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Lozano-Sardaneta YN, Díaz-Cruz JA, Viveros-Santos V, Ibáñez-Bernal S, Huerta H, Marina CF, Mis-Ávila PC, Martínez-Burgos M, Torres-Monzón JA, Sánchez-Cordero V, Becker I. Phylogenetic relations among Mexican phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) and their divergence time estimation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287853. [PMID: 37384618 PMCID: PMC10309607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) have biological relevance as vectors of several pathogens. To ensure periodic entomological monitoring it is necessary to have efficient and accurate tools for an adequate taxonomic identification. There are only few studies on phylogenetic analyses of phlebotomine sand flies from Neotropics, based mostly on morphological and/or molecular data, which makes the delimitation of intra- and interspecific variability of species challenging. Here we generated new molecular information on sand fly species distributed in endemic areas of leishmaniasis in Mexico, using mitochondrial and ribosomal genes, and incorporating morphological information available. Specifically, we established their phylogenetic relationships, and estimated their divergence time. Our study provides molecular information for 15 phlebotomine sand fly species from different areas of Mexico, contributing to the genetic inventory and phylogenetic relations among Neotropical species of the subfamily Phlebotominae. Mitochondrial genes proved to be suitable markers for the molecular identification of phlebotomine sand flies. However, the incorporation of additional nuclear gene information could increase the significance of phylogenetic inferences. We also provided evidence about a possible divergence time of phlebotomine sand fly species, supporting their presumable origin in the Cretaceous period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yokomi N. Lozano-Sardaneta
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jesús A. Díaz-Cruz
- Colección Nacional de Peces, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Vicente Viveros-Santos
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (CRISP-INSP), Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Sergio Ibáñez-Bernal
- Instituto de Ecología, A. C. (INECOL), Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Herón Huerta
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos ‘Dr, Manuel Martínez Báez’, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carlos F. Marina
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (CRISP-INSP), Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Pedro C. Mis-Ávila
- Servicios Estatales de Salud de Quintana Roo, Departamento de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector y Zoonosis, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Maribel Martínez-Burgos
- Servicios Estatales de Salud de Quintana Roo, Departamento de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector y Zoonosis, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Jorge A. Torres-Monzón
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (CRISP-INSP), Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Cordero
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Lozano-Sardaneta YN, Marina CF, Torres-Monzón JA, Sánchez-Cordero V, Becker I. Molecular detection of Wolbachia and Bartonella as part of the microbiome of phlebotomine sand flies from Chiapas, Mexico. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1293-1301. [PMID: 37055642 PMCID: PMC10172221 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07829-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are dipterans of relevance due to their role as vectors of several pathogens worldwide. Bacteria in the gut of sand flies possibly affect their vectorial capacity and competence to transmit parasites. A retrospective study was performed in sand fly specimens that had previously been collected in four localities of the state of Chiapas during the period 2009-2011 to detect Wolbachia and Bartonella and their possible coinfection with Leishmania. For the molecular detection of bacteria, we used primers and conditions that had previously been reported. A total of 531 sand fly specimens of 10 species were analyzed. Four Wolbachia strains were detected in five sand fly species, showing a prevalence of 8.6%. All the Wolbachia strains had previously been reported in other taxa. In one sand fly species, we also detected a new lineage of Bartonella evidenced by a phylogenetic analysis. No sand fly specimens showed coinfections of these bacteria and Leishmania. The bacteria found in the phlebotomine sand flies are possibly transmitted by plant-mediated horizontal transmission and during blood meal feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yokomi N Lozano-Sardaneta
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Col. Doctores, 06726, Mexico City, México
| | - Carlos F Marina
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (CRISP-INSP), Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Jorge A Torres-Monzón
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (CRISP-INSP), Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Cordero
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, 04510, México
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Col. Doctores, 06726, Mexico City, México.
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Jiménez-Alejo A, Pacheco-Soriano AL, Liedo P, Marina CF, Bond JG, Rodríguez-Ramos JC, Valle J, Dor A. Acceptance of a Sterile Male Releases Pilot Project to Reduce Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations and Its Associated Factors: A Community-based Cross-sectional Survey in South Chiapas, Mexico. Acta Trop 2022; 233:106573. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Marina CF, Liedo P, Bond JG, R. Osorio A, Valle J, Angulo-Kladt R, Gómez-Simuta Y, Fernández-Salas I, Dor A, Williams T. Comparison of Ground Release and Drone-Mediated Aerial Release of Aedes aegypti Sterile Males in Southern Mexico: Efficacy and Challenges. Insects 2022; 13:insects13040347. [PMID: 35447790 PMCID: PMC9025923 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sterile males of Aedes aegypti were released once a week for 8 weeks to evaluate the dispersal efficiency of ground and aerial drone release methods in a rural village of 26 Ha in southern Mexico. Indoor and outdoor BG-Sentinel traps were placed in 13−16 houses distributed throughout the village. The BG traps were activated 48 h after the release of the sterile males and functioned for a 24 h period following each release. Over the 8-week period of simultaneous ground and aerial releases, an average of 85,117 ± 6457 sterile males/week were released at ground level and 86,724 ± 6474 sterile males/week were released using an aerial drone. The ground release method resulted in higher numbers of captured males (mean = 5.1 ± 1.4, range 1.1−15.7 sterile males/trap) compared with the aerial release method (mean = 2.6 ± 0.8, range 0.5−7.3 sterile males/trap) (p < 0.05). Similarly, the prevalence of traps that captured at least one sterile male was significantly higher for ground release compared to the aerial release method (p < 0.01). The lower numbers of sterile males captured in the aerial release method could be due to mortality or physical injury caused by the chilling process for immobilization, or the compaction of these insects during transport and release. However, aerial releases by a two-person team distributed insects over the entire village in just 20 min, compared to ~90 min of work for a five-person team during the ground release method. Ground release also resulted in higher aggregations of males and some villagers reported feeling discomfort from the presence of large numbers of mosquitoes in and around their houses. We conclude that modifications to the handling and transport of sterile males and the design of containers used to store males are required to avoid injury and to improve the efficiency of aerial releases for area-wide SIT-based population suppression programs targeted at mosquito vectors of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F. Marina
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública—Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico; (J.G.B.); (A.R.O.); (I.F.-S.)
