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Bower KE, Lam SN, Oates BD, del Rosario JR, Corner E, Osothprarop TF, Kinhikar AG, Hoye JA, Preston RR, Murphy RE, Campbell LA, Huang H, Jimenez J, Cao X, Chen G, Ainekulu ZW, Datt AB, Levin NJ, Doppalapudi VR, Pirie-Shepherd SR, Bradshaw C, Woodnutt G, Lappe RW. Evolution of Potent and Stable Placental-Growth-Factor-1-Targeting CovX-Bodies from Phage Display Peptide Discovery. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1256-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101226k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E. Bower
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Son N. Lam
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bryan D. Oates
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Joselyn R. del Rosario
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Emily Corner
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Trina F. Osothprarop
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Arvind G. Kinhikar
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Julie A. Hoye
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - R. Ryan Preston
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Robert E. Murphy
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Lioudmila A. Campbell
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Hanhua Huang
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Judith Jimenez
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Xia Cao
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Gang Chen
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Zemeda W. Ainekulu
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Aakash B. Datt
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nancy J. Levin
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Venkata R. Doppalapudi
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Steven R. Pirie-Shepherd
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Curt Bradshaw
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Gary Woodnutt
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Rodney W. Lappe
- CovX Research, Pfizer, Inc., 9381 Judicial Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Kinhikar AG, Verma I, Chandra D, Singh KK, Weldingh K, Andersen P, Hsu T, Jacobs WR, Laal S. Potential role for ESAT6 in dissemination of M. tuberculosis via human lung epithelial cells. Mol Microbiol 2009; 75:92-106. [PMID: 19906174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
ESAT6 has recently been demonstrated to cause haemolysis and macrophage lysis. Our studies demonstrate that ESAT6 causes cytolysis of type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes. Both types of pneumocytes express membrane laminin, and ESAT6 exhibits dose-dependent binding to both cell types and to purified human laminin. While minimal ESAT6 was detected on the surface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis grown in vitro, exogenously provided ESAT6 specifically associated with the bacterial cell surface, and the bacterium-associated ESAT6 retained its cytolytic ability. esat6 transcripts were upregulated approximately 4- to approximately 13-fold in bacteria replicating in type 1 cells, and approximately 3- to approximately 5 fold in type 2 cells. In vivo, laminin is primarily concentrated at the basolateral surface of pneumocytes where they rest on the basement membrane, which is composed primarily of laminin and collagen. The upregulation of esat6 transcripts in bacteria replicating in pneumocytes, the specific association of ESAT6 with the bacterial surface, the binding of ESAT6 to laminin and the lysis of pneumocytes by free and bacterium-associated ESAT6 together suggest a scenario wherein Mycobacterium tuberculosis replicating in pneumocytes may utilize surface ESAT6 to anchor onto the basolateral laminin-expressing surface of the pneumocytes, and damage the cells and the basement membrane to directly disseminate through the alveolar wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind G Kinhikar
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, USA
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Singal P, Kinhikar AG, Singh S, Singh PP. Neuroimmunomodulatory effects of morphine in Leishmania donovani-infected hamsters. Neuroimmunomodulation 2005; 10:261-9. [PMID: 12759563 DOI: 10.1159/000069970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2002] [Accepted: 06/17/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effect of morphine on host defense during Leishmania donovani infection in golden hamsters was studied. METHODS Hamsters were intracardially infected with L. donovani amastigotes and then monitored by spleen touch print microscopic examination. Morphine and naloxone were administered subcutaneously and intraperitoneally, respectively. Leukocytes were counted by a hemocytometer, and ex vivo phagocytosis was determined by the examination of stained adherent macrophages. RESULTS Low doses of morphine, 1.75 and 2.5 mg/kg x 2, administered subcutaneously on day 0 and day 15 significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed the infection, whereas high doses (20.0 and 50.0 mg/kg x 2) exacerbated the infection. On day 30, hamsters treated with low doses of morphine showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the number of circulating leukocytes and the pool size and phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages ex vivo; in hamsters treated with high doses, all these parameters appeared to be diminished. The bone marrow of morphine-treated hamsters showed a fall in total cellularity and no change in the number of monocytes; however, in those treated with low doses, the infection was completely eliminated by day 30, and paradoxically, a significant (p < 0.05) potentiation of infection was observed in hamsters treated with high doses. The spleens of hamsters treated with both low and high doses of morphine showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease and increase in weight, respectively; treatment with low doses also caused an almost 2-fold increase in the percentage of monocytes. Morphine apparently exerted its protective effects via naloxone-sensitive opioid receptors; naloxone pretreatment did not affect the potentiation of infection. CONCLUSION Conditional doses of morphine apparently biphasically modulated the course of L. donovani infection in hamsters, at least in part through macrophage-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Singal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, India
