sharply demarcated, basophilic-to-black structures (calcareous corpuscles). There was pneumonia and hepatitis in anole 2, suggestive of potential secondary infection subsequent to immunosuppression. Molecular amplification of the cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 revealed 100% homology for the COX1 gene of the diphyllobothriid tapeworm Spirometra erinaceieuropaei, also known as Spirometra mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Stacy Kaneko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Araceli Lucio-Forster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sean Spagnoli
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Janice Liotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Dwight Bowman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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3
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Clair LS, Hopf-Dennis C, Peters-Kennedy J, Lucio-Forster A, Childs-Sanford S. SARCOPTIC MANGE IN FREE-RANGING NORTH AMERICAN PORCUPINES (ERETHIZON DORSATUM) IN NEW YORK STATE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 54:855-864. [PMID: 38252012 DOI: 10.1638/2023-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcoptic mange causes pruritic and crusting dermatitis in a large number of mammalian species with varying population impacts. Between 2016 and 2022, 15 North American porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) were diagnosed with sarcoptic mange at Cornell University's Janet L. Swanson Wildlife Hospital in Ithaca, New York. Disease severity varied among individuals but all shared a similar unique presentation with thick, pale tan to yellow crusts limited in distribution to the ventral, nonquilled areas of the body, including the ventral abdomen and thorax, distal limbs, and face. The thick, hard nature of the crusts resulted in additional complications in many individuals, including inability to move the jaw and cracking and fissuring of the crusts and skin over joints of the limbs. Mites were plentiful within the crusts, with some burrowing into the epidermis as deep as the stratum spinosum. Secondary bacterial and/or fungal dermatitis were common, resulting in sepsis and death in three of the porcupines. Treatment with avermectins (ivermectin and/or selamectin) for 4-5 wk was successful in 12 cases in combination with other supportive care measures, including subcutaneous fluids, antimicrobials, and analgesics. Porcupines were hospitalized for an average of 18 d (ranging from 7 to 50 d) prior to transfer to a licensed wildlife rehabilitator for continued treatment and eventual release back into the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura St Clair
- Janet L. Swanson Wildlife Hospital, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA,
| | - Cynthia Hopf-Dennis
- Janet L. Swanson Wildlife Hospital, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jeanine Peters-Kennedy
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Araceli Lucio-Forster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sara Childs-Sanford
- Janet L. Swanson Wildlife Hospital, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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4
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Nagamori Y, Scimeca R, Hall-Sedlak R, Blagburn B, Starkey LA, Bowman DD, Lucio-Forster A, Little SE, Cree T, Loenser M, Larson BS, Penn C, Rhodes A, Goldstein R. Multicenter evaluation of the Vetscan Imagyst system using Ocus 40 and EasyScan One scanners to detect gastrointestinal parasites in feces of dogs and cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:32-40. [PMID: 38014739 PMCID: PMC10734580 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231216185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vetscan Imagyst system (Zoetis) is a novel, artificial intelligence-driven detection tool that can assist veterinarians in the identification of enteric parasites in dogs and cats. This system consists of a sample preparation device, an automated digital microscope scanner, and a deep-learning algorithm. The EasyScan One scanner (Motic) has had good diagnostic performance compared with manual examinations by experts; however, there are drawbacks when used in veterinary practices in which space for equipment is often limited. To improve the usability of this system, we evaluated an additional scanner, the Ocus 40 (Grundium). Our objectives were to 1) qualitatively evaluate the performance of the Vetscan Imagyst system with the Ocus 40 scanner for identifying Ancylostoma, Toxocara, and Trichuris eggs, Cystoisospora oocysts, and Giardia cysts in canine and feline fecal samples, and 2) expand the assessment of the performance of the Vetscan Imagyst system paired with either the Ocus 40 or EasyScan One scanner to include a larger dataset of 2,191 fecal samples obtained from 4 geographic regions of the United States. When tested with 852 canine and feline fecal samples collected from different geographic regions, the performance of the Vetscan Imagyst system combined with the Ocus 40 scanner was correlated closely with manual evaluations by experts. Sensitivities were 80.0‒97.0% and specificities were 93.7‒100.0% across the targeted parasites. When tested with 1,339 fecal samples, the Vetscan Imagyst system paired with the EasyScan One scanner successfully identified the targeted parasite stages; sensitivities were 73.6‒96.4% and specificities were 79.7‒100.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Scimeca
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | | | - Byron Blagburn
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Lindsay A. Starkey
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Dwight D. Bowman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Araceli Lucio-Forster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Susan E. Little
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Travis Cree
- Zoetis, Global Diagnostics, Parsippany, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Cory Penn
- Zoetis, Global Diagnostics, Parsippany, NJ, USA