- Correspondence: (C.F.M.); (T.W.)
| | - Pablo Liedo
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Unidad Tapachula, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico; (P.L.); (J.V.); (A.D.)
| | - J. Guillermo Bond
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública—Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico; (J.G.B.); (A.R.O.); (I.F.-S.)
| | - Adriana R. Osorio
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública—Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico; (J.G.B.); (A.R.O.); (I.F.-S.)
| | - Javier Valle
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Unidad Tapachula, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico; (P.L.); (J.V.); (A.D.)
| | | | - Yeudiel Gómez-Simuta
- Programa Moscas de la Fruta (SADER-IICA), Metapa de Domínguez 30860, Chiapas, Mexico;
| | - Ildefonso Fernández-Salas
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública—Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico; (J.G.B.); (A.R.O.); (I.F.-S.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), San Nicolás de los Garza 66450, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Ariane Dor
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Unidad Tapachula, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico; (P.L.); (J.V.); (A.D.)
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologiá (Investigadora por México CONACYT), El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Tapachula, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Trevor Williams
- Instituto de Ecología AC (INECOL), Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico
- Correspondence: (C.F.M.); (T.W.)
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Martínez-García EN, Díaz-González EE, Marina CF, Bond JG, Rodríguez-Rojas JJ, Ponce-García G, Sánchez-Casas RM, Fernández-Salas I. Temporal Viability of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Eggs Using Two Hygroscopic Substances as Preservatives under a Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) Program in Southern Mexico. Insects 2021; 13:insects13010015. [PMID: 35055859 PMCID: PMC8780675 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, are a public health problem of growing global concern. There are several strategies for mosquito control. One of them is the Sterile Insect Technique, which is a method of breeding millions of mosquitoes, where radiation is used in males to sterilize them. Then, the males are released into the wild. These sterile males mate with wild females without having offspring, thus decreasing field populations. However, one of the problems is being able to have a large number of viable eggs for these field operations. Therefore, this study evaluates the temporal viability of Aedes mosquito eggs employing two substances, such as hydrolyzed collagen and Hyalurosmooth®. These two moisturizing substances maintained viable Aedes. aegypti eggs for up to eight weeks. Abstract Dengue and other Aedes-borne diseases have dramatically increased over the last decades. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) has been successfully used as part of integrated pest strategies to control populations of insect-plant and livestock pests and is currently being tested as a potential method to reduce mosquito populations in an environmentally friendly approach. However, during the mass rearing steps needed to produce millions of mosquitoes, egg storage and preservation are essential for a certain amount of time. Eggs of Aedes aegypti have a chorionic pad that functions as a sticky substance to glue them onto the inner walls of larval breeding sites. The chorionic pad is chemically made of hyaluronic acid, a hygroscopic compound, responsible to protect them from desiccation over time. Two commercial products with hygroscopic properties, hydrolyzed collagen, and Hyalurosmooth®, both were tested to assess their ability to prolong egg life storage for A. aegypti and A. albopictus. Results showed that 85–95% of Ae. aegypti eggs were able to hatch up to week 8 after being treated with both hydrophilic compounds, compared with the control 66.3%. These two substances showed promising effects for keeping Ae. aegypti eggs viable during prolonged storage in mass rearing insect production focused on vector control SIT programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Nayeli Martínez-García
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Av. Universidad s/n, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.N.M.-G.); (G.P.-G.)
| | - Esteban E. Díaz-González
- Servicios de Salud de Nuevo León, Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Pública, Serafín Peña 2211, Guadalupe 67180, Nuevo Leon, Mexico;
| | - Carlos F. Marina
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública (CRISP), Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), 4a Av. Norte esquina 19 Calle Poniente s/n, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico; (C.F.M.); (J.G.B.)
| | - J. Guillermo Bond
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública (CRISP), Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), 4a Av. Norte esquina 19 Calle Poniente s/n, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico; (C.F.M.); (J.G.B.)
| | - Jorge J. Rodríguez-Rojas
- Unidad de Patógenos y Vectores, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud (CIDICS), Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Dr. Carlos Canseco s/n esquina Dr. J. E. González, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (J.J.R.-R.); (R.M.S.-C.)
| | - Gustavo Ponce-García
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Av. Universidad s/n, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.N.M.-G.); (G.P.-G.)
| | - Rosa M. Sánchez-Casas
- Unidad de Patógenos y Vectores, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud (CIDICS), Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Dr. Carlos Canseco s/n esquina Dr. J. E. González, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (J.J.R.-R.); (R.M.S.-C.)
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Francisco Villa 20, Hacienda del Cañada, General Escobedo 66054, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Ildefonso Fernández-Salas
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Av. Universidad s/n, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.N.M.-G.); (G.P.-G.)
- Unidad de Patógenos y Vectores, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud (CIDICS), Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Dr. Carlos Canseco s/n esquina Dr. J. E. González, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (J.J.R.-R.); (R.M.S.-C.)
