1
|
Tegueni K, Gbeasor-Komlanvi FA, Adama OIW, Sadio AJ, Amenyah-Ehlan AP, Dagnra CA, Ekouevi DK. Epidemiological and virological surveillance of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV among pregnant women in Togo. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:278. [PMID: 38622544 PMCID: PMC11017652 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06435-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2015, Togo introduced the "test-and-treat" strategy for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. Pediatric HIV infection remains a public health problem in Togo, with a mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) rate of 3.6% in 2020. This study aimed to estimate cases of HIV seroconversion during pregnancy and to identify pregnant women at high risk of transmitting HIV to their children in Lomé, Togo. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out from 18 March to 22 May 2022 among women who had given birth in five maternity units providing PMTCT services in Lomé. Umbilical cord blood samples were taken from the maternal side by midwives after delivery. HIV serology was performed in the laboratory using the Alere™ HIV Combo SET and First Response HIV 1-2. Card Test version 2.0. A sample was considered positive if both tests were positive. The HIV-1 viral load in HIV-1-positive samples was measured using Cobas/Roche 4800 equipment. Information on the women was extracted from maternal antenatal records and antenatal consultation registers. RESULTS A total of 3148 umbilical cord blood samples (median maternal age: 28 years (interquartile range [24-32]) were collected. Among them, 99.3% (3145/3148) had presented for at least one antenatal clinic visit before giving birth, and 78.7% (2456/3122) had presented for at least four visits. One hundred and twenty-one (121) cord samples were HIV-1 positive, representing a seroprevalence of 3.8% (95% CI = [3.2-4.6]). Among them, 67.8% (82/121) were known HIV-positive before the current pregnancy, 29.7 (36/121) were diagnosed as HIV-positive at the antenatal visits and 2.5% (3/121) were diagnosed as HIV-positive in the delivery room. Of the HIV-positive women, 85.9% (104/121) were on ARV treatment before delivery. The viral load was < 1000 copies/ml in 97.5% (118/121) cases. CONCLUSION This study explored the virologic and epidemiological aspects of HIV among pregnant women in Togo. The results show significant viral suppression at delivery in women ART. Surveillance based on umbilical cord blood specimen screening is an interesting approach for monitoring the effectiveness of PMTCT programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kokou Tegueni
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et d'Immunologie (BIOLIM- FSS/UL), Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Programme National de Lutte contre le VIH/Sida, les Hépatites virales et les Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles (PNLS/HV/IST), Lomé, Togo
- Laboratoire National de Référence pour tests VIH, les Hépatites virales et les Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles (LNR/HV/IST), Lomé, Togo
| | - Fifonsi Adjidossi Gbeasor-Komlanvi
- Département de Santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Oumarou I Wone Adama
- Département de Santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Arnold Junior Sadio
- Département de Santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Amivi Phyllis Amenyah-Ehlan
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et d'Immunologie (BIOLIM- FSS/UL), Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Programme National de Lutte contre le VIH/Sida, les Hépatites virales et les Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles (PNLS/HV/IST), Lomé, Togo
- Laboratoire National de Référence pour tests VIH, les Hépatites virales et les Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles (LNR/HV/IST), Lomé, Togo
| | - Claver Anoumou Dagnra
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et d'Immunologie (BIOLIM- FSS/UL), Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Programme National de Lutte contre le VIH/Sida, les Hépatites virales et les Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles (PNLS/HV/IST), Lomé, Togo
- Laboratoire National de Référence pour tests VIH, les Hépatites virales et les Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles (LNR/HV/IST), Lomé, Togo
| | - Didier Koumavi Ekouevi
- Département de Santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo.
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo.
- Global Health in the Global South (GHiGS) Team, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, University of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, Bordeaux, France.
