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Marina CF, Bond JG, Hernández-Arriaga K, Valle J, Ulloa A, Fernández-Salas I, Carvalho DO, Bourtzis K, Dor A, Williams T, Liedo P. Population Dynamics of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Two Rural Villages in Southern Mexico: Baseline Data for an Evaluation of the Sterile Insect Technique. Insects 2021; 12:58. [PMID: 33440870 PMCID: PMC7827525 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Indoor and outdoor ovitraps were placed in 15 randomly selected houses in two rural villages in Chiapas, southern Mexico. In addition, ovitraps were placed in five transects surrounding each village, with three traps per transect, one at the edge, one at 50 m, and another at 100 m from the edge of the village. All traps were inspected weekly. A transect with eight traps along a road between the two villages was also included. Population fluctuations of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus were examined during 2016-2018 by counting egg numbers. A higher number of Aedes spp. eggs was recorded at Hidalgo village with 257,712 eggs (60.9%), of which 58.1% were present in outdoor ovitraps and 41.9% in indoor ovitraps, compared with 165,623 eggs (39.1%) collected in the village of Río Florido, 49.0% in outdoor and 51.0% in indoor ovitraps. A total of 84,047 eggs was collected from ovitraps placed along transects around Río Florido, compared to 67,542 eggs recorded from transects around Hidalgo. Fluctuations in egg counts were associated with annual variation in precipitation, with 2.3 to 3.2-fold more eggs collected from ovitraps placed in houses and 4.8 to 5.1-fold more eggs in ovitraps from the surrounding transects during the rainy season than in the dry season, respectively. Aedes aegypti was the dominant species during the dry season and at the start of the rainy season in both villages. Aedes albopictus populations were lower for most of the dry season, but increased during the rainy season and predominated at the end of the rainy season in both villages. Aedes albopictus was also the dominant species in the zones surrounding both villages. The numbers of eggs collected from intradomiciliary ovitraps were strongly correlated with the numbers of eggs in peridomiciliary ovitraps in both Río Florido (R2 adj = 0.92) and Hidalgo (R2 adj = 0.94), suggesting that peridomiciliary sampling could provide an accurate estimate of intradomiciliary oviposition by Aedes spp. in future studies in these villages. We conclude that the feasibility of sterile insect technique (SIT)-based program of vector control could be evaluated in the isolated Ae. aegypti populations in the rural villages of our baseline study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F. Marina
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública-INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico; (J.G.B.); (K.H.-A.); (A.U.); (I.F.-S.)
| | - J. Guillermo Bond
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública-INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico; (J.G.B.); (K.H.-A.); (A.U.); (I.F.-S.)
| | - Kenia Hernández-Arriaga
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública-INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico; (J.G.B.); (K.H.-A.); (A.U.); (I.F.-S.)
| | - Javier Valle
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico; (J.V.); (A.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Armando Ulloa
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública-INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico; (J.G.B.); (K.H.-A.); (A.U.); (I.F.-S.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas (UNACH), Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico
| | - Ildefonso Fernández-Salas
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública-INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico; (J.G.B.); (K.H.-A.); (A.U.); (I.F.-S.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León 66450, Mexico
| | - Danilo O. Carvalho
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA Laboratories, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; (D.O.C.); (K.B.)
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA Laboratories, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; (D.O.C.); (K.B.)
| | - Ariane Dor
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico; (J.V.); (A.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Trevor Williams
- Instituto de Ecología AC (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico;
| | - Pablo Liedo
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico; (J.V.); (A.D.); (P.L.)
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Ulloa A, Romero J, Vagnoni D, Trennepohl K. PSV-9 Effect of ensiling period and treatment on the composition and digestibility of olive pomace in beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky404.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Ulloa
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University,Ceres, CA, United States
| | - J Romero
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine,Orono, ME, United States
| | - D Vagnoni
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University,San Luis Obispo, CA, United States
| | - K Trennepohl
- School of Agriculture, Western Illinois University,Macomb, IL, United States
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Olsen J, Ridings J, Dickinson J, DeWing M, Pomerenke L, Sharon I, Dial C, Gascoigne A, Jones J, Olsen L, Foy JC, Clemons A, Durazo S, Ulloa A, Petit J. Patient Reported Outcomes From a Prospective Risk-Adapted Breast IORT Registry Trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.07.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lambert AJ, Fryxell RT, Freyman K, Ulloa A, Velez JO, Paulsen D, Lanciotti RS, Moncayo A. Comparative sequence analyses of La Crosse virus strain isolated from patient with fatal encephalitis, Tennessee, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:833-6. [PMID: 25898269 PMCID: PMC4412244 DOI: 10.3201/eid2105.141992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized a La Crosse virus (LACV) isolate from the brain of a child who died of encephalitis-associated complications in eastern Tennessee, USA, during summer 2012. We compared the isolate with LACV sequences from mosquitoes collected near the child's home just after his postmortem diagnosis. In addition, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of these and other sequences derived from LACV strains representing varied temporal, geographic, and ecologic origins. Consistent with historical findings, results of these analyses indicate that a limited range of LACV lineage I genotypes is associated with severe clinical outcomes.