- Correspondence:
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Marina CF, Bond JG, Muñoz J, Valle J, Quiroz-Martínez H, Torres-Monzón JA, Williams T. Comparison of novaluron, pyriproxyfen, spinosad and temephos as larvicides against Aedes aegypti in Chiapas, Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 2021; 62:424-431. [PMID: 32549084 DOI: 10.21149/10168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of three modern larvicides with the organophosphate temephos for control of Aedes aegypti in water tanks in Chiapas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Trials were performed to compare the efficacy of pyriproxyfen, novaluron, two formulations of spinosad (granules and tablets) and temephos in oviposition traps and domestic water tanks. RESULTS Pyriproxyfen and temephos provided 2-3 weeks of complete control of larvae in oviposition traps, whereas spinosad granules and novaluron provided 7-12 weeks of control. Treatment of water tanks resulted in a significant reduction in oviposition by Ae. aegypti in houses (p<0.001). Higher numbers of larvae were present in temephos and pyriproxyfen-treated water tanks compared to novaluron and spinosad tablet treatments during most of the study. CONCLUSIONS Spinosad formulations and novaluron were effective larvicides in this region. The poor performance of temephos may be indicative of reduced susceptibility in Ae. aegypti populations in Chiapas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Marina
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - J Guillermo Bond
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - José Muñoz
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Javier Valle
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur. Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Humberto Quiroz-Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Jorge A Torres-Monzón
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Tapachula, Chiapas, México
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Bond JG, Moo-Llanes DA, Ortega-Morales AI, Marina CF, Casas-Martínez M, Danis-Lozano R. Diversity and potential distribution of culicids of medical importance of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 2021; 62:379-387. [PMID: 32549082 DOI: 10.21149/11208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the species distribution, abundance, and diversity of culicids in the Yucatan Peninsula (YP); their potential distribution, using ecological niche modeling (ENM), and the risk of contact with urban and rural populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out through the YP. The diversity of species was determined with the Shannon index. The potential distribution of the culicids was determined through the ENM, as well as the risk of urban and rural populations through contact with vectors. RESULTS A total of 10 699 specimens, 15 genera and 52 species were registered. Campeche and the Biosphere Reserve of Calakmul exhibited the highest diversity. CONCLUSIONS The ENM predict a high suitability in all the YP of Ae. aegypti, An. albimanus, An. pseudopuntipennis, Cx. coronator, and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The vector species that exhibited the highest risk of contact in the YP were Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guillermo Bond
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Chiapas, México
| | - David A Moo-Llanes
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Chiapas, México
| | - Aldo I Ortega-Morales
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro-Unidad Laguna. Coahuila, México
| | - Carlos F Marina
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Chiapas, México
| | - Mauricio Casas-Martínez
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Chiapas, México
| | - Rogelio Danis-Lozano
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Chiapas, México
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Marina CF, Bond JG, Hernández-Arriaga K, Valle J, Ulloa A, Fernández-Salas I, Carvalho DO, Bourtzis K, Dor A, Williams T, Liedo P. Population Dynamics of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Two Rural Villages in Southern Mexico: Baseline Data for an Evaluation of the Sterile Insect Technique. Insects 2021; 12:58. [PMID: 33440870 PMCID: PMC7827525 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Indoor and outdoor ovitraps were placed in 15 randomly selected houses in two rural villages in Chiapas, southern Mexico. In addition, ovitraps were placed in five transects surrounding each village, with three traps per transect, one at the edge, one at 50 m, and another at 100 m from the edge of the village. All traps were inspected weekly. A transect with eight traps along a road between the two villages was also included. Population fluctuations of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus were examined during 2016-2018 by counting egg numbers. A higher number of Aedes spp. eggs was recorded at Hidalgo village with 257,712 eggs (60.9%), of which 58.1% were present in outdoor ovitraps and 41.9% in indoor ovitraps, compared with 165,623 eggs (39.1%) collected in the village of Río Florido, 49.0% in outdoor and 51.0% in indoor ovitraps. A total of 84,047 eggs was collected from ovitraps placed along transects around Río Florido, compared to 67,542 eggs recorded from transects around Hidalgo. Fluctuations in egg counts were associated with annual variation in precipitation, with 2.3 to 3.2-fold more eggs collected from ovitraps placed in houses and 4.8 to 5.1-fold more eggs in ovitraps from the surrounding transects during the rainy season than in the dry season, respectively. Aedes aegypti was the dominant species during the dry season and at the start of the rainy season in both villages. Aedes albopictus populations were lower for most of the dry season, but increased during the rainy season and predominated at the end of the rainy season in both villages. Aedes albopictus was also the dominant species in the zones surrounding both villages. The numbers of eggs collected from intradomiciliary ovitraps were strongly correlated with the numbers of eggs in peridomiciliary ovitraps in both Río Florido (R2 adj = 0.92) and Hidalgo (R2 adj = 0.94), suggesting that peridomiciliary sampling could provide an accurate estimate of intradomiciliary oviposition by Aedes spp. in future studies in these villages. We conclude that the feasibility of sterile insect technique (SIT)-based program of vector control could be evaluated in the isolated Ae. aegypti populations in the rural villages of our baseline study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F. Marina
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública-INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico; (J.G.B.); (K.H.-A.); (A.U.); (I.F.-S.)
| | - J. Guillermo Bond
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública-INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico; (J.G.B.); (K.H.-A.); (A.U.); (I.F.-S.)
| | - Kenia Hernández-Arriaga
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública-INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico; (J.G.B.); (K.H.-A.); (A.U.); (I.F.-S.)
| | - Javier Valle
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico; (J.V.); (A.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Armando Ulloa
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública-INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico; (J.G.B.); (K.H.-A.); (A.U.); (I.F.-S.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas (UNACH), Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico
| | - Ildefonso Fernández-Salas
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública-INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico; (J.G.B.); (K.H.-A.); (A.U.); (I.F.-S.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León 66450, Mexico
| | - Danilo O. Carvalho
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA Laboratories, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; (D.O.C.); (K.B.)
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA Laboratories, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; (D.O.C.); (K.B.)
| | - Ariane Dor
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico; (J.V.); (A.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Trevor Williams
- Instituto de Ecología AC (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico;
| | - Pablo Liedo
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico; (J.V.); (A.D.); (P.L.)
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9
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Dor A, Maggiani-Aguilera AM, Valle-Mora J, Bond JG, Marina CF, Liedo P. Assessment of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Males Flight Ability for SIT Application: Effect of Device Design, Duration of Test, and Male Age. J Med Entomol 2020; 57:824-829. [PMID: 31808821 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is a pest control method where large numbers of sterile males are released to induce sterility in wild populations. Since a successful SIT application depends on the released sterile males being competitive with wild males, standard quality control tests are a necessary component of any SIT program. Flight ability (ability to fly out from a device) is a reliable indicator of insect quality. Based on previous studies, we developed four new tubular devices constructed with locally available materials to explore their potential as flight test devices for Aedes aegypti (L.) mass-reared males. Males were allowed to fly upwards through a vertical tube, the ones that flew out were considered successful. The effect of male age (0 to 21 d old), test time interval (30 min to 24 h), and the design of the device (40 and 80 cm height and 2 and 3.5 cm diameter) were evaluated. Our devices determined differences in the flight ability of Ae. aegypti males of different ages. During the first minutes, more old males escaped than young males in three out of four types of devices. However, young males reached higher rates of escape in all cases after 24 h. For standard quality control tests, we recommend testing 2- to 3-d-old sexually mature males in the high and narrow device (80 × 2 cm). Further observations for time intervals between 1 and 5 h might be performed to decide the shortest and more representative interval to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Dor
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Cátedra) commissioned to El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto, C. P., Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Ana María Maggiani-Aguilera
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario De Ciencias Biológicas Y Agropecuarias, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez Nextipac, Zapopan, Jalisco
| | - Javier Valle-Mora
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto, C.P., Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - J Guillermo Bond
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública (CRISP), Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública-(INSP), 19ª Calle Poniente, esquina 4ª Avenida Norte, Centro, C.P. 30700, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Carlos F Marina
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública (CRISP), Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública-(INSP), 19ª Calle Poniente, esquina 4ª Avenida Norte, Centro, C.P. 30700, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Pablo Liedo
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto, C.P., Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
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10
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Williams T, Farfán JL, Mercado G, Valle J, Abella A, Marina CF. Efficacy of Spinosad Granules and Lambda-Cyhalothrin Contrasts with Reduced Performance of Temephos for Control of Aedes spp. in Vehicle Tires in Veracruz, Mexico. Insects 2019; 10:E242. [PMID: 31390780 PMCID: PMC6723916 DOI: 10.3390/insects10080242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the efficacy of λ-cyhalothrin, pyriproxyfen and granular formulations of spinosad and temephos for the control of mosquito larvae present in experimental tires in Veracruz State, Mexico in the period 2015-2016. Both λ-cyhalothrin and spinosad granules provided control of larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Culex spp. in used tires in Veracruz State, Mexico, over a 9-12 week period, although numbers of Culex were low. The numbers of Aedes larvae + pupae in pyriproxyfen and temephos-treated tires were slightly less than half of the untreated control tires, probably a result the pupicidal characteristics of pyriproxyfen and possible resistance in the case of temephos. Spinosad was less harmful to predatory Toxorhynchites spp. than λ-cyhalothrin or temephos. The reduced susceptibility to temephos in Aedes populations was confirmed at five other sites in Veracruz. Public health authorities should consider incorporating spinosad as a larvicide in coastal areas at a high risk of dengue, chikungunya and Zika outbreaks in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Williams
- Instituto de Ecología AC (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico.