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Kim J, Lucio-Forster A, Ketzis JK. Ancylostoma in dogs in the Caribbean: a review and study from St. Kitts, West Indies. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:139. [PMID: 35449121 PMCID: PMC9027451 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the prevalence of Ancylostoma in dogs in the Caribbean. In view of the number of owned free-roaming and feral dogs within the islands and the ideal subtropical climate for parasite development and environmental survival, Ancylostoma could pose a threat to the health of the dogs as well as a zoonotic risk to people. Methods To determine whether generalities about Ancylostoma in dogs in the Caribbean could be made and to obtain a better understanding of the prevalence, published (Scielo, Scopus, and PubMed databases) and gray (e.g., student theses, conference presentations) literature was reviewed. Retrieved manuscripts were screened, and relevant data (year, location, dog population, method of diagnosis, positivity rate) were extracted. Data from two dog populations on St. Kitts also were included: a 2014 field study involving dogs with limited veterinary care and data from the Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine’s Veterinary Clinic records for 2018–2019. Results Fourteen manuscripts from the 1950s to 2019, representing ten of the Caribbean islands/countries and the Bahamas, were identified. Methods of diagnosing infection status ranged from simple qualitative or quantitative flotation methods to centrifugation with Sheather’s sugar flotation solution or necropsy. Dog populations sampled included stray, owned free-roaming, and owned confined. Reported rates of Ancylostoma infection ranged from 10 to 91%. Studies from the last 10 years indicate positivity rates of 21 to 73%. Ancylostoma positivity rates in the St. Kitts’ populations were 61% and 10% for the 2014 and 2018–2019 populations, respectively. Conclusions There was no indication that hookworm prevalence has changed over time in the Caribbean, and there were no obvious differences between owned and unowned dogs or free-roaming and confined dogs. The data from St. Kitts were on par with positivity rates from the other islands within the last 10 years and reflective of the impact that veterinary care, including anthelmintic treatment, is expected to have on parasites in pets. There is a clear need to expand the available data for the region and improve control programs for Ancylostoma infections to protect both canine and human health. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05254-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Araceli Lucio-Forster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer K Ketzis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
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6
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Schlesener BN, Peck EA, Teplitz EM, Espinheira Gomes F, Bowman DD, Lucio-Forster A, Ledbetter EC. Feline ophthalmomyiasis externa caused by Cuterebra larvae: four cases (2005-2020). J Feline Med Surg 2021; 24:189-197. [PMID: 33988048 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211013021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CASE SERIES SUMMARY Described are four cats diagnosed with ophthalmomyiasis externa caused by Cuterebra larvae. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to identify cats with ophthalmomyiasis externa between 2005 and 2020 at Cornell University Hospital for Animals. Signalment, history, clinical and diagnostic findings, treatment and outcome were recorded. All cats were young (< 3 years of age), had outdoor access and were initially examined during the summer months. All cases had unilateral disease with the right eye affected. Two cases had nictitating membrane lesions and two had orbital disease. Concurrent superficial corneal ulceration was present in three cats. Two cats suffered from pyrexia, suspected secondary to inflammation from the larval infestation. Successful larval removal was performed in all cats, which resulted in improvement of discomfort and clinical signs. A corneal ulcer persisted in one cat, which was lost to follow-up prior to ulcer resolution. Parasite identification confirmed Cuterebra species infestation in all cases. RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of feline ophthalmomyiasis externa caused by Cuterebra species. Parasite removal was successful in restoring comfort and resolving clinical signs in all cats with adequate follow-up information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N Schlesener
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Peck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Eric M Teplitz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Filipe Espinheira Gomes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Dwight D Bowman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Araceli Lucio-Forster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Eric C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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7
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Ketzis JK, Lucio-Forster A. Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati in domestic dogs and cats in the United States, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean: A review. Adv Parasitol 2020; 109:655-714. [PMID: 32381223 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Toxocara prevalence ranges from 0 to >87% and 0 to >60% in dogs and cats, respectively, within the United States, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. Higher prevalence occurs in animals less than 1 year of age. Overall, prevalence is higher in cats compared to dogs. The lowest prevalence occurs in the US owned dog population. Specific populations in this industrialized nation, in animal shelters or resource-limited locations, have prevalences similar to those seen in populations from other regions reviewed here. Conversely, subpopulations in Central America and the Caribbean have very low prevalence. Apparent contributors to prevalence, excluding animal age and climate, are socio-economic factors, attitudes towards pet management and animal population density. The lack of data from some regions pose a challenge in assessing trends; however, with the exception of the US owned dog population, there is no strong indication of any decrease in prevalence from historical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Ketzis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies.