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Fernández-Salas I, Danis-Lozano R, Casas-Martínez M, Ulloa A, Bond JG, Marina CF, Lopez-Ordóñez T, Elizondo-Quiroga A, Torres-Monzón JA, Díaz-González EE. Historical inability to control Aedes aegypti as a main contributor of fast dispersal of chikungunya outbreaks in Latin America. Antiviral Res 2015; 124:30-42. [PMID: 26518229 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The arrival of chikungunya fever (CHIKF) in Latin American countries has been expected to trigger epidemics and challenge health systems. Historically considered as dengue-endemic countries, abundant Aedes aegypti populations make this region highly vulnerable to chikungunya virus (CHIKV) circulation. This review describes the current dengue and CHIKF epidemiological situations, as well as the role of uncontrolled Ae. aegypti and Aedes albopictus vectors in spreading the emerging CHIKV. Comments are included relating to the vector competence of both species and failures of surveillance and vector control measures. Dengue endemicity is a reflection of these abundant and persistent Aedes populations that are now spreading CHIKV in the Americas. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "Chikungunya discovers the New World."
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildefonso Fernández-Salas
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, 4ª. Avenida Norte esq., 19ª. Calle Poniente s/n, Colonia Centro, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico; Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Carlos Canseco s/n, Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico; Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Ave Universidad, Pedro de Alba s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, 66450, Mexico.
| | - Rogelio Danis-Lozano
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, 4ª. Avenida Norte esq., 19ª. Calle Poniente s/n, Colonia Centro, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Casas-Martínez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, 4ª. Avenida Norte esq., 19ª. Calle Poniente s/n, Colonia Centro, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
| | - Armando Ulloa
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, 4ª. Avenida Norte esq., 19ª. Calle Poniente s/n, Colonia Centro, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
| | - J Guillermo Bond
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, 4ª. Avenida Norte esq., 19ª. Calle Poniente s/n, Colonia Centro, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
| | - Carlos F Marina
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, 4ª. Avenida Norte esq., 19ª. Calle Poniente s/n, Colonia Centro, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
| | - Teresa Lopez-Ordóñez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, 4ª. Avenida Norte esq., 19ª. Calle Poniente s/n, Colonia Centro, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
| | - Armando Elizondo-Quiroga
- Cátedra CONACYT/Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, 4ª. Avenida Norte esq., 19ª. Calle Poniente s/n, Colonia Centro, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
| | - Jorge A Torres-Monzón
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, 4ª. Avenida Norte esq., 19ª. Calle Poniente s/n, Colonia Centro, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
| | - Esteban E Díaz-González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Carlos Canseco s/n, Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico; Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Ave Universidad, Pedro de Alba s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, 66450, Mexico
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Trout Fryxell RT, Freyman K, Ulloa A, Hendricks B, Paulsen D, Odoi A, Moncayo A. Cemeteries are effective sites for monitoring la crosse virus (LACv) and these environments may play a role in LACv infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122895. [PMID: 25860584 PMCID: PMC4393122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
La Crosse encephalitis (LAC) is the leading arboviral disease among children, and was previously limited to the upper Midwest. In 2012 nine pediatric cases of LAC occurred in eastern Tennessee, including one fatal case. In an attempt to identify sites near an active LACv infection and describe the abundance and distribution of potential LACv vectors near a fatal LAC case in the Appalachian region, we initiated an end of season study using a combination of questing and oviposition mosquito traps placed at forty-nine sites consisting of cemeteries and houses within 16 radial kilometers of two pediatric infections. LACv was isolated from three Aedes triseriatus pools collected from cemeteries and spatial clustering analysis identified clusters of Ae. triseriatus and Ae. albopictus populations that overlapped in the same area as the 2012 LACv cases. Results indicate cemeteries are effective sites for monitoring LACv. The role of cemeteries and specific environmental features will be the focus of future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T. Trout Fryxell