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Kaur A, Kinhikar AG, Singh PP. Bioimmunotherapy of rodent malaria: co-treatment with recombinant mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and an enkephalin fragment peptide Tyr-Gly-Gly. Acta Trop 2004; 91:27-41. [PMID: 15158686 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2004.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2002] [Revised: 10/21/2003] [Accepted: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have earlier shown that recombinant mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rmGM-CSF) and methionine-enkephalin co-treatment can protect mice from malaria. We now report the bioimmunotherapeutic effect of rmGM-CSF and a synthetic enkephalin fragment peptide Tyr-Gly-Gly (TGG) co-treatment on blood-induced Plasmodium berghei infection in Swiss mice. Mice were completely aparasitimic following co-treatment with rmGM-CSF (10.0 microg/kg) and TGG (2.0 mg/kg x 3 per day, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) starting from day -1 to day +4; however, in monotherapy, neither of these agents showed any detectable bioimmunotherapeutic effect. Curiously, similar co-treatment with rmGM-CSF (10.0 microg/kg) and higher doses of TGG (10.0 mg/kg) did not protect the mice. The combined bioimmunotherapeutic effect of these agents was abrogated by the separate administration each of rabbit neutralizing anti-rmGM-CSF antibody, non-selective opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone (10.0 mg/kg x 6 per day, i.p.), and silica (3.0 mg per mouse, intravenously (i.v.)). The peritoneal and splenic macrophages from the protected mice showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in their pool-size and the phagocytic activity, ex vivo. Furthermore, the protected mice, as compared to the unprotected ones, showed a significant (P<0.05) maximum increase in their serum nitrate and nitrite, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels in their splenic homogenates, on the day before the beginning of the resolution of parasitaemia. Selective inhibitors of both inducible (aminoguanidine) and all forms (L-N(G)-monomethyl arginine) of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, significantly (P<0.05) augmented the mortality of co-treated mice, suggesting the role of NO in protection. These data show that, in P. berghei-infected mice, co-treatment with rmGM-CSF and conditional doses of TGG can impart protection, apparently through partly NO-dependent and macrophage-mediated mechanism(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kaur
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, India
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Kinhikar AG, Singh PP. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against asexual stages of Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis. Hybrid Hybridomics 2002; 21:479-85. [PMID: 12573112 DOI: 10.1089/153685902321044016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Swiss mice vaccinated with Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis-soluble antigen and saponin, following a homologous 100% lethal challenge, showed 60% protection (6 out of 10 mice survived). Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), generated by hybridizing the Sp2/0 myeloma cells with the splenocytes of each of these ten mice, separately, were screened using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and were characterized by using merozoite (Mz) invasion inhibition assay in vitro, immunofluorescence assay (IFA), passive transfer of protection and ELISA-based isotyping. Curiously, purified MAbs from each of the six protected mice showed a distinct dichotomy: only two or three of them inhibited >86% Mz invasion, whereas the remaining six to nine showed <58% Mz invasion inhibition. However, none of the purified MAbs from the nonprotected mice could inhibit >58% Mz invasion. Furthermore, the ability of the MAbs to inhibit Mz invasion appeared to correlate with their IFA-reactivity with the free-Mz, suggesting that these MAbs were directed against the Mz surface antigens involved in invasion. In passive transfer of protection experiments, pooled purified MAbs from protected mice, that inhibited >86% Mz invasion, transferred 60% protection from challenge; the remaining pooled purified MAbs from protected mice, and those from nonprotected mice, when transferred separately, imparted only 30 and 10% protection, respectively. Isotypically, the MAbs belonged to IgG(1), IgG(2a), IgG(2b), and IgG(3) subclasses. Our results indicate that purified MAbs against P. yoelii nigeriensis, produced from the hybrids generated using the splenocytes of vaccinated and protected mice, belonged to two distinct groups: a small group that inhibited >86% Mz invasion, strongly cross-reacted with free-Mz, transferred up to 60% passive protection, and belonged to IgG(2a) and IgG(3) subclasses, whereas the other relatively larger group inhibited <58% Mz invasion, weakly cross-reacted with free-Mz, and transferred only 30% passive protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind G Kinhikar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, India
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