| | - Araceli Lucio-Forster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Little SE, Barrett AW, Beall MJ, Bowman DD, Dangoudoubiyam S, Elsemore DA, Liotta J, Lucio-Forster A, McCrann DJ, Snowden KF, Starkey LA, Tasse S. Coproantigen Detection Augments Diagnosis of Common Nematode Infections in Dogs. Top Companion Anim Med 2019; 35:42-46. [PMID: 31122687 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Microscopic methods which employ active or passive flotation have been used to detect parasite diagnostic stages in the feces of companion animals for many years. More recently, coproantigen ELISAs for the detection of excretory/secretory products from intestinal nematodes have been introduced. These assays can identify the presence of parasites when eggs are not recovered by flotation (e.g. prepatent infection or intermittent egg shedding). The study was designed to assess the added benefit of these coproantigen tests in canine fecal diagnostics. The work was performed at 3 separate sites where canine fecal samples were each independently evaluated by both centrifugal flotation with an expert examiner (CFE) and passive flotation with a less experienced examiner. All samples were also tested using coproantigen ELISA to detect ascarid, hookworm, or whipworm antigen (IDEXX Laboratories, Inc, Westbrook, Maine). A total of 1202 samples were collected; 626 were from shelter dogs and 576 were from pet dogs. CFE recovered ascarid eggs in 58 samples, hookworm eggs in 229 samples, and whipworm eggs in 95 samples. Of the positive samples identified by CFE, the PFE and ELISA identified 40 and 51 ascarid samples, 188 and 203 hookworm samples, and 65 and 67 whipworm positive samples, respectively. The coproantigen ELISA identified 8 ascarid, 82 hookworm, and 22 whipworm positive samples that were not detected by CFE. The combined results of passive flotation and the coproantigen ELISA improved the percent agreement with centrifugal flotation, suggesting that greater sensitivity of detection may be achieved through the use of complementary diagnostic methods. However, errors of misidentification and poor recovery apparently introduced by less experienced examiners using an inferior flotation method remained. A diagnostic approach that combines coproantigen assays with centrifugal flotation and examination by an expert allows detection of more ascarid, hookworm, and whipworm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Little
- Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, OK 74074, USA.
| | - Anne W Barrett
- Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, OK 74074, USA
| | | | - Dwight D Bowman
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | - Janice Liotta
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | - Karen F Snowden
- Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Lindsay A Starkey
- Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, OK 74074, USA; Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Sarah Tasse
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA; Pine Point Veterinary Hospital, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
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Vatta AF, Myers MR, Bowman DD, Rugg JJ, Damrah L, Therrien C, Liotta JL, Lucio-Forster A, King VL, Rugg D. Efficacy and safety of a new topical formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner in the treatment and control of natural infections of Ancylostoma tubaeforme and Toxocara cati in cats presented as veterinary patients in the United States. Vet Parasitol 2018; 270 Suppl 1:S45-S51. [PMID: 30470638 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A new topical formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner (Revolution® Plus/Stronghold® Plus, Zoetis) was evaluated in the treatment and control of naturally occurring infections of Ancylostoma tubaeforme and Toxocara cati in cats presented as veterinary patients in the United States. Three thousand three hundred three (3303) cats were screened in 25 veterinary practices in 15 states and 153 hookworm-positive cats (A. tubaeforme and/or A. braziliense), mainly from Alabama, Mississippi, Texas, and Hawaii, were identified; 135 cats met all the criteria for enrollment and were included on study. The cats were randomly assigned to treatment with Revolution® (at the label dosage, to provide a minimum dosage of 6 mg/kg selamectin) or selamectin plus sarolaner (at a dosage of 6-12 mg/kg plus 1-2 mg/kg, respectively). Treatments were administered at the time of enrollment and repeated 30 days later. Fecal samples were collected for differential fecal egg count prior to the first treatment (Day 0), prior to the second treatment (Day 30), and approximately 30 days later (Day 60). Efficacy was based on the percentage reductions in geometric mean fecal egg count for A. tubaeforme on Day 30 and Day 60 compared with Day 0. Where cats were co-infected with T. cati, efficacy against this species was also evaluated. Efficacy data were evaluated for A. tubaeforme for 40 cats on both Day 30 and Day 60 for the group treated with the selamectin/sarolaner combination and reductions in geometric mean fecal egg counts of 99.4% and 99.7% were demonstrated for Day 30 and Day 60, respectively. For the group treated with selamectin alone, 44 and 40 cats were evaluated and percent reductions for Day 30 and Day 60 were 99.5% and 99.9%, respectively. For T. cati, 14 cats were evaluated in the selamectin/sarolaner-treated group for Day 30 and for Day 60, and the reduction in geometric mean fecal egg count was 100% for both days. There were 11 and 9 cats evaluated for Day 30 and Day 60, respectively, for the selamectin-treated group and the reduction was again 100% for both days. The geometric mean fecal egg counts post-treatment were significantly lower than pre-treatment for both A. tubaeforme and T. cati, for both treatments, and for both periods of interest (P < 0.0001). No serious adverse events related to treatment with either product occurred during the study. Thus, both selamectin alone and the combination product of selamectin/sarolaner were safe and effective when administered on a monthly basis for the treatment and control of natural infections of A. tubaeforme and T. cati. The addition of sarolaner to the formulation did not interfere with the efficacy of selamectin against these nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano F Vatta
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA.