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennesee, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Freyman
- Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennesee, United States of America
| | - Armando Ulloa
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Brian Hendricks
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennesee, United States of America
| | - Dave Paulsen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennesee, United States of America
| | - Agricola Odoi
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Services, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennesee, United States of America
| | - Abelardo Moncayo
- Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennesee, United States of America
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Bond JG, Casas-Martínez M, Quiroz-Martínez H, Novelo-Gutiérrez R, Marina CF, Ulloa A, Orozco-Bonilla A, Muñoz M, Williams T. Diversity of mosquitoes and the aquatic insects associated with their oviposition sites along the Pacific coast of Mexico. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:41. [PMID: 24450800 PMCID: PMC3923424 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The abundance, richness and diversity of mosquitoes and aquatic insects associated with their oviposition sites were surveyed along eight states of the Pacific coast of Mexico. Diversity was estimated using the Shannon index (H'), similarity measures and cluster analysis. METHODS Oviposition sites were sampled during 2-3 months per year, over a three year period. Field collected larvae and pupae were reared and identified to species following adult emergence. Aquatic insects present at oviposition sites were also collected, counted and identified to species or genus. RESULTS In total, 15 genera and 74 species of mosquitoes were identified: Anopheles pseudopunctipennis, An. albimanus and Aedes aegypti were the most abundant and widely-distributed species, representing 47% of total mosquito individuals sampled. New species records for certain states are reported. Anopheline diversity was lowest in Sinaloa state (H' = 0.54) and highest in Chiapas (H' = 1.61) and Michoacán (H' = 1.56), whereas culicid diversity was lowest in Michoacán (H' = 1.93), Colima (H' = 1.95), Sinaloa (H' = 1.99) and Jalisco (H' = 2.01) and highest in Chiapas (H' = 2.66). In total, 10 orders, 57 families, 166 genera and 247 species of aquatic insects were identified in samples. Aquatic insect diversity was highest in Chiapas, Oaxaca and Michoacán (H' = 3.60-3.75). Mosquito larval/pupal abundance was not correlated with that of predatory Coleoptera and Hemiptera. CONCLUSION This represents the first update on the diversity and geographic distribution of the mosquitoes and aquatic insects of Mexico in over five decades. This information has been cataloged in Mexico's National Biodiversity Information System (SNIB-CONABIO) for public inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guillermo Bond
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública - INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Carlos F Marina
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública - INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Armando Ulloa
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública - INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | - Miguel Muñoz
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública - INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
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Ulloa A, Ferguson HH, Méndez-Sánchez JD, Danis-Lozano R, Casas-Martínez M, Bond JG, García-Zebadúa JC, Orozco-Bonilla A, Juárez-Ordaz JA, Farfan-Ale JA, García-Rejón JE, Rosado-Paredes EP, Edwards E, Komar N, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, Rodríguez-Pérez MA. West Nile virus activity in mosquitoes and domestic animals in Chiapas, México. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010; 9:555-60. [PMID: 19281433 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2008.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to 2006, West Nile virus (WNV) had not been definitively detected in Chiapas, the southernmost state of Mexico, although it circulates elsewhere in Mexico and Central America. We collected over 30,000 mosquitoes and blood-sampled 351 domestic animals in Chiapas in search for evidence of current or recent transmission of WNV. Two mosquito pools tested positive for WNV RNA and 17 domestic animals tested positive for specific WNV-neutralizing antibodies, including young animals (<1 year old) in four of five sampled locations. The two WNV-positive mosquito pools were collected on the Pacific coastal plain of Chiapas in June, 2006, and included a pool of Culex nigripalpus, a suspected vector of WNV, and a pool of Cx. interrogator. The sequence of a 537-nucleotide portion of a cDNA amplicon derived from the WNV NS5 gene from the Cx. interrogator pool contained a single silent nucleotide substitution when compared to WNV strain NY99.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Ulloa
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México.