| | - Juan L Farfán
- Instituto de Ecología AC (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Mercado
- Instituto de Ecología AC (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Javier Valle
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico
| | - Antonio Abella
- Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio-FMVZ, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Carlos F Marina
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública-INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico
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11
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Mikery OF, Rebollar-Téllez EA, Cruz-López LC, Marina CF, Castillo A. Traditional and Geometric Morphometry Analyses of Lutzomyia cruciata (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) Populations of Chiapas, Mexico. J Med Entomol 2019; 56:697-707. [PMID: 30615180 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of Lutzomyia (Tricholateralis) cruciata (Coquillett 1907) species complex has been suggested by morphological analysis of eggs and genetic studies of females. The present work aimed to compare the diversity in morphology of four populations of Lu. cruciata from the Coast of Chiapas, Mexico, using traditional (TM) and geometric (GM) methods. Several morphological characteristics that were analyzed provided consistency to differentiate at least, three populations of Lu. cruciata. Both methods were effective to detect morphological differences associated with the geographical sites of capture. In both sexes, three and four groups were detected by TM and GM, respectively. These results suggest marked morphological differences in both sexes of Lu. cruciata that make these methods potentially useful to identify the geographical origin of any specimen of this species captured in the study region. Although the results produced by both methods are coincident, geometric morphometrics turned out to be most advantageous with respect to traditional morphometry, since the latter requires more time and effort. The consistency of our results shows that the variability of environmental conditions on the coast of Chiapas determines a high degree of phenotypic plasticity in Lu. cruciata, with the possibility of prezygotic isolation and the formation of species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- O F Mikery
- Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, Grupo de Ecología y Manejo de Artrópodos, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - E A Rebollar-Téllez
- Departamento de Zoología de Invertebrados, Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - L C Cruz-López
- Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, Grupo de Ecología y Manejo de Artrópodos, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - C F Marina
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública-INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - A Castillo
- Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, Grupo de Ecología y Manejo de Artrópodos, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
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12
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Bond JG, Osorio AR, Avila N, Gómez-Simuta Y, Marina CF, Fernández-Salas I, Liedo P, Dor A, Carvalho DO, Bourtzis K, Williams T. Optimization of irradiation dose to Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in a sterile insect technique program. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212520. [PMID: 30779779 PMCID: PMC6380561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sterile insect technique (SIT) may offer a means to control the transmission of mosquito borne diseases. SIT involves the release of male insects that have been sterilized by exposure to ionizing radiation. We determined the effects of different doses of radiation on the survival and reproductive capacity of local strains of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in southern Mexico. The survival of irradiated pupae was invariably greater than 90% and did not differ significantly in either sex for either species. Irradiation had no significant adverse effects on the flight ability (capacity to fly out of a test device) of male mosquitoes, which consistently exceeded 91% in Ae. aegypti and 96% in Ae. albopictus. The average number of eggs laid per female was significantly reduced in Ae. aegypti at doses of 15 and 30 Gy and no eggs were laid by females that had been exposed to 50 Gy. Similarly, in Ae. albopictus, egg production was reduced at doses of 15 and 25 Gy and was eliminated at 35 Gy. In Ae. aegypti, fertility in males was eliminated at 70 Gy and was eliminated at 30 Gy in females, whereas in Ae. albopictus, the fertility of males that mated with untreated females was almost zero (0.1%) in the 50 Gy treatment and female fertility was eliminated at 35 Gy. Irradiation treatments resulted in reduced ovary length and fewer follicles in both species. The adult median survival time of both species was reduced by irradiation in a dose-dependent manner. However, sterilizing doses of 35 Gy and 50 Gy resulted in little reduction in survival times of males of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti, respectively, indicating that these doses should be suitable for future evaluations of SIT-based control of these species. The results of the present study will be applied to studies of male sexual competitiveness and to stepwise evaluations of the sterile insect technique for population suppression of these vectors in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Guillermo Bond
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública (CRISP-INSP), Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Adriana R. Osorio
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública (CRISP-INSP), Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Nancy Avila
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública (CRISP-INSP), Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Yeudiel Gómez-Simuta
- Programa Moscas de la Fruta (SAGARPA-IICA), Camino a Cacaotales S/N, Metapa de Domínguez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Carlos F. Marina
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública (CRISP-INSP), Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Ildefonso Fernández-Salas
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública (CRISP-INSP), Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Pablo Liedo
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Ariane Dor
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Danilo O. Carvalho
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Trevor Williams
- Instituto de Ecología AC (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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13
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Marina CF, Bond JG, Muñoz J, Valle J, Quiroz-Martínez H, Torres-Monzón JA, Williams T. Efficacy of larvicides for the control of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya vectors in an urban cemetery in southern Mexico. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1941-1952. [PMID: 29713901 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many countries in Latin America have recently experienced outbreaks of Zika and chikungunya fever, in additional to the usual burden imposed by dengue, all of which are transmitted by Aedes aegypti in this region. To identify potential larvicides, we determined the toxicity of eight modern insecticides to A. aegypti larvae from a colony that originated from field-collected insects in southern Mexico. The most toxic compounds were pyriproxyfen (which prevented adult emergence) and λ-cyhalothrin, followed by spinetoram, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and acetamiprid, with chlorantraniliprole and spiromesifen the least toxic products. Field trails performed in an urban cemetery during a chikungunya epidemic revealed that insecticide-treated ovitraps were completely protected from the presence of Aedes larvae and pupae for 6 and 7 weeks in spinosad (Natular G30) and λ-cyhalothrin-treated traps in both seasons, respectively, compared to 5-6 weeks for temephos granule-treated ovitraps, but was variable for pyriproxyfen-treated ovitraps with and 1 and 5 weeks of absolute control in the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Insecticide treatments influenced the mean numbers of Aedes larvae + pupae in each ovitrap, mean numbers of eggs laid, and percentage of egg hatch over time in both trials. The dominant species was A. aegypti in both seasons, although the invasive vector Aedes albopictus was more prevalent in the rainy season (26.7%) compared to the dry season (10.2%). We conclude that the granular formulation of spinosad (Natular G30) and a suspension concentrate formulation of λ-cyhalothrin proved highly effective against Aedes spp. in both the dry and rainy seasons in the cemetery habitat in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Marina
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública - INSP, 30700, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - J Guillermo Bond
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública - INSP, 30700, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - José Muñoz
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública - INSP, 30700, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | - Humberto Quiroz-Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 66450, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Jorge A Torres-Monzón
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública - INSP, 30700, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Trevor Williams
- Instituto de Ecología AC (INECOL), Xalapa, 91070, Veracruz, Mexico.