| | - Melanie R Myers
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Dwight D Bowman
- Cornell University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jady J Rugg
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Lina Damrah
- The Veterinary Consultancy, LLC, 110 Summit Avenue, Montvale, NJ, 07645, USA
| | - Carole Therrien
- The Veterinary Consultancy, LLC, 110 Summit Avenue, Montvale, NJ, 07645, USA
| | - Janice L Liotta
- Cornell University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Araceli Lucio-Forster
- Cornell University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Vickie L King
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Douglas Rugg
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
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Medeiros KL, Lucio-Forster A, Bowman DD. Evaluation of Parasite Egg and Cyst Recovery Using Devices Designed for Centrifugal or Stationary Flotation. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2018; 54:36-45. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Two new devices (OT, ST), were recently introduced for the recovery of parasite eggs and cysts for microscopic examination. These devices, two stationary flotation devices, and a standard double-centrifugal sugar-flotation were compared using common flotation solutions and methods recommended by the manufacturers for the recovery of hookworm, ascaridoid, and whipworm eggs from companion animal fecal samples. Additionally, the recovery of Giardia cysts in the OT device using a zinc sulfate versus sodium nitrate solution was evaluated. Double-centrifugal sugar-flotation (1.30 specific gravity) was the most sensitive method for the recovery of the nematode eggs from feces of companion animals. Overall, centrifugation increased the recovery of eggs as compared with standing flotation methods, with the ST performing equivalently to the OT. Although these more recently introduced tests have good sensitivities for the nematodes tested, egg recovery was routinely markedly less than that achieved by standard double-centrifugal sugar-flotation, and false-negatives did occur. Still, the OT and ST generally have increased recoveries over the two standing flotation devices, and are significantly better than these for the recovery of ascaridoid and whipworm eggs from dog and cat samples. Zinc sulfate (1.18 specific gravity) is recommended for the recovery of Giardia cysts when using the OT device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsea L. Medeiros
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Araceli Lucio-Forster
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Dwight Douglas Bowman
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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11
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Elsemore DA, Geng J, Cote J, Hanna R, Lucio-Forster A, Bowman DD. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for coproantigen detection of Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis in dogs and Toxocara cati in cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:645-653. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638717706098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the development and field validation of 2 ELISAs for the detection of Ancylostoma caninum or Toxocara canis coproantigens in the feces of dogs with experimental and natural infections, and evidence of cross-reactivity with respective feline counterparts. A. caninum–specific coproantigens were detected in feces of experimentally infected dogs starting at 9 d post-infection (dpi), whereas eggs were not seen until 23 dpi. T. canis–specific coproantigens were detected in 3 of 5 experimentally infected dogs by 31 dpi, and 4 of the 5 animals by 38 dpi. T. canis eggs were seen in feces of 4 of the 5 animals by 38 dpi. One dog had delayed coproantigen detection and low egg output. Additionally, 817 canine and 183 feline fecal samples from naturally infected animals tested by flotation were subjected to coproantigen ELISA testing. Of these 1,000 canine and feline samples, 13 and 23 samples, respectively, were positive for “hookworm” or “roundworm” eggs; 19 and 26 samples were ELISA positive, respectively. The T. canis ELISA detected T. cati coproantigen in cat fecal samples. Discrepant ELISA and flotation results were obtained for 16 hookworm- and 13 roundworm-positive samples. Re-examination of the egg-positive, ELISA-negative samples indicated several instances of possible misidentification or coprophagy, whereas detection of antigen in samples without egg observations is likely a reflection of true infection status with egg shedding below detection levels. There is good indication, based on accumulated field data, that these antigen tests also detect other hookworm and ascarid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Elsemore
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME (Elsemore, Geng, Cote, Hanna)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Bowman, Lucio-Forster)
| | - Jinming Geng
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME (Elsemore, Geng, Cote, Hanna)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Bowman, Lucio-Forster)
| | - Jennifer Cote
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME (Elsemore, Geng, Cote, Hanna)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Bowman, Lucio-Forster)
| | - Rita Hanna
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME (Elsemore, Geng, Cote, Hanna)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Bowman, Lucio-Forster)
| | - Araceli Lucio-Forster
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME (Elsemore, Geng, Cote, Hanna)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Bowman, Lucio-Forster)
| | - Dwight D. Bowman
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME (Elsemore, Geng, Cote, Hanna)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Bowman, Lucio-Forster)