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García-Rejón JE, Farfan-Ale JA, Ulloa A, Flores-Flores LF, Rosado-Paredes E, Baak-Baak C, Loroño-Pino MA, Fernández-Salas I, Beaty BJ. Gonotrophic cycle estimate for Culex quinquefasciatus in Mérida, Yucatán, México. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2008; 24:344-348. [PMID: 18939685 DOI: 10.2987/5667.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) has been present in the Yucatán State, México, since 2002. Culex quinquefasciatus, one of the main vectors of WNV transmission in the United States, is also common in Mexico and may be a key vector of WNV transmission t o humans in t he Yucatán. The aim of this study was to determine the length of the gonotrophic cycle and the survival rates of Cx. quinquefasciatus from Mérida, Yucatán, during the rainy versus the dry season. Mosquitoes were collected during 25-day periods in October (rainy season) and in April (dry season), and captured females were classified by abdominal appearance (freshly fed, late-stage fed, half gravid, and subgravid). To determine the age structure as nulliparous and parous females and to calculate the gonotrophic cycle through a time series and the mosquito survival, we used Davidson formulae. Also, vitellogenesis analysis to monitor egg maturity was conducted during both seasons. Cross-correlation data suggested a similar length of the gonotrophic cycle (4 days) in both seasons. Oogenic development required a minimum of 72 h in each season. However, survival of the mosquito population collected in the rainy season was significantly higher (0.91) with a mean temperature of 28 +/- 1.57 degrees C than was survival in the dry season (0.78) with a mean temperature of 29 +/- 1.10 degrees C. Survival, although higher during the rainy season, did not influence the length of the gonotrophic cycle of Cx. quinquefasciatus in Yucatán.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian E García-Rejón
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Doctor Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Avenida Itzáes No. 490 x 59 Centro, Mérida, Yucatán, México 97000
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Moncayo AC, Lanzaro G, Kang W, Orozco A, Ulloa A, Arredondo-Jiménez J, Weaver SC. Vector competence of eastern and western forms of Psorophora columbiae (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes for enzootic and epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008; 78:413-421. [PMID: 18337337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) continues to circulate enzootically in Mexico with the potential to re-emerge and cause disease in equines and humans in North America. We infected two geographically distinct mosquito populations of eastern Psorophora columbiae form columbiae (Chiapas, Mexico and Texas, United States) and one mosquito population of western Psorophora columbiae form toltecum (California, United States) with epizootic and enzootic IE VEEV and epizootic IAB VEEV. We detected no differences between epizootic and enzootic IE viruses in their ability to infect any of the mosquito populations analyzed, which suggested that neither species selects for epizootic IE viruses. Psorophora columbiae f. columbiae (Texas) were significantly less susceptible to infection by epizootic IE than Ps. columbiae f. columbiae (Mexico). Psorophora columbiae f. toltecum populations were more susceptible than Ps. columbiae f. columbiae populations to epizootic IE and IAB viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abelardo C Moncayo
- Center for Tropical Disease and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0609, USA.
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Moncayo AC, Weaver SC, Arredondo-Jiménez J, Ulloa A, Orozco A, Kang W, Lanzaro G. Vector Competence of Eastern and Western Forms of Psorophora columbiae (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes for Enzootic and Epizootic Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008. [DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Bond JG, Quiroz-Martínez H, Rojas JC, Valle J, Ulloa A, Williams T. Impact of environmental manipulation for Anopheles pseudopunctipennis Theobald control on aquatic insect communities in southern Mexico. J Vector Ecol 2007; 32:41-53. [PMID: 17633425 DOI: 10.3376/1081-1710(2007)32[41:ioemfa]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Extraction of filamentous algae from river pools is highly effective for the control of Anophelespseudopunctipennis in southern Mexico. We determined the magnitude of changes to the aquatic insect community following single annual perturbations performed over two years. In 2001, algae were manually removed from all the pools in a 3 km long section of the River Coatán, Mexico, while an adjacent section was left as an untreated control. In 2002, the treatments of both zones were switched and algal extraction was repeated. The abundance of An. pseudopunctipennis larvae + pupae was dramatically reduced by this treatment and remained depressed for two to three months. A total of 11,922 aquatic insects from ten orders, 40 families, and 95 genera were collected in monthly samples taken over five months of each year. Algal extraction did not reduce the overall abundance of aquatic insects in river pools, but a greater abundance and a greater richness of taxa were observed in 2002 compared to the previous year. This was associated with reduced precipitation and river discharge in 2002 compared to 2001. Shannon diversity index values were significantly depressed following algal extraction for a period of three months, in both years, before returning to values similar to those of the control zone. However, differences between years were greater than differences between treatments within a particular