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14
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Fernández-Salas I, Danis-Lozano R, Casas-Martínez M, Ulloa A, Bond JG, Marina CF, Lopez-Ordóñez T, Elizondo-Quiroga A, Torres-Monzón JA, Díaz-González EE. Historical inability to control Aedes aegypti as a main contributor of fast dispersal of chikungunya outbreaks in Latin America. Antiviral Res 2015; 124:30-42. [PMID: 26518229 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The arrival of chikungunya fever (CHIKF) in Latin American countries has been expected to trigger epidemics and challenge health systems. Historically considered as dengue-endemic countries, abundant Aedes aegypti populations make this region highly vulnerable to chikungunya virus (CHIKV) circulation. This review describes the current dengue and CHIKF epidemiological situations, as well as the role of uncontrolled Ae. aegypti and Aedes albopictus vectors in spreading the emerging CHIKV. Comments are included relating to the vector competence of both species and failures of surveillance and vector control measures. Dengue endemicity is a reflection of these abundant and persistent Aedes populations that are now spreading CHIKV in the Americas. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "Chikungunya discovers the New World."
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildefonso Fernández-Salas
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, 4ª. Avenida Norte esq., 19ª. Calle Poniente s/n, Colonia Centro, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico; Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Carlos Canseco s/n, Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico; Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Ave Universidad, Pedro de Alba s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, 66450, Mexico.
| | - Rogelio Danis-Lozano
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, 4ª. Avenida Norte esq., 19ª. Calle Poniente s/n, Colonia Centro, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Casas-Martínez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, 4ª. Avenida Norte esq., 19ª. Calle Poniente s/n, Colonia Centro, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
| | - Armando Ulloa
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, 4ª. Avenida Norte esq., 19ª. Calle Poniente s/n, Colonia Centro, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
| | - J Guillermo Bond
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, 4ª. Avenida Norte esq., 19ª. Calle Poniente s/n, Colonia Centro, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
| | - Carlos F Marina
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, 4ª. Avenida Norte esq., 19ª. Calle Poniente s/n, Colonia Centro, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
| | - Teresa Lopez-Ordóñez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, 4ª. Avenida Norte esq., 19ª. Calle Poniente s/n, Colonia Centro, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
| | - Armando Elizondo-Quiroga
- Cátedra CONACYT/Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, 4ª. Avenida Norte esq., 19ª. Calle Poniente s/n, Colonia Centro, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
| | - Jorge A Torres-Monzón
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, 4ª. Avenida Norte esq., 19ª. Calle Poniente s/n, Colonia Centro, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
| | - Esteban E Díaz-González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Carlos Canseco s/n, Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico; Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Ave Universidad, Pedro de Alba s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, 66450, Mexico
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15
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Berzunza-Cruz M, Rodríguez-Moreno Á, Gutiérrez-Granados G, González-Salazar C, Stephens CR, Hidalgo-Mihart M, Marina CF, Rebollar-Téllez EA, Bailón-Martínez D, Balcells CD, Ibarra-Cerdeña CN, Sánchez-Cordero V, Becker I. Leishmania (L.) mexicana infected bats in Mexico: novel potential reservoirs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003438. [PMID: 25629729 PMCID: PMC4309399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana causes cutaneous leishmaniasis, an endemic zoonosis affecting a growing number of patients in the southeastern states of Mexico. Some foci are found in shade-grown cocoa and coffee plantations, or near perennial forests that provide rich breeding grounds for the sand fly vectors, but also harbor a variety of bat species that live off the abundant fruits provided by these shade-giving trees. The close proximity between sand flies and bats makes their interaction feasible, yet bats infected with Leishmania (L.) mexicana have not been reported. Here we analyzed 420 bats from six states of Mexico that had reported patients with leishmaniasis. Tissues of bats, including skin, heart, liver and/or spleen were screened by PCR for Leishmania (L.) mexicana DNA. We found that 41 bats (9.77%), belonging to 13 species, showed positive PCR results in various tissues. The infected tissues showed no evidence of macroscopic lesions. Of the infected bats, 12 species were frugivorous, insectivorous or nectarivorous, and only one species was sanguivorous (Desmodus rotundus), and most of them belonged to the family Phyllostomidae. The eco-region where most of the infected bats were caught is the Gulf Coastal Plain of Chiapas and Tabasco. Through experimental infections of two Tadarida brasiliensis bats in captivity, we show that this species can harbor viable, infective Leishmania (L.) mexicana parasites that are capable of infecting BALB/c mice. We conclude that various species of bats belonging to the family Phyllostomidae are possible reservoir hosts for Leishmania (L.) mexicana, if it can be shown that such bats are infective for the sand fly vector. Further studies are needed to determine how these bats become infected, how long the parasite remains viable inside these potential hosts and whether they are infective to sand flies to fully evaluate their impact on disease epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Berzunza-Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | | | | | - Constantino González-Salazar
- C3—Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, México D.F., 14010, México
| | - Christopher R. Stephens
- C3—Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
| | - Mircea Hidalgo-Mihart
- División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, México
| | - Carlos F. Marina
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública—INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Eduardo A. Rebollar-Téllez
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Departamento de Zoología de Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de Los Garza, México
| | - Dulce Bailón-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | | | - Carlos N. Ibarra-Cerdeña
- Departamento de Ecología Humana, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | | | - Ingeborg Becker
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
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16