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12
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Lucio-Forster A, Mizhquiri Barbecho JS, Mohammed HO, Kornreich BG, Bowman DD. Comparison of the prevalence of Toxocara egg shedding by pet cats and dogs in the U.S.A., 2011–2014. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 2016; 5:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Horowitz IH, Dubielzig RR, Botero-Anug AM, Lucio-Forster A, Bowman DD, Rosenzweig AB, Frenkel S, Ofri R. Conjunctival habronemiasis in a square-lipped rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19:161-6. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igal H. Horowitz
- Tel-Aviv Ramat-Gan Zoological Center (Safari); Ramat-Gan 52109 Israel
| | - Richard R. Dubielzig
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin; Madison WI 53706 USA
| | | | - Araceli Lucio-Forster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Dwight D. Bowman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | | | - Shahar Frenkel
- Department of Ophthalmology; Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem 91120 Israel
| | - Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 761001 Israel
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14
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Hausmann JC, Mans C, Dreyfus J, Reavill DR, Lucio-Forster A, Bowman DD. Subspectacular nematodiasis caused by a novel Serpentirhabdias species in ball pythons (Python regius). J Comp Pathol 2015; 152:260-4. [PMID: 25670672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Subspectacular nematodiasis was diagnosed in three captive-bred juvenile ball pythons (Python regius) from two unrelated facilities within a 6-month period. The snakes were presented with similar lesions, including swelling of facial, periocular and oral tissues. Bilaterally, the subspectacular spaces were distended and filled with an opaque fluid, which contained nematodes and eggs. Histopathology showed nematodes throughout the periocular tissue, subspectacular space and subcutaneous tissue of the head. The nematodes from both facilities were morphologically indistinguishable and most closely resembled Serpentirhabdias species. Morphological characterization and genetic sequencing indicate this is a previously undescribed rhabdiasid nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Hausmann
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA
| | - C Mans
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - J Dreyfus
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA
| | - D R Reavill
- Zoo and Exotic Pathology Service, 2825 KOVR Drive, West Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - A Lucio-Forster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - D D Bowman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, USA
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15
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Lucio-Forster A, Liotta JL, Rishniw M, Bowman DD. Serpentirhabdias dubielzigin. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from Captive-Bred Ball Pythons,Python regius(Serpentes: Pythonidae) in the United States. COMP PARASITOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1654/4732rr.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Edelmann ML, Lucio-Forster A, Kern TJ, Bowman DD, Ledbetter EC. Ophthalmomyiasis interna anterior in a dog: keratotomy and extraction of a Cuterebra sp. larva. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 17:448-53. [PMID: 25186977 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 1-year-old female spayed mixed-breed dog was presented for evaluation of acute onset of lethargy and blepharospasm OD. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed a segmented larva embedded in the inferonasal iris. Moderate anterior uveitis was present. After pharmacologic dilation, mild vitreal hemorrhage and chorioretinal migration tracks were identified. The dog was treated empirically for uveitis for 5 days, after which a keratotomy and larval foreign body extraction was performed. The dog recovered uneventfully from intraocular surgery and remained visual and comfortable. Parasite evaluation confirmed the larva to be a Cuterebra sp. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of canine ophthalmomyiasis interna anterior, and the first report of successful surgical removal from the anterior segment in a dog with preservation of vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L Edelmann
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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17
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Elsemore DA, Geng J, Flynn L, Cruthers L, Lucio-Forster A, Bowman DD. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for coproantigen detection of Trichuris vulpis in dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:404-411. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638714528500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with Trichuris vulpis, the canine whipworm, may be challenging to diagnose even though characteristic bipolar eggs are shed by mature worms and may be recovered from feces. Decreased detection sensitivities because of using flotation solutions with specific gravities <1.3 and a lengthy prepatent period can lessen the diagnostician’s ability to detect infection. Coproantigen detection in feces is becoming an accepted form of diagnosing parasitic infections and can circumvent some of the factors that affect egg recovery. The development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of whipworm-specific coproantigens in the feces of dogs with experimental and natural T. vulpis infections is reported herein. Whipworm-specific coproantigens were evidenced in feces from experimentally infected dogs using the newly developed ELISA starting as early as day 23 postinfection, while eggs were not detected in feces until day 69. In addition, 1,156 field fecal samples were tested using fecal flotation methods and the newly developed whipworm ELISA. Of these, 27 samples were found by flotation to be whipworm egg positive, while 35 had detectable antigen on the ELISA. Discrepant results were obtained in 12 samples; 2 egg-positive samples tested ELISA negative, and 10 ELISA-positive samples did not contain detectable egg levels. Using the fecal ELISA for the detection of whipworms in dogs should allow for earlier detection of infection, aid the identification of cases in the face of low egg shedding, and increase detection sensitivity as most commercial laboratories are using flotation solutions not optimal for T. vulpis egg detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Elsemore