year. When insects were classified by functional feeding group (FFG), no significant differences were detected in FFG densities between extraction and control zones over time in either year of the study. Similarly, percent model affinity index values were classified as "not impacted" by the extraction process. Discriminant function analysis identified two orders of insects (Diptera and Odonata), water temperature, dissolved oxygen and conductivity, and river volume (depth, width, and discharge) as being of significant value in defining control and treatment groups in both years. We conclude that habitat manipulation represents an effective and environmentally benign strategy for control of An. pseduopunctipennis. Variation in precipitation and river discharge between years was much more important in determining aquatic insect community composition than variation generated by the filamentous algal extraction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Bond
- Centro de Investigación de Paludismo-INSP, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
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Abstract
The host preference, survival rates, and length of the gonotrophic cycle of Anopheles punctimacula was investigated in southern México. Mosquitoes were collected in 15-day separate experiments during the rainy and dry seasons. Daily changes in the parous-nulliparous ratio were recorded and the gonotrophic cycle length was estimated by a time series analysis. Anopheles punctimacula was most abundant during the dry season and preferred animals to humans. The daily survival rate in mosquitoes collected in animal traps was 0.96 (parity rate = 0.86; gonotrophic cycle = 4 days). The length of gonotrophic cycle of 4 days was estimated on the base of a high correlation coefficient value appearing every 4 days. The minimum time estimated for developing mature eggs after blood feeding was 72 h. The proportion of mosquitoes living enough to transmit Plasmodium vivax malaria during the dry season was 0.35.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Ulloa
- Centro de Investigación de Paludismo, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Apartado Postal 537, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico
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Ulloa A, Rodríguez MH, Arredondo-Jimenez JI, Fernandez-Salas I. Biological variation in two Anopheles vestitipennis populations with different feeding preferences in southern Mexico. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2005; 21:350-4. [PMID: 16506558 DOI: 10.2987/8756-971x(2006)21[350:bvitav]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The lengths of gonotrophic cycle and egg development and survival rate were studied in Anopheles vestitipennis collected in horse and human-baited traps in southern Mexico. The gonotrophic cycle duration was estimated using cross-correlation analysis, whereas the survival rate was assessed using a vertical method. Daily changes of parity rates gave significant correlation indices at 3 and 4 days in the zoophilic and anthropophilic populations, respectively. The minimum time required to develop mature eggs after blood feeding was 54 and 60 h, and the survival rate was 0.93 and 0.88 in zoophilic and anthropophilic female mosquito populations, respectively. These biological differences provide additional support for the existence of subpopulations with distinctive feeding preferences within An. vestitipennis in southern Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Ulloa
- Centro de Investigación de Paludismo, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
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15
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Ulloa A, Langevin SA, Mendez-Sanchez JD, Arredondo-Jimenez JI, Raetz JL, Powers AM, Villarreal-Treviño C, Gubler DJ, Komar N. Serologic survey of domestic animals for zoonotic arbovirus infections in the Lacandón Forest region of Chiapas, Mexico. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2003; 3:3-9. [PMID: 12804375 DOI: 10.1089/153036603765627406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A serologic survey in domestic animals (birds and mammals) was conducted in four communities located in the Lacandón Forest region of northeastern Chiapas, Mexico, during June 29 to July 1, 2001, with the objective to identify zoonotic arboviruses circulating in this area. We collected 202 serum samples from healthy domestic chickens, geese, ducks, turkeys, horses and cattle. The samples were tested by plaque-reduction neutralization test for antibodies to selected mosquito-borne flaviviruses (family Flaviviridae), including St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), Rocio (ROC), Ilheus (ILH), Bussuquara (BSQ), and West Nile (WN) viruses, and selected alphaviruses (family Togaviridae), including Western equine encephalitis (WEE), Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE), and Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) viruses. Neutralizing antibodies to SLE virus were detected in two (8%) of 26 turkeys, 15 (23%) of 66 cattle, and three (60%) of five horses. Antibodies to VEE virus were detected in 29 (45%) of 65 cattle. Because some of these animals were as young as 2 months old, we demonstrated recent activity of these two viruses. Sub-typing of the VEE antibody responses indicated that the etiologic agents of these infections belonged to the IE variety of VEE, which has been reported from other regions of Chiapas. WN virus-neutralizing antibodies were detected in a single cattle specimen (PRNT(90) = 1:80) that also circulated SLE virus-neutralizing antibodies (PRNT(90) = 1:20), suggesting that WN virus may have been introduced into the region. We also detected weak neutralizing activity to BSQ virus in four cattle and a chicken specimen, suggesting the presence of this or a closely related virus in Mexico. There was no evidence for transmission of the other viruses (ROC, ILH, EEE, WEE) in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Ulloa