- Institut de Santé Publique Epidémiologie Développement (ISPED), Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sadio AJ, Ferré VM, Konu RY, Dagnra AC, Descamps D, Ekouevi DK, Charpentier C. High SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among street adolescents in Lomé, Togo, 2021. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:200. [PMID: 37013507 PMCID: PMC10069360 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is almost no data on the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 among street adolescents. We conducted a study to document the immunization status of street adolescents in Togo against different variants of SARS-CoV-2. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2021 in Lomé, the city with the highest number of COVID 19 cases in Togo (60%). Adolescents aged 13- and 19 years old living on the street were eligible for inclusion. A standardized questionnaire was administered face-to-face to adolescents. A sample of blood was taken and aliquots of plasma were transported to the virology laboratory of the Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard (Paris, France). SARS-CoV-2 anti-S and anti-N IgG were measured using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. A quantitative miniaturized and parallel-arranged ELISA assay was used to detect IgG antibodies specifically directed against the different SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VOC). RESULTS A total of 299 street adolescents (5.2% female), median age 15 years, interquartile range (14-17 years), were included in this study. The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 63.5% (95%CI: 57.8-69.0). Specific-IgG against the ancestral Wuhan strain was developed by 92.0% of subjects. The proportion of patients being immunized against each VOC was 86.8%, 51.1%, 56.3%, 60.0, and 30.5% for the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron VOCs, respectively. CONCLUSION This study showed a very high prevalence with approximately 2/3 of Togolese street adolescents having antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 due to a previous infection. These results confirm an under-reporting of COVID-19 cases in Togo, questioning the hypothesis of low virus circulation in Togo and even in Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Junior Sadio
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, University of Lomé, Center for Training and Research in Public Health, Lomé, Togo
- African Center for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
- Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), University of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Bordeaux Population Health Centre, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Valentine Marie Ferré
- Paris Cité University and Sorbonne Paris Nord University, IAME, Inserm, Paris, F-75018, France
- Virology Unit, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, F-75018, France
| | - Rodion Yao Konu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, University of Lomé, Center for Training and Research in Public Health, Lomé, Togo
- African Center for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
- Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), University of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Bordeaux Population Health Centre, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Diane Descamps
- Paris Cité University and Sorbonne Paris Nord University, IAME, Inserm, Paris, F-75018, France
- Virology Unit, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, F-75018, France
| | - Didier Koumavi Ekouevi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, University of Lomé, Center for Training and Research in Public Health, Lomé, Togo.
- African Center for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CARESP), Lomé, Togo.
- Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), University of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Bordeaux Population Health Centre, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- Paris Cité University and Sorbonne Paris Nord University, IAME, Inserm, Paris, F-75018, France
- Virology Unit, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, F-75018, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Konu YR, Condé S, Gbeasor-Komlanvi F, Sadio AJ, Tchankoni MK, Anani J, Bitty-Anderson A, Mirindi BR, Diallo FBT, MIjiyawa M, Dagnra AC, Ekouevi DK. Correction: SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in Togo: a national cross-sectional household survey, May-June, 2021. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:185. [PMID: 36707780 PMCID: PMC9881504 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Rodion Konu
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XBordeaux Population Health Centre, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Bordeaux, France ,grid.12364.320000 0004 0647 9497Département de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo ,grid.12364.320000 0004 0647 9497Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Santé Publique (CFRSP), Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo ,grid.512663.5Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Siaka Condé
- Togo Office, World Health Organization (WHO), Lomé, Togo
| | - Fifonsi Gbeasor-Komlanvi