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME (Elsemore, Flynn, Geng)
- LCruthers Consulting, Chesapeake, VA (Cruthers)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Bowman, Lucio-Forster)
| | - Jinming Geng
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME (Elsemore, Flynn, Geng)
- LCruthers Consulting, Chesapeake, VA (Cruthers)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Bowman, Lucio-Forster)
| | - Laurie Flynn
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME (Elsemore, Flynn, Geng)
- LCruthers Consulting, Chesapeake, VA (Cruthers)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Bowman, Lucio-Forster)
| | - Larry Cruthers
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME (Elsemore, Flynn, Geng)
- LCruthers Consulting, Chesapeake, VA (Cruthers)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Bowman, Lucio-Forster)
| | - Araceli Lucio-Forster
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME (Elsemore, Flynn, Geng)
- LCruthers Consulting, Chesapeake, VA (Cruthers)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Bowman, Lucio-Forster)
| | - Dwight D. Bowman
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME (Elsemore, Flynn, Geng)
- LCruthers Consulting, Chesapeake, VA (Cruthers)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Bowman, Lucio-Forster)
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18
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Lucio-Forster A, Eberhard ML, Cama VA, Jenks MH, Jones C, Sanders SY, Pongratz JP, Bowman DD. First report of Dracunculus insignis in two naturally infected cats from the northeastern USA. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 16:194-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13502976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dracunculiasis is rarely reported in cats, yet over the last few years we have identified two cats with filarioid-like spirurid infections. Case 1 was a 9-year-old cat with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism from New York tate from which four adult dracunculoid nematodes were isolated from its torso. Based on morphometric characteristics and parasite geographic distribution, the specimens were identified as Dracunculus insignis females; at least one of the females was gravid, suggestive of patent infection. Species identification was confirmed through amplification and sequence analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial loci. Case 2 was a 14-year-old diabetic cat from Massachusetts. Formalin-fixed sections were obtained from a subcutaneous mass excised from the left foreleg. Histopathological examination revealed a large nematode with morphometrical characteristics of Dracunculus, surrounded by lymphocytes and sheets of eosinophils. These two cases appear to be the first published reports of dracunculiasis in domestic cats in the USA, and based on the findings from case 1, D insignis may be the species associated with both infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Lucio-Forster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Mark L Eberhard
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vitaliano A Cama
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary H Jenks
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Dwight D Bowman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
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19
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Briggs KR, Yaros JP, Liotta JL, Lucio-Forster A, Lee ACY, Bowman DD. Detecting Aelurostrongylus abstrusus-specific IgG antibody using an immunofluorescence assay. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:1114-8. [PMID: 23708183 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13489977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of feline lungworm, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, is typically achieved by identifying larvae in feces following concentration through flotation or using the Baermann technique. This work presents observations on the usefulness of an indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay for detection of antibodies to this parasite in the sera of infected cats. Using first-stage larvae of A abstrusus and sera from both experimentally and naturally infected cats, it was determined that the test was fairly sensitive and did not cross-react with serum from an Ancylostoma braziliense (hookworm)-infected cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn R Briggs
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
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20
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Lucio-Forster A, Liotta JL, Yaros JP, Briggs KR, Mohammed HO, Bowman DD. Morphological Differentiation of Eggs of Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma tubaeforme, and Ancylostoma braziliense From Dogs and Cats in the United States. J Parasitol 2012; 98:1041-4. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-2928.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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21