- Centro de Investigación de Paludismo, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
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16
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Vercruysse J, Salomez A, Ulloa A, Alvinerie M, Osterhaus A, Kuiken T. Efficacy of ivermectin and moxidectin against Otostrongylus circumlitus and Parafilaroides gymnurus in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina). Vet Rec 2003; 152:130-4. [PMID: 12585598 DOI: 10.1136/vr.152.5.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Verminous bronchopneumonia caused by infection with Otostrongylus circumlitus and Parafilaroides gymnurus is an important cause of death during the rehabilitation of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina). During the winter of 2000/01, 35 juvenile harbour seals with severe clinical signs of verminous bronchopneumonia were treated with either 0.2 mg/kg ivermectin orally or 0.2 mg/kg moxidectin subcutaneously, and monitored for 30 days. The efficacy of the anthelmintics was determined by the pattern of larval excretion (Baermannisation) and the progress of the clinical signs. Both anthelmintics had reduced larval excretion by at least 99 per cent after 10 days, but the seals' rapid breathing rate and and dyspnoea returned to normal more quickly in the animals treated with moxidectin. The pharmacokinetics of the anthelmintics were determined by solid-phase extraction, and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Moxidectin had a mean (sd) residence time of 9.04 (2.12) days compared with 4.83 (1.14) days for ivermectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vercruysse
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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17
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Ulloa A, Arredondo-Jiménez JI, Rodriguez MH, Fernández-Salas I. Mark-recapture studies of host selection by Anopheles (Anopheles) vestitipennis. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2002; 18:32-35. [PMID: 11998927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present herein the results of a series of mark-recapture experiments with female Anopheles vestitipennis. Theses experiments used human and animal hosts to assess the degree of anthropophily of field-caught specimens, originally collected on either host, and of their offspring. Fidelity of mosquitoes to particular hosts was estimated by recapturing marked host-seeking mosquitoes returning for a 2nd blood meal. Results indicated that mosquitoes seeking animal hosts were more faithful (80.48%; 33 of 41) in returning to their original host than were those seeking human hosts (63%; 49 of 78).
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Ulloa
- Centro de Investigación de Paludismo, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
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18
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Rodriguez MH, Chávez B, Ulloa A, Arredondo-Jiménez JI. Fine structure of the eggs of Anopheles (Anopheles) punctimacula. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2002; 18:1-9. [PMID: 11998923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The egg of Anopheles (Anopheles) punctimacula is described from scanning electron micrographs. Eggs of An. punctimacula are boat shaped, with lateral floats extending 70% of the length of the egg. Plastronlike polyhedral chorionic cells with distinctive boundaries and round tubercles in the cell field cover the dorsal, lateral, and ventral surfaces. Narrow decks enclosing a field of irregular jagged tubercles and 2-4 lobed tubercles are present at both egg poles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario H Rodriguez
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Scoggin KE, Ulloa A, Nyborg JK. The oncoprotein Tax binds the SRC-1-interacting domain of CBP/p300 to mediate transcriptional activation. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:5520-30. [PMID: 11463834 PMCID: PMC87274 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.16.5520-5530.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2000] [Accepted: 05/14/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenesis associated with human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) infection is directly linked to the virally encoded transcription factor Tax. To activate HTLV-1 transcription Tax interacts with the cellular protein CREB and the pleiotropic coactivators CBP and p300. While extensively studied, the molecular mechanisms of Tax transcription function and coactivator utilization are not fully understood. Previous studies have focused on Tax binding to the KIX domain of CBP, as this was believed to be the key step in recruiting the coactivator to the HTLV-1 promoter. In this study, we identify a carboxy-terminal region of CBP (and p300) that strongly interacts with Tax and mediates Tax transcription function. Through deletion mutagenesis, we identify amino acids 2003 to 2212 of CBP, which we call carboxy-terminal region 2 (CR2), as the minimal region for Tax interaction. Interestingly, this domain corresponds to the steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1)-interacting domain of CBP. We show that a double point mutant targeted to one of the putative alpha-helical motifs in this domain significantly compromises the interaction with Tax. We also characterize the region of Tax responsible for interaction with CR2 and show that the previously identified transactivation domain of Tax (amino acids 312 to 319) participates in CR2 binding. This region of Tax corresponds to a consensus amphipathic helix, and single point mutations targeted to amino acids on the face of this helix abolish interaction with CR2 and dramatically reduce Tax transcription function. Finally, we demonstrate that Tax and SRC-1 bind to CR2 in a mutually exclusive fashion. Together, these studies identify a novel Tax-interacting site on CBP/p300 and extend our understanding of the molecular mechanism of Tax transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Scoggin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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20