- grid.12364.320000 0004 0647 9497Département de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo ,grid.12364.320000 0004 0647 9497Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Santé Publique (CFRSP), Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo ,grid.512663.5Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Arnold Junior Sadio
- grid.12364.320000 0004 0647 9497Département de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo ,grid.12364.320000 0004 0647 9497Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Santé Publique (CFRSP), Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo ,grid.512663.5Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Martin Kouame Tchankoni
- grid.12364.320000 0004 0647 9497Département de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo ,grid.12364.320000 0004 0647 9497Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Santé Publique (CFRSP), Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo ,grid.512663.5Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Joel Anani
- Togo Office, World Health Organization (WHO), Lomé, Togo
| | - Alexandra Bitty-Anderson
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XBordeaux Population Health Centre, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Bordeaux, France ,grid.512663.5Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | | | | | - Moustapha MIjiyawa
- Ministère de la Santé, de l’Hygiène Publique et de l’accès universel aux soins, Lomé, Togo
| | - Anoumou Claver Dagnra
- grid.12364.320000 0004 0647 9497Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et d’Immunologie (BIOLIM), Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Didier Koumavi Ekouevi
- Bordeaux Population Health Centre, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Bordeaux, France. .,Département de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo. .,Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Santé Publique (CFRSP), Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo. .,Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Konu YR, Condé S, Gbeasor-Komlanvi F, Sadio AJ, Tchankoni MK, Anani J, Bitty-Anderson A, Mirindi BR, Diallo FBT, MIjiyawa M, Dagnra AC, Ekouevi DK. SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in Togo: a national cross-sectional household survey, May-June, 2021. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2294. [PMID: 36476149 PMCID: PMC9730644 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14794-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent of SARS-CoV-2 circulation in African countries is still unclear. Seroprevalence studies are a common approach to epidemiological surveillance, allowing estimation of the proportion of people who have had contact with the virus. We aimed at estimating the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and associated factors in Togo at the national level in 2021 according to age groups, gender, and place of residence (rural or urban). METHODS From 15 May to 31 June 2021, we conducted a nationally representative cross-sectional serological survey in 12 health districts (two districts per health region) in the > 5 years old population in Togo. The Wantai SARS-CoV-2 total antibody assay S protein receptor-binding domain-based ELISA (Wantai Biological Pharmacy Enterprise Co.; Beijing, China) was used to determine the presence of SARS-CoV-2 total antibodies in plasma. Crude and weighted seroprevalences (weighted by age, sex and place of residence) were calculated and then weighted seroprevalences were adjusted according to sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA test. Finally, logistic regression models were performed in order to describe factors associated. RESULTS Of the 7593 participants, the overall weighted and adjusted seroprevalence of total anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 65.5% (CI95%: 18.9-21.1). Urban dwellers, young adults (30-49 years) and vaccinated individuals were significantly more likely to be seropositive. CONCLUSION The high seroprevalence we observed is consistent with observations across West Africa. Quantification of the level of immunity in the population is needed to know how close we are to herd immunity. In the meantime, vaccination against the COVID-19 remains necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Rodion Konu
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XBordeaux Population Health Centre, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Bordeaux, France ,grid.12364.320000 0004 0647 9497Département de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo ,grid.12364.320000 0004 0647 9497Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Santé Publique (CFRSP), Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo ,grid.512663.5Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Siaka Condé
- Togo Office, World Health Organization (WHO), Lomé, Togo
| | - Fifonsi Gbeasor-Komlanvi
- grid.12364.320000 0004 0647 9497Département de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo ,grid.12364.320000 0004 0647 9497Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Santé Publique (CFRSP), Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo ,grid.512663.5Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Arnold Junior Sadio