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Marina CF, Bond JG, Muñoz J, Valle J, Novelo-Gutiérrez R, Williams T. Efficacy and non-target impact of spinosad, Bti and temephos larvicides for control of Anopheles spp. in an endemic malaria region of southern Mexico. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:55. [PMID: 24479683 PMCID: PMC3915226 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The larvicidal efficacy of the naturally derived insecticide spinosad, for control of immature stages of Anopheles albimanus and associated culicids, was compared to that of synthetic and biological larvicides. Effects on non-target insects were also determined. Methods A field trial was performed in replicated temporary pools during the rainy season, in southern Mexico. Pools were treated with 10 ppm a.i. spinosad (Tracer 480SC), Bti granules applied at 2 kg/ha (VectoBac WDG, ABG-6511), and 100 ml/ha temephos (50 EC), or an untreated control. Numbers of immature mosquitoes, and aquatic insects in pools were monitored for 20 weeks. Results Samples of immature mosquitoes comprised approximately 10% An. albimanus, 70% Culex spp. (mostly Cx. melanoconion and Cx. coronator) and 20% Uranotaenia lowii. The most effective larvicides were spinosad and temephos that eliminated An. albimanus in 16 out of 20 post-treatment samples, or 9 weeks of continuous control of immature stages, respectively. These larvicides resulted in 15 and 5 weeks of elimination of Culex spp., respectively, or 20 and 4 weeks of continuous elimination of U. lowii, respectively. Bti treatment provided little consistent control. Aquatic insects were recorded comprising 3 orders, 20 families, 40 genera and 44 species. Shannon diversity index values (H’) for aquatic insects were highest in the control (0.997) and Bti (0.974) treatments, intermediate in the spinosad treatment (0.638) and lowest in the temephos treatment (0.520). Severely affected non-target insects in the spinosad and temephos treated pools were predatory Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Odonata, which in the case of spinosad was likely due to the high concentration applied. Bti had little effect on aquatic insects. Conclusions The spinosad treatment retained larvicidal activity for markedly longer than expected. Spinosad is likely to be an effective tool for control of anopheline and other pool-breeding mosquitoes in tropical regions. Non-target effects of spinosad on aquatic insects merit further study, but were likely related to the concentration of the product used.
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Bond JG, Casas-Martínez M, Quiroz-Martínez H, Novelo-Gutiérrez R, Marina CF, Ulloa A, Orozco-Bonilla A, Muñoz M, Williams T. Diversity of mosquitoes and the aquatic insects associated with their oviposition sites along the Pacific coast of Mexico. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:41. [PMID: 24450800 PMCID: PMC3923424 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The abundance, richness and diversity of mosquitoes and aquatic insects associated with their oviposition sites were surveyed along eight states of the Pacific coast of Mexico. Diversity was estimated using the Shannon index (H'), similarity measures and cluster analysis. METHODS Oviposition sites were sampled during 2-3 months per year, over a three year period. Field collected larvae and pupae were reared and identified to species following adult emergence. Aquatic insects present at oviposition sites were also collected, counted and identified to species or genus. RESULTS In total, 15 genera and 74 species of mosquitoes were identified: Anopheles pseudopunctipennis, An. albimanus and Aedes aegypti were the most abundant and widely-distributed species, representing 47% of total mosquito individuals sampled. New species records for certain states are reported. Anopheline diversity was lowest in Sinaloa state (H' = 0.54) and highest in Chiapas (H' = 1.61) and Michoacán (H' = 1.56), whereas culicid diversity was lowest in Michoacán (H' = 1.93), Colima (H' = 1.95), Sinaloa (H' = 1.99) and Jalisco (H' = 2.01) and highest in Chiapas (H' = 2.66). In total, 10 orders, 57 families, 166 genera and 247 species of aquatic insects were identified in samples. Aquatic insect diversity was highest in Chiapas, Oaxaca and Michoacán (H' = 3.60-3.75). Mosquito larval/pupal abundance was not correlated with that of predatory Coleoptera and Hemiptera. CONCLUSION This represents the first update on the diversity and geographic distribution of the mosquitoes and aquatic insects of Mexico in over five decades. This information has been cataloged in Mexico's National Biodiversity Information System (SNIB-CONABIO) for public inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guillermo Bond
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública - INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Carlos F Marina
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública - INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Armando Ulloa
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública - INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | - Miguel Muñoz
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública - INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
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Pech-May A, Marina CF, Vázquez-Domínguez E, Berzunza-Cruz M, Rebollar-Téllez EA, Narváez-Zapata JA, Moo-Llanes D, Ibáñez-Bernal S, Ramsey JM, Becker I. Genetic structure and divergence in populations of Lutzomyia cruciata, a phlebotomine sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) vector of Leishmania mexicana in southeastern Mexico. Infect Genet Evol 2013; 16:254-62. [PMID: 23416432 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The low dispersal capacity of sand flies could lead to population isolation due to geographic barriers, climate variation, or to population fragmentation associated with specific local habitats due to landscape modification. The phlebotomine sand fly Lutzomyia cruciata has a wide distribution throughout Mexico and is a vector of Leishmania mexicana in the southeast. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity, structure, and divergence within and among populations of Lu. cruciata in the state of Chiapas, and to infer the intra-specific phylogeny using the 3' end of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. We analyzed 62 sequences from four Lu. cruciata populations and found 26 haplotypes, high genetic differentiation and restricted gene flow among populations (Fst=0.416, Nm=0.701, p<0.001). The highest diversity values were recorded in populations from Loma Bonita and Guadalupe Miramar. Three lineages (100% bootstrap and 7% overall divergence) were identified using a maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis which showed high genetic divergence (17.2-22.7%). A minimum spanning haplotype network also supported separation into three lineages. Genetic structure and divergence within and among Lu. cruciata populations are hence affected by geographic heterogeneity and evolutionary background. Data obtained in the present study suggest that Lu. cruciata in the state of Chiapas consists of at least three lineages. Such findings may have implications for vector capacity and hence for vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Pech-May
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública-INSP, 19 Poniente y 4ta Norte, 30700 Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
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Marina CF, Bond JG, Muñoz J, Valle J, Chirino N, Williams T. Spinosad: a biorational mosquito larvicide for use in car tires in southern Mexico. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:95. [PMID: 22608138 PMCID: PMC3407511 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Car tires are important habitats for mosquito development because of the high density populations they can harbor and their presence in urban settings. Water in experimental tires was treated with one of three insecticides or an untreated control. Aquatic invertebrates were sampled at weekly intervals. Eggs, larval and pupal samples were laboratory-reared to estimate seasonal fluctuations in Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus abundance. Results Spinosad treatments at 1 or 5 ppm (mg a.i./liter) provided 6–8 weeks of effective control of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Culex quinquefasiatus and Cx. coronator larvae, both in the dry season and the rainy season when mosquito populations increased markedly in southern Mexico. Spinosad continued to provide partial control of larvae for several weeks after initial recolonization of treated tires. The larvicidal performance of VectoBac 12AS (Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis) was relatively poor with one week of complete control of Aedes spp. larvae and no discernible control of Culex spp., whereas the duration of larvicidal activity of 1% temephos mineral-based granules was intermediate between those of VectoBac and spinosad treatments. Populations of chironomids, ostracods and Toxorhynchites theobaldi were generally reduced in spinosad and temephos treatments, but were similar in control and VectoBac treatments. Conclusion The present study is the first to report spinosad as an effective larvicide against Cx. coronator, which is currently invading the southern United States. These results substantiate the use of spinosad as a highly effective mosquito larvicide, even in habitats such as unused car tires that can represent prolific sources of adult mosquitoes.