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Van Orden K, Yan JP, Ulloa A, Nyborg JK. Binding of the human T-cell leukemia virus Tax protein to the coactivator CBP interferes with CBP-mediated transcriptional control. Oncogene 1999; 18:3766-72. [PMID: 10391685 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The HTLV-I oncoprotein Tax is required for high level viral transcription and is strongly linked to HTLV-I-associated malignant transformation. Tax stimulates HTLV-I transcription through high affinity binding to the KIX domain of CBP, a pleiotropic coactivator. Several cellular proteins, including c-jun, also bind to KIX and utilize CBP as a coactivator. To test whether Tax binding to KIX may disable cellular CBP function, we examined the potential interplay between Tax and c-jun for binding to KIX. We show that Tax represses the transcription function of c-jun in vivo and demonstrate that both transcription factors bind to an overlapping minimal region of KIX in vitro. c-jun binding to KIX is displaced by Tax, indicating that their binding is mutually exclusive and providing a molecular basis for the observed repression. The competition between Tax and cellular transcription factors for CBP represents a novel pathway for HTLV-I dependent deregulation of gene expression, and may have significant implications for cellular homeostasis and transformation in the HTLV-I infected T-cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Van Orden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1870, USA
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21
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Abstract
A cystic mass of the umbilical cord was identified by transvaginal sonography in 10 first trimester pregnancies at a mean gestational age of 8 weeks 4 days (range, 8 weeks 1 day to 9 weeks 3 days) and at a mean crown-rump length of 20.5 mm (range, 15 to 25 mm). The cyst was solitary in all cases, the mean diameter was 4.6 mm (range, 3 to 6 mm), and the location was closer to the fetal insertion in two cases, in the middle of the cord in seven cases, and closer to the placental insertion in one case. Gestational sac and yolk sac diameters as well as the fetal heart rate were within normal ranges for gestational age in all cases. Information on detailed second trimester scans was available in nine cases, demonstrating complete resolution of the cyst and normal fetal anatomic survey in each case. These nine pregnancies were followed to delivery, and normal healthy infants were delivered at term in all cases. This series suggests that the incidental detection of umbilical cord cysts in early pregnancy is not associated with an adverse pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sepulveda
- Fetal Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
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22
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Villarreal C, Arredondo-Jiménez JI, Rodriguez MH, Ulloa A. Colonization of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis from Mexico. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1998; 14:369-372. [PMID: 10084128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two colonies of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis, Tapachula and Abasolo strains, were established under laboratory conditions with a thermoperiod (29 degrees C during the day; 24 degrees C during the night) and artificial dusk. To stimulate mating, a light beam from a flashlight was shone on the cage shortly after lights off. This procedure was repeated for the first 6 mosquito generations (parental to F6) and thereafter light stimulation was unnecessary for mating. The Tapachula colony has been maintained for 24 generations in 24 months, with insemination rates in females > 80% since the F3, and a monthly production of 30,000 pupae since the F7. Using the same procedure, the Abasolo colony from northeastern Mexico has been maintained for 13 generations in 14 months, with insemination rates of 26-52%.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Villarreal
- Centro de Investigación de Paludismo, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Chiapas, México
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23
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Ulloa A, Rodríguez MH, Rodríguez AD, Roberts DR. A comparison of two collection methods for estimating abundance and parity of Anopheles albimanus in breeding sites and villages of southern Mexico. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1997; 13:238-244. [PMID: 9383764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The abundance and age structure of Anopheles albimanus populations were estimated by UV updraft light traps and human landing catches within villages and in nearby breeding sites of southern México. Four villages and 5 breeding sites were selected for the study. Light trap and human landing catches were simultaneously carried out in each breeding site and each village. Anopheles albimanus was the most abundant malaria vector caught in breeding sites and in villages. Significant differences in overall An. albimanus abundance among villages and among breeding sites were detected only by human landing catches. In both villages and breeding sites, more mosquitoes were captured by 1 human bait (34.3 +/- 6.3 and 14.6 +/- 2.9, respectively) than by one light trap (15.9 +/- 3.3 and 2.4 +/- 0.3 respectively) collection. After pooling, no significant differences were detected in the abundance estimated by each method in breeding sites and villages. A significant correlation of numbers of specimens between methods was detected. Age structure was different between samples from breeding sites and villages, with more gravid females collected in breeding sites, whereas more nulipars were collected in villages. By collection method, age structure was also different both in breeding sites and in villages. In breeding sites, the percentage of parous females was significantly higher in human landing catches, whereas the percentage of gravid females was significantly higher in light traps. In villages, only the percentage of gravid females was significantly higher in light traps. Our results suggests that UV light traps could be used to measure several entomological parameters of An. albimanus populations because both abundance variations and parity rates were similarly detected by both methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ulloa
- Centro de Investigación de Paludismo, C.I.S.E.I., Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Secretaría de Salud, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
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24
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Beck LR, Rodriguez MH, Dister SW, Rodriguez AD, Rejmankova E, Ulloa A, Meza RA, Roberts DR, Paris JF, Spanner MA. Remote sensing as a landscape epidemiologic tool to identify villages at high risk for malaria transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1994; 51:271-80. [PMID: 7943544 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A landscape approach using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) technologies was developed to discriminate between villages at high and low risk for malaria transmission, as defined by adult Anopheles albimanus abundance. Satellite data for an area in southern Chiapas, Mexico were digitally processed to generate a map of landscape elements. The GIS processes were used to determine the proportion of mapped landscape elements surrounding 40 villages where An. albimanus abundance data had been collected. The relationships between vector abundance and landscape element proportions were investigated using stepwise discriminant analysis and stepwise linear regression. Both analyses indicated that the most important landscape elements in terms of explaining vector abundance were transitional swamp and unmanaged pasture. Discriminant functions generated for these two elements were able to correctly distinguish between villages with high and low vector abundance, with an overall accuracy of 90%. Regression results found both transitional swamp and unmanaged pasture proportions to be predictive of vector abundance during the mid-to-late wet season. This approach, which integrates remotely sensed data and GIS capabilities to identify villages with high vector-human contact risk, provides a promising tool for malaria surveillance programs that depend on labor-intensive field techniques. This is particularly relevant in areas where the lack of accurate surveillance capabilities may result in no malaria control action when, in fact, directed action is necessary. In general, this landscape approach could be applied to other vector-borne diseases in areas where 1) the landscape elements critical to vector survival are known and 2) these elements can be detected at remote sensing scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Beck
- Johnson Controls World Services, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
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Brown P, Funsch R, Seremet N, Sloan G, Taylor P, Ulloa A. Linking psychiatric nursing care to patient classification codes. Nurs Health Care 1987; 8:157-64. [PMID: 3645350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Alvarez C, Ulloa A, Vargas J, Ovalle MM, Villarreal F, Parra G. [Effect of the bevel angle in the beveled shoulder and the ventilation canal on the border seal of cast restorations]. Rev Fed Odontol Colomb 1982; 31:29-33. [PMID: 6764279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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27
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Cupceancu B, Neumann F, Ulloa A. The influence of some progestogens on the mammary gland of the foetal mouse during the period of initial differentiation. J Endocrinol 1969; 44:475-80. [PMID: 5343421 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.0440475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Progestogens administered to pregnant mice during the initial period of differentiation of the mammary gland rudiment produced various morphological changes in the mammary rudiments of both male and female foetuses.
Norethisterone (17α-ethynyl-Δ4-oestrene-17β-ol-3-one) caused virilization of the rudiments in female foetuses. Medroxyprogesterone acetate (6α-methyl-Δ4-pregnene-17α-ol-3,20-dione-17α-acetate) produced virilization of the rudiments in female and feminization in male foetuses. Gestonorone caproate (19-nor-Δ4-pregnene-17α-ol-3,20-dione-17α-caproate) and allyloestrenol (17α-allyl-Δ4-oestren-17β-ol) tended to cause feminization of some of the mammary rudiments.
Androgenic, anti-androgenic or anti-gonadotrophic effects of the investigated substances are considered as possible mechanisms involved in the present findings.
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