- grid.12364.320000 0004 0647 9497Département de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo ,grid.12364.320000 0004 0647 9497Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Santé Publique (CFRSP), Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo ,grid.512663.5Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Martin Kouame Tchankoni
- grid.12364.320000 0004 0647 9497Département de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo ,grid.12364.320000 0004 0647 9497Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Santé Publique (CFRSP), Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo ,grid.512663.5Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Joel Anani
- Togo Office, World Health Organization (WHO), Lomé, Togo
| | - Alexandra Bitty-Anderson
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XBordeaux Population Health Centre, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Bordeaux, France ,grid.512663.5Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | | | | | - Moustapha MIjiyawa
- Ministère de la Santé, de l’Hygiène Publique et de l’accès universel aux soins, Lomé, Togo
| | - Anoumou Claver Dagnra
- grid.12364.320000 0004 0647 9497Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et d’Immunologie (BIOLIM), Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Didier Koumavi Ekouevi
- Bordeaux Population Health Centre, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Bordeaux, France. .,Département de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo. .,Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Santé Publique (CFRSP), Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo. .,Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zida-Compaore WIC, Gbeasor-Komlanvi FA, Tchankoni MK, Halatoko WA, Sadio AJ, Konu YR, Gnatou GYS, Koba AK, Agbonon A, Ekouevi DK. Estimation of yellow fever incidence in Togo between 2010 and 2020. Travel Med Infect Dis 2022; 50:102470. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Gbeasor-Komlanvi FA, Sadio AJ, Adama OI, Zida-Compaore WIC, Tchankoni MK, Adjoh KS, Dogo F, Ekouevi DK. Medicinal plant use and adherence problems to TB treatment. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2022; 26:850-856. [PMID: 35996283 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.21.0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Good adherence is essential in the treatment of TB. The aim of this study was to describe medication consumption patterns and to assess factors associated with adherence to TB treatment among TB patients in Lomé, Togo.METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among TB patients in 10 health structures in Lomé from September 2019 to January 2020. TB patients aged ≥18 years and under treatment for at least 2 months were eligible for this study. Adherence to TB treatment was assessed using the Girerd compliance test.RESULTS: A total of 195 TB patients (61.5% male) with a median age of 35 years (IQR 27-44) were recruited. TB-HIV coinfection was 11.3%. Polypharmacy (≥5 medications/day) and using medicinal plants were observed in respectively 6.2% and 42.6% of patients. Prevalence of TB treatment adherence problems was 68.2% (95% CI 61.2-74.7). Being <35 years (aOR 2.79; P = 0.005) and taking medicinal plants (aOR 4.31; P < 0.001) were associated with TB treatment adherence problems.CONCLUSION: Treatment adherence problems, a major obstacle to TB elimination, are highly prevalent in TB patients in Lomé, and were associated with the use of medicinal plants. Reasons for the use of medicinal plants should be documented in order to propose appropriate interventions to reinforce adherence to TB treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Gbeasor-Komlanvi
- Département de Santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo, Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - A J Sadio
- Département de Santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo, Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - O I Adama
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - W I C Zida-Compaore
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - M K Tchankoni
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - K S Adjoh
- Département de Médecine et Spécialités médicales, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sylvanus-Olympio, Service de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Lomé, Togo
| | - F Dogo
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Tuberculose, Ministère de la Santé, de l´Hygiène Publique et de l´Accès Universel aux Soins, Lomé, Togo
| | - D K Ekouevi