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Sukhumavasi W, Bellosa ML, Lucio-Forster A, Liotta JL, Lee ACY, Pornmingmas P, Chungpivat S, Mohammed HO, Lorentzen L, Dubey JP, Bowman DD. Serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii, Dirofilaria immitis, Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) and Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) infections in pet cats in Bangkok and vicinities, Thailand. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188:25-30. [PMID: 22497870 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infections was examined using serum or plasma samples from 746 pet cats collected between May and July 2009 from clinics and hospitals located in and around Bangkok, Thailand. The samples were tested for heartworm, FIV, and FeLV using a commercial ELISA. Of the 746 samples, 4.6% (34/746) were positive for heartworm antigen, 24.5% (183/746) had circulating FeLV antigen, and 20.1% (150/746) had antibodies against FIV. In addition, the first 348 submitted samples were tested for T. gondii antibodies using a modified agglutination test (MAT, cut off 1:25); 10.1% (35/348) were seropositive. Of the 348 cats sampled for all four pathogens, 11, 10, and 1 were positive for T. gondii antibodies and FIV antibodies, FeLV antigen, or D. immitis antigen, respectively. Of the 35 T. gondii-seropositive cats, 42.9% (15/35) were co-infected with at least one of the other three pathogens. The presence of antibodies to FIV was significantly associated with both age and gender, while FeLV antigen presence was only associated with age. In the case of FIV, males were twice as likely to be infected as females, and cats over 10 years of age were 13.5 times more likely to be infected than cats less than 1 year of age. FeLV antigen was more common in younger cats, with cats over 10 years of age being 10 times less likely to be FeLV positive than cats under 1 year of age. This is the first survey for these four pathogens affecting feline health in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woraporn Sukhumavasi
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Rd., Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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22
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Lucio-Forster A, Bowman DD. Prevalence of fecal-borne parasites detected by centrifugal flotation in feline samples from two shelters in upstate New York. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13:300-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Over a 3.5-year period, fecal samples from 1322 cats from two shelters and affiliated foster homes in upstate New York were processed for parasite detection by both 1.18 spg zinc sulfate and 1.3 spg sugar double centrifugal flotation. In 50.9% of the samples at least one parasite was detected. Overall, 18 different parasites ranging in prevalence from 0.2% to 21% were recovered. The most prevalent parasites of foster and shelter cats in this study were Cystoisospora species and Toxocara cati (21% prevalence, each). In order of percentage of positive samples, other findings were: Giardia species (8.9%), Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (6.2%), taeniid eggs (3.9%), Cryptosporidium species (3.8%), Aonchotheca species (3.7%), Eucoleus species (2.3%), Ancylostoma species (2.2%), Cheyletiella species (2.0%), Dipylidium caninum (1.1%), Otodectes species, Toxoplasma-like oocysts and Sarcocystis species (0.8% each), Demodex and Spirometra species (0.4% each), and Alaria species and Felicola subrostratus (0.2% each).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dwight D. Bowman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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23
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Lucio-Forster A, Sweetman AE, Ortved K, Russell DS, Bowman DD. First Report of Parascaris equorum in a White-Tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, from Mansfield, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. COMP PARASITOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1654/4434.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Lee ACY, Bowman DD, Lucio-Forster A, Beall MJ, Liotta JL, Dillon R. Evaluation of a new in-clinic method for the detection of canine heartworm antigen. Vet Parasitol 2010; 177:387-91. [PMID: 21211910 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Canine heartworm is endemic in many parts of the world, and veterinarians rely on rapid in-clinic antigen tests to screen for this infection. Recently, an in-clinic, instrument-based rotor employing a colloidal gold agglutination immunoassay was launched in the marketplace (VetScan VS2(®) Canine Heartworm (HW) Antigen Test Kit; Abaxis, Inc.). Because of the widespread use of heartworm prevention and possible false negative test results in dogs with low heartworm burdens, the performance of the VetScan VS2(®) HW test and a commercially available in-clinic, membrane-based ELISA test (SNAP(®) Heartworm RT Test; IDEXX Laboratories) was compared using samples from dogs with low heartworm burdens and/or low levels of circulating antigen. Ninety serum samples were evaluated using the two methods. Testing was performed according to the manufacturer's product insert by personnel blinded to sample status. The samples were derived from two populations: dogs with necropsy-confirmed heartworm status (40 with 1-4 female worms, 30 with no worms), and field dogs (20) confirmed positive for antigen by microtiter plate ELISA (PetChek(®) Heartworm PF Antigen Test; IDEXX Laboratories). All 40 dogs with heartworms on necropsy were also confirmed to have circulating antigen by the PetChek HW ELISA. In necropsy-negative dogs (n=30), neither the VetScan VS2 HW nor SNAP HW tests detected heartworm antigen. Of the samples