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Marina CF, Bond JG, Casas M, Muñoz J, Orozco A, Valle J, Williams T. Spinosad as an effective larvicide for control of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti, vectors of dengue in southern Mexico. Pest Manag Sci 2011; 67:114-121. [PMID: 21162151 DOI: 10.1002/ps.2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Field trials were conducted during the wet and dry seasons in periurban and semi-rural cemeteries in southern Mexico to determine the efficacy of a suspension concentrate formulation of spinosad (Tracer 480SC) on the inhibition of development of Aedes albopictus L. and Ae. aegypti Skuse. For this, oviposition traps were treated with spinosad (1 or 5 mg L(-1)), Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti, VectoBac 12AS), a sustained release formulation of temephos and a water control. RESULTS Ae. albopictus was subordinate to Ae. aegypti during the dry season, but became dominant or codominant during the wet season at both sites. The two species could not be differentiated in field counts on oviposition traps. Mean numbers of larvae + pupae of Aedes spp. in Bti-treated containers were similar to the control at both sites during both seasons. The duration of complete absence of aquatic stages varied from 5 to 13 weeks for the spinosad treatments and from 6 to 9 weeks for the temephos treatment, depending on site, season and product concentration. Predatory Toxorhynchites theobaldi Dyar and Knab suffered low mortality in control and Bti treatments, but high mortality in spinosad and temephos treatments. Egg counts and percentage of egg hatch of Aedes spp. increased significantly between the dry and wet seasons, but significant treatment differences were not detected. CONCLUSION Temephos granules and a suspension concentrate formulation of spinosad were both highly effective larvicides against Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. These compounds merit detailed evaluation for inclusion in integrated control programs targeted at Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in regions where they represent important vectors of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Marina
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública-INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
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Antonio GE, Sánchez D, Williams T, Marina CF. Paradoxical effects of sublethal exposure to the naturally derived insecticide spinosad in the dengue vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Pest Manag Sci 2009; 65:323-326. [PMID: 19051219 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have indicated that spinosad, a mixture of two tetracyclic macrolide compounds produced during the fermentation of a soil actinomycete, may be suitable for controlling a number of medically important mosquito species, including the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti L. The authors determined the effects of a 1 h exposure to a 50% lethal concentration (LC(50)) of spinosad in the larval stage on the wing length, longevity and reproductive capacity of the adult survivors. RESULTS The LC(50) of spinosad for a wild-caught population of Ae. aegypti from Chiapas, southern Mexico, was estimated to be 0.06 mg AI L(-1) in late third instars. Paradoxically, the female survivors of exposure to this concentration were significantly larger (as determined by wing length) laid more eggs, but were slightly less fertile than control females. This was probably due to elimination of the smaller and more susceptible fraction of mosquito larvae from the experimental population following spinosad treatment. Male survivors, in contrast, were significantly smaller than controls. No significant differences were detected in the adult longevity of treated and control insects of either sex. CONCLUSIONS The increase in reproductive capacity of spinosad-treated females did not compensate for mortality in the larval stage and would be unlikely to result in population increase in this mosquito under the conditions that were employed. Sustained-release formulations would likely assist in minimizing the occurrence of sublethal concentrations of this naturally derived product in mosquito breeding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria E Antonio
- Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (Biotecnología), Tapachula 30700, Mexico
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Pérez CM, Marina CF, Bond JG, Rojas JC, Valle J, Williams T. Spinosad, a naturally derived insecticide, for control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): efficacy, persistence, and elicited oviposition response. J Med Entomol 2007; 44:631-8. [PMID: 17695018 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585(2007)44[631:sandif]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The naturally derived insecticide spinosad is a reduced-risk material that is neurotoxic to Diptera. The 24-h 50% lethal concentration by laboratory bioassay in third instars of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) (Rockefeller strain) was estimated at 0.026 ppm. Two identical field trials were performed in an urban cemetery in southern Mexico during the dry and wet seasons. Water containers treated with 1 or 5 ppm spinosad suspension concentrate (Tracer, Dow Agrosciences) were as effective in preventing the development of Aedes spp. (mostly Ae. aegypti) as temephos granules during both trials, whereas the bacterial insecticide VectoBac 12AS performed poorly. The half-life of aqueous solutions of spinosad (10 ppm) placed in a warm sunny location was 2.1 d, compared with 24.5 d for solutions in a shaded location. Spinosad, temephos, and VectoBac were not repellent to gravid Ae. aegypti at the concentrations tested, and no ovicidal properties were observed. The 24-h survival of neonate larvae but was reduced by 94-100% in the presence of residues carried over from the spinosad treatments, but it was not affected by residues of temephos or VectoBac. The toxicological properties of spinosad, combined with its favorable environmental profile, should encourage the detailed evaluation of spinosad as a mosquito larvicide in domestic and urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Pérez
- ECOSUR, AP 36, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico
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Hernández A, Marina CF, Valle J, Williams T. Persistence of invertebrate iridescent virus 6 in tropical artificial aquatic environments. Brief report. Arch Virol 2005; 150:2357-63. [PMID: 15986169 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The rate of loss of activity of invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV-6, family Iridoviridae) was determined in two artificial aquatic habitats in southern Mexico, using a sensitive insect bioassay technique. IIV-6 placed in trays of water in direct sunlight suffered rapid loss of activity (99.99% reduction) over a period of 36 h, during which water temperatures fluctuated between 24 and 41 degrees C. No significant deactivation occurred during the hours of darkness. In contrast, IIV-6 placed in trays of water in the shade lost 97% of original activity over a 60 h period, during which water temperatures fluctuated from 24 to 31 degrees C. Longitudinal analysis involving mixed effects models of time (shade) and cumulative exposure to ultraviolet radiation (sunlight) indicated that the rate of deactivation was best described by third order polynomial equations in both cases. We conclude that the likelihood of transmission of IIVs in aquatic habitats will be mediated by the intensity of UV radiation and water temperature.