- Département de Santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo, Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo, Bordeaux Population Health Research, Université de Bordeaux, Unité 1219, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Institut de Santé Publique d´Epidémiologie et de Développement, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gnatou GYS, Gbeasor-Komlanvi FA, Sadio AJ, Konu YR, Tchankoni MK, Zida-Compaore WIC, Agbonon A, Ekouevi DK. Knowledge and practices of female students at university of Kara regarding sexually transmitted infections in Togo, 2021. J Public Health Afr 2022; 13:2225. [PMID: 36051520 PMCID: PMC9425935 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2022.2225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A good knowledge of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in female students is an important element in the prevention of STI transmission. The objective of this study is to describe the level of knowledge and practices on STI among female students at the University of Kara. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the University of Kara from July to September 2021. Data were collected using a standard, digitalised, selfadministered questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was used to describe factors associated with the level of knowledge of STIs. A total of 1,055 female students with a median age of 21 years (interquartile range: 20-24) participated in the study. More than one-third (33.7%) of the students had good knowledge of STI. Having already been tested for HIV (aOR=3.25; 95% CI 2.36-4.52), having already had sex (aOR=1.56; 95% CI 1.10-2.24) and the level of education (AOR=3.46; 95% CI 2.10-5.85) were significantly associated with good STIs knowledge. Among the 723 female students (68.5%) who already had sex, 32.5% reported inconsistent use of condoms during sexual intercourse and 18.9% reported having multiple sexual partners. The results of this study highlight the importance of intensifying STIs prevention efforts (awareness, screening, and vaccination) among female students at the University of Kara.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zida-Compaore WIC, Gbeasor-Komlanvi FA, Tchankoni MK, Sadio AJ, Konu YR, Agbonon A, Ekouevi DK. Knowledge and practices among healthcare workers regarding dengue in Togo. J Public Health Afr 2022; 13:1937. [PMID: 36051521 PMCID: PMC9425930 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2022.1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In Togo where malaria is endemic, because main signs of malaria and dengue are similar, the use of malarial drugs first could contribute to a delay in the diagnosis of dengue and the dissemination of the disease. Thus, it is important that healthcare workers (HCW) have a good knowledge of these diseases. To assess the knowledge, and practices regarding dengue infection among HCW in Togo. A cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2020 to March 2021 among HCW in Togo. A pre-tested digital questionnaire was used for data collection. Based on clinical signs of dengue, preventive measures, infection type and disease type, a knowledge score was constructed with eight questions. A total of 334 HCW with median age 32 years, IQR:(28-38) responded to the survey and the sex ratio male/female was 5.9. The majority (94.0%) of HCW have heard about dengue through training (73.3%), internet (38.0%) and media (33.2%). Compared with lower executive HCW, senior manager were more knowledgeable about the causative agent, the symptoms and preventive methods of dengue infection (p<0.001). Globally, good knowledge (score ≥6) about dengue was found for 47.1% of HCW. More than 9 out of 10 HCW (91.3%) reported the lack of dengue diagnostic tools. Providing health structures with dengue diagnostic tools and training health personnel in their use in any febrile patient with a negative or positive malaria test would help prevent dengue epidemic.
Collapse
|
9
|
Agbobli YA, Konu YR, Gbeasor-Komlanvi FA, Sadio AJ, Tchankoni MK, Anani J, Akliku N, Bakoubayi AW, Ekouevi DK. Prevalence and factors associated with burnout among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Togo, June 2021. Arch Environ Occup Health 2022; 77:828-837. [PMID: 35191818 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2022.2042172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic is responsible for increased demand for care and patient mortality, resulting in emotional and physical stress for healthcare workers (HCWs). We aimed to estimate the prevalence of burnout and its associated factors among HCWs in Togo during the pandemic. We conducted an online cross-sectional study from June 14 to 29, 2021 targeting HCWs in Togo. The variable of interest was burnout measured by the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. Of the 523 participants, the overall burnout prevalence was 53.5% (95% CI= 49.2 - 57.9). The prevalence by burnout dimension was respectively 39.4%, 38.4% and 22.1% for personal, work-related and patient-related burnout. Our results suggest that occupational health teams should engage in the prevention, screening, and management of burnout among HCWs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yawo Apélété Agbobli
- University of Lomé, Faculty of Health Sciences, Occupational Health Department, Lomé, Togo
| | - Yao Rodion Konu
- University of Lomé, Faculty of Health Sciences, Public Health Department, Lomé, Togo
- African Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Fifonsi Adjidossi Gbeasor-Komlanvi
- University of Lomé, Faculty of Health Sciences, Public Health Department, Lomé, Togo
- African Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Arnold Junior Sadio
- University of Lomé, Faculty of Health Sciences, Public Health Department, Lomé, Togo
- African Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | | | - Joël Anani
- African Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Nomessi Akliku
- African Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | | | - Didier Koumavi Ekouevi