testing positive for antigen by PetChek HW (n=60), the VetScan VS2 HW and SNAP HW tests detected antigen in 15 and 56 samples, respectively. Percent agreement (plus 95% confidence interval) for each test relative to the PetChek HW qualitative result was 50% (40-60%) for VetScan VS2 HW and 96% (89-98%) for SNAP HW. Relative to the presence or absence of female worms at necropsy, agreement was 61% (50-72%) for VetScan VS2 HW and 99% (92-99.6%) for SNAP HW tests. It is clinically important that dogs with low heartworm burdens and/or low levels of circulating heartworm antigen be correctly identified by veterinarians in order to ensure prompt treatment, and the VetScan(®) VS2 HW test does not appear to be as accurate as the SNAP HW or PetChek HW tests when performed on this subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice C Y Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Box 5, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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25
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Reinstein SL, Lucio-Forster A, Bowman DD, Eberhard ML, Hoberg EP, Pot SA, Miller PE. Surgical extraction of an intraocular infection ofParelaphostrongylus tenuisin a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 237:196-9. [PMID: 20632794 DOI: 10.2460/javma.237.2.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby L Reinstein
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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26
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Lucio-Forster A, Griffiths JK, Cama VA, Xiao L, Bowman DD. Minimal zoonotic risk of cryptosporidiosis from pet dogs and cats. Trends Parasitol 2010; 26:174-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Bowman DD, Lucio-Forster A. Cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in dogs and cats: Veterinary and public health importance. Exp Parasitol 2010; 124:121-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Mowlavi G, Naddaf S, Rezaeian M, Najafi N, Lucio-Forster A, Bowman D. Apparent pseudoparasitism of the alimentary canal of a 5-year-old child by the millipedeBrachyiulus lusitanus(Diplopoda: Julidae). Parasite 2009; 16:161-3. [DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2009162161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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29
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Özkan AT, Çelebi B, Babür C, Lucio-Forster A, Bowman DD, Lindsay DS. Investigation of Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Cats of the Ankara Region of Turkey Using the Sabin-Feldman Dye Test and an Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test. J Parasitol 2008; 94:817-20. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-1401.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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30
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Sun T, Bellosa ML, Lucio-Forster A, Ho DS, Bowman DD. A comparison of the protein constituents of the major body compartments of the dog roundworm, Toxocara canis. Vet Parasitol 2007; 150:111-5. [PMID: 17949909 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2007] [Revised: 08/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An analysis of the protein profiles of intact worms and isolated tissues of adult male and female Toxocara canis worms was conducted. Soluble proteins recovered from homogenized whole specimens and dissected tissues (body wall, reproductive tract, esophagus and intestine) of T. canis adults from several different canine hosts were separated by size using gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and visualized with silver staining. SDS-PAGE profiles of worms from different hosts were found to be virtually identical irrespective of sex or tissue type. Recovered proteins ranged in size from 3.4 to 325 kDa. As expected, variations existed between the protein profiles of different body tissues, with only slight variations between the sexes. The largest number of recovered proteins was present in the female reproductive tract extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Campus Road, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
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31
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Bowman DD, Liotta JL, McIntosh M, Lucio-Forster A. Ascaris suum Egg Inactivation and Destruction by the Vermicomposting Worm, Eisenia foetida. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.2175/193864706783796880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Butkus MA, Starke JA, Bowman DD, Labare M, Fogarty EA, Lucio-Forster A, Barbi J, Jenkins MB, Pavlo M. Do iodine water purification tablets provide an effective barrier against Cryptosporidium parvum? Mil Med 2005; 170:83-6. [PMID: 15724860 DOI: 10.7205/milmed.170.1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
U.S. Army Iodine Water Purification Tablets were tested to determine their efficacy against Cryptosporidium parvum, a protozoan resistant to chemical disinfection. Purified oocysts in phosphate-buffered water were treated with varying concentrations of iodine or with iodine tablets as per U.S. Army protocol. Neonatal mouse pups were then each inoculated with 10,000 treated oocysts, and 1 week later scored as infected or uninfected. Using this methodology, iodine tablets were found to be inadequate against C. parvum because the Army doctrinal dose of 560 mg min/L, calculated as 16 mg of I2/L and 35 minutes of contact time, showed less than 1 log inactivation. A dose of 29 mg of I2/L at the same contact time was required to achieve a 2 log inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Butkus
- Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, U.S. Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
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