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Abstract
Spinosad is a naturally derived biorational insecticide with an environmentally favourable toxicity profile, so we investigated its potency against mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). By laboratory bioassays of a suspension concentrate formulation of spinosad (Tracer), the 24 h lethal concentration (LC50) against Aedes aegypti (L.) third and fourth instars was estimated at 0.025 p.p.m. following logit regression. The concentration-mortality response of third- and fourth-instar Anopheles albimanus Weidemann did not conform to a logit model. The LC50 value of spinosad in Anopheles albimanus was 0.024 p.p.m. by quadratic linear regression. A field trial in southern Mexico demonstrated that spinosad 1 p.p.m. compared with the standard temephos (Abate) 1% granules 100 g/m3 water prevented Ae. aegypti breeding in plastic containers of water for 8 weeks; at 10 p.p.m. spinosad prevented breeding for > 22 weeks. In another field trial, spinosad at 5 p.p.m. and temephos both completely eliminated reproduction of Ae. aegypti for 13 weeks. In contrast, the bacterial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti, Vectobac) AS) performed poorly with just 2 weeks of complete inhibition of Ae. aegypti breeding. Spinosad also effectively prevented breeding of Culex mosquitoes and chironomids in both trials to a degree similar to that of temephos. We conclude that spinosad merits evaluation as a replacement for organophosphate or Bti treatment of domestic water tanks in Mesoamerica. We also predict that spinosad is likely to be an effective larvicide for treatment of mosquito breeding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Bond
- ECOSUR, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
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Marina CF, Ibarra JE, Arredondo-Jiménez JI, Fernández-Salas I, Valle J, Williams T. Sublethal iridovirus disease of the mosquito Aedes aegypti is due to viral replication not cytotoxicity. Med Vet Entomol 2003; 17:187-194. [PMID: 12823836 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2003.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrate iridescent viruses (Iridoviridae) possess a highly cytotoxic protein. In mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV-6) usually causes covert (inapparent) infection that reduces fitness. To determine whether sublethal effects of IIV-6 are principally due to cytotoxicity of the viral inoculum (which inhibits macromolecular synthesis in the host), or caused by replication of the virus larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L) were exposed to untreated IIV-6 virus that had previously been deactivated by heat or ultraviolet light. Control larvae were not exposed to virus. Larval development time was shortest in control larvae and extended in larvae exposed to untreated virus. Covertly infected mosquitoes laid significantly fewer eggs, produced between 20 and 35% fewer progeny and had reduced longevity compared to other treatments. Wing length was shortest in mosquitoes exposed to heat-deactivated virus. Multivariate analysis of the same data identified fecundity and progeny production as the most influential variables in defining differences among treatments. Overall, viral infection resulted in a 34% decrease in the net reproductive rate (R0) of covertly infected mosquitoes, vs. only 5-17% decrease of R0 following treatments with deactivated virus, compared to controls. Sublethal effects of IIV-6 in Ae. aegypti appear to be mainly due to virus replication, rather than cytotoxic effects of the viral inoculum.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity and precision of various methods for the detection and quantification of Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV-6) (Iridoviridae) isolated from a the stem-boring moth Chilo suppressalis, and to apply these techniques to the detection of covert infections in the wax moth, Galleria mellonella. The relationship between the virus concentration and absorbance at 260 nm was linear over the range of 1.6 x 10(9)-5.6 x 10(10) particles/ml. TCID(50) assays using 12 different cell lines indicated that two Drosophila lines, DL2 and DR1, had the highest susceptibility whereas cell lines from Aedes albopictus and Plutella xylostella were four orders of magnitude less sensitive. TCID(50) values for IIV-6 in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells gave the particle-infectivity ratios of 15-64 virus particles/IU. An insect bioassay involved injecting doses of 1-100 IIV-6 particles into the third instar G. mellonella larvae. The prevalence of patent infection was 20-26% at a dose of 1 particle per larva rising to 86-92% at 10 particles and 100% at doses of 50 or 100 particles. Of the insects that survived to adulthood, between 5.8 and 75% caused patent infections when injected into G. mellonella larvae, indicating that they were covertly infected. A PCR technique resulted in 95% detection at 1000 virus particles per insect. Of the insects that proved positive for covert infection by insect bioassay, 41% also proved positive by PCR analysis. It is concluded that the G. mellonella bioassay is highly reliable for detection of doses of 10 particles or more and for determining the relative activity of IIV-6 preparations at doses as low as 1 particle per insect. PCR had a slightly lower sensitivity followed by the insect cell culture assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Constantino
- ECOSUR, Apdo Postal 36, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
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Marina CF, Feliciano JM, Valle J, Williams T. Effect of temperature, pH, ion concentration, and chloroform treatment on the stability of invertebrate iridescent virus 6. J Invertebr Pathol 2000; 75:91-4. [PMID: 10631064 DOI: 10.1006/jipa.1999.4891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C F Marina
- Fac. Ciencias Químicas, ECOSUR, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
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