- University of Lomé, Faculty of Health Sciences, Public Health Department, Lomé, Togo
- African Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
- Inserm Center, 1219, Institute of Public Health and Development and University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Konu YR, Gbeasor-Komlanvi FA, Yerima M, Sadio AJ, Tchankoni MK, Zida-Compaore WIC, Nayo-Apetsianyi J, Afanvi KA, Agoro S, Salou M, Landoh DE, Nyansa AB, Boko E, Mijiyawa M, Ekouevi DK. Prevalence of severe adverse events among health professionals after receiving the first dose of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 coronavirus vaccine (Covishield) in Togo, March 2021. Arch Public Health 2021; 79:207. [PMID: 34819146 PMCID: PMC8611394 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-021-00741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines can cause adverse events that can lead to vaccine hesitancy. This study aims at estimating the prevalence of severe adverse events (SAEs) and their associated factors among health professionals vaccinated with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in Togo. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 13th to 19th, 2021 in Togo among health professionals who received the first dose of the vaccine. An online self-administered questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic and vaccination data. SAEs were defined as one resulting in hospitalization, medical consultation, or inability to work the day following the administration of the vaccine. Data analysis were performed using R© 4.0.1 software, and a 5% significance level was considered. Results A total of 1,639 health professionals (70.2% male) with a median age of 32 (interquartile range: 27-40) were enrolled. At least one adverse event was reported among 71.6% of participants (95% CI = [69.3-73.8]). The most commonly reported adverse events were injection site pain (91.0%), asthenia (74.3%), headache (68.7%), soreness (55.0%), and fever (47.5%). An increased libido was also reported in 3.0% of participants. Of the participants who experienced adverse events, 18.2% were unable to go to work the day after vaccination, 10.5% consulted a medical doctor, and 1.0% were hospitalized. The SAEs’ prevalence was 23.8% (95% CI = [21.8-25.9]). Being <30 years (AOR = 5.54; p<0.001), or 30-49 years (AOR = 3.62; p<0.001) and being female (AOR = 1.97; p<0.001) were associated with SAEs. Conclusions High prevalence of SAEs have been observed in health professionals in Togo after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination especially in young people and females. However, these data are reassuring as they inform on COVID-19 vaccines’ SAE management. Systematic prescription of antalgics or antipyretics could be proposed to young people who get vaccinated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Rodion Konu
- Public Health Department, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo.,African Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Fifonsi Adjidossi Gbeasor-Komlanvi
- Public Health Department, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo.,African Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Mouhoudine Yerima
- Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Pharmacovigilance Department, Lomé, Togo
| | - Arnold Junior Sadio
- Public Health Department, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo.,African Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | | | | | | | - Kossivi Agbélénko Afanvi
- Public Health Department, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo.,Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Lomé, Togo
| | - Sibabe Agoro
- Public Health Department, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo.,Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Lomé, Togo
| | - Mounerou Salou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology (BIOLIM), University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | | | - Atany B Nyansa
- Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Pharmacovigilance Department, Lomé, Togo
| | - Essohanam Boko
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Moustafa Mijiyawa
- Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Lomé, Togo.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Didier Koumavi Ekouevi
- Public Health Department, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo. .,African Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CARESP), Lomé, Togo. .,Inserm Center, Institute of Public Health and Development and University of Bordeaux, 1219, Bordeaux, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tchankoni MK, Bitty-Anderson AM, Sadio AJ, Gbeasor-Komlanvi FA, Ferré VM, Zida-Compaore WIC, Dorkenoo AM, Saka B, Dagnra AC, Charpentier C, Ekouevi DK. Prevalence and factors associated with trichomonas vaginalis infection among female sex workers in Togo, 2017. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:775. [PMID: 34372785 PMCID: PMC8351109 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06432-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) among female sex workers (FSW) in Togo in 2017. A cross-sectional bio-behavioral study was conducted from August to October 2017 using a respondent-driven sampling method in four cities in Togo. METHOD A standardized questionnaire was used to record socio-demographic data and sexual behavior patterns. T. vaginalis detection by molecular biology tests was performed using Allplex STI Essential Assay which detect also 6 others micro-organisms. A blood sample was drawn and serological test using SD Bioline Duo VIH/Syphilis rapid test was performed for Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and syphilis testing. RESULTS A total of 310 FSW with median age 25 years, interquartile range (IQR) [21-32 years] were included. The prevalence of T. vaginalis was 6.5% (95%CI = [4.1-9.9]) and, overall, prevalence of other STI ranged from 4.2% (95%CI = [2.3-7.2]) for N. gonorrhoeae to 10.6% (95% CI = [7.5-14.7]) for HIV. Binary logistic regression was conducted to assess factors associated with T. vaginalis infection. Living in Lomé (aOR = 3.19; 95%CI = [1.11-11.49]), having had sexual intercourse before the age of 18 (aOR = 5.72; 95%CI = [1.13-10.89]), and being infected with C. trachomatis (aOR = 3.74; 95%CI = [2.95-12.25]) were factors associated with T. vaginalis among FSW. CONCLUSION The prevalence of T. vaginalis infection using molecular test was low among FSW in Togo. Extensive studies are needed to confirm and to better understand the epidemiology of T. vaginalis among this population and in other populations in Togo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arnold Junior Sadio
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
- Département de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Fifonsi Adjidossi Gbeasor-Komlanvi
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
- Département de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Valentine Marie Ferré
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, F-75018, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, F-75018, Paris, France
| | | | - Ameyo Monique Dorkenoo
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université de Lomé, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Bayaki Saka
- CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Service de Dermatologie et Vénérologie, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Anoumou Claver Dagnra
- Programme national de lutte contre le sida, les hépatites virales, et les infections sexuellement transmissibles, Lomé, Togo
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, F-75018, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, F-75018, Paris, France
| | - Didier Koumavi Ekouevi
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo.
- Département de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Lomé, Togo.
- ISPED, Université de Bordeaux & Centre INSERM U1219 - Bordeaux Population Health, Bordeaux, France.
- Université de Lomé, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et d'Immunologie, Lomé, Togo.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gbeasor-Komlanvi FA, Zida-Compaore WIC, Sadio AJ, Tchankoni MK, Kadangha BM, Salou M, Dagnra AC, Ekouevi DK. HIV testing uptake and prevalence among hospitalized older adults in Togo: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246151. [PMID: 33529263 PMCID: PMC7853528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to describe HIV testing uptake, as well as HIV prevalence and its associated factors among older adults aged ≥50 years in health facilities in Togo. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out from February 2018 to June 2019 among hospitalized older adults aged ≥50 years in tertiary and secondary hospitals in Togo. HIV testing was performed according to the national algorithm. Socio-demographic data and HIV testing history were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Results A total of 619 patients (43.9% female) of median age 61 years, (IQR: 55–70) were recruited and offered HIV testing. Among them, 25.7% had never previously tested for HIV. In total, 91.6% (567/619) accepted HIV testing while 8.4% (52/619) refused to be tested. Of those who tested, forty patients were HIV positive, yielding a prevalence of 7.1%. Twenty-three patients (57.5%) were newly diagnosed with HIV infection. In multivariable analysis, two factors were associated with HIV infection: living alone (aOR = 5.83; 95%CI = [2.26–14.53]) and being <60 years (aOR = 3.12; 95%CI = [1.51–6.66]). Conclusion The majority of older adults in this study accepted testing for HIV and almost three in five HIV positive older adults were newly diagnosed with HIV as a result of this testing. There is an urgent need to integrate older adults into responses to the HIV epidemic and to strengthen targeted prevention care and treatment in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fifonsi Adjidossi Gbeasor-Komlanvi
- Département de Santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique, Lomé, Togo
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Arnold Junior Sadio
- Département de Santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique, Lomé, Togo
| | | | | | - Mounerou Salou
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et d’Immunologie, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Anoumou Claver Dagnra
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et d’Immunologie, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Sida et les Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles, Lomé, Togo
| | - Didier Koumavi Ekouevi
- Département de Santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique, Lomé, Togo
- INSERM U1219 Bordeaux Population Health Research, ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Halatoko WA, Konu YR, Gbeasor-Komlanvi FA, Sadio AJ, Tchankoni MK, Komlanvi KS, Salou M, Dorkenoo AM, Maman I, Agbobli A, Wateba MI, Adjoh KS, Goeh-Akue E, Kao YB, Kpeto I, Pana P, Kinde-Sossou R, Tamekloe A, Nayo-Apétsianyi J, Assane SPH, Prine-David M, Awoussi SM, Djibril M, Mijiyawa M, Dagnra AC, Ekouevi DK. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among high-risk populations in Lomé (Togo) in 2020. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242124. [PMID: 33166369 PMCID: PMC7652308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In December 2019, the COVID-19 outbreak began in China and quickly spread throughout the world and was reclassified as a pandemic in March 2020. The first case of COVID-19 was declared in Togo on March 5. Two months later, few data were available to describe the circulation of the new coronavirus in the country. OBJECTIVE This survey aimed to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in high-risk populations in Lomé. MATERIALS AND METHODS From April 23, 2020, to May 8, 2020, we recruited a sample of participants from five sectors: health care, air transport, police, road transport and informal. We collected oropharyngeal swabs for direct detection through real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and blood for antibody detection by serological tests. The overall prevalence (current and past) of infection was defined by positivity for both tests. RESULTS A total of 955 participants with a median age of 36 (IQR 32-43) were included, and 71.6% (n = 684) were men. Approximately 22.1% (n = 212) were from the air transport sector, 20.5% (n = 196) were from the police sector, and 38.7% (n = 370) were from the health sector. Seven participants (0.7%, 95% CI: 0.3-1.6%) had a positive rRT-PCR test result at the time of recruitment, and nine (0.9%, 95% CI: 0.4-1.8%) were seropositive for IgM or IgG against SARS-CoV-2. We found an overall prevalence of 1.6% (n = 15), 95% CI: 0.9-2.6%. CONCLUSION The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among high-risk populations in Lomé was relatively low and could be explained by the various measures taken by the Togolese government. Therefore, we recommend targeted screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yao Rodion Konu
- Département de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Fifonsi Adjidossi Gbeasor-Komlanvi
- Département de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Arnold Junior Sadio
- Département de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | | | | | - Mounerou Salou
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et d’Immunologie (BIOLIM), Université de Lomé, Lomé Togo
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Conseil Scientifique pour la Riposte contre la pandémie de Covid-19, Lomé, Togo
| | - Ameyo Monique Dorkenoo
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique, Lomé, Togo
| | | | - Amétépé Agbobli
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Majesté Ihou Wateba
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Conseil Scientifique pour la Riposte contre la pandémie de Covid-19, Lomé, Togo
| | - Komi Séraphin Adjoh
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Conseil Scientifique pour la Riposte contre la pandémie de Covid-19, Lomé, Togo
| | - Edem Goeh-Akue
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Conseil Scientifique pour la Riposte contre la pandémie de Covid-19, Lomé, Togo
| | - Yem-bla Kao
- Conseil Scientifique pour la Riposte contre la pandémie de Covid-19, Lomé, Togo
| | - Innocent Kpeto
- Conseil Scientifique pour la Riposte contre la pandémie de Covid-19, Lomé, Togo
| | - Paul Pana
- Conseil Scientifique pour la Riposte contre la pandémie de Covid-19, Lomé, Togo
| | | | | | | | | | - Mireille Prine-David
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et d’Immunologie (BIOLIM), Université de Lomé, Lomé Togo
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Sossinou Marcel Awoussi
- Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique, Lomé, Togo
- Coordination Nationale de Gestion de la Riposte contre la Covid-19, Lomé, Togo
| | - Mohaman Djibril
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Coordination Nationale de Gestion de la Riposte contre la Covid-19, Lomé, Togo
| | - Moustafa Mijiyawa
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique, Lomé, Togo
| | - Anoumou Claver Dagnra
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et d’Immunologie (BIOLIM), Université de Lomé, Lomé Togo
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Conseil Scientifique pour la Riposte contre la pandémie de Covid-19, Lomé, Togo
- Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique, Lomé, Togo
| | - Didier Koumavi Ekouevi
- Département de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Centre Africain de Recherche en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
- Conseil Scientifique pour la Riposte contre la pandémie de Covid-19, Lomé, Togo
- Centre Inserm, 1219, Institut de Santé Publique et de Développement et Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|