Orphanhood vulnerabilities for violence and HIV by education, sex, and orphan type among 18-24-year-old youth: findings from the 2018 Lesotho violence against children and youth survey

HIV and violence among orphans are key measures of vulnerability in low-resource settings. Although Lesotho has the second highest HIV adult prevalence rate (21.1%) in the world, and the prevalence of orphanhood (44.2%) and violence exposure (67.0%) is high, little research exist on orphanhood vulnerabilities for violence and HIV in Lesotho. Using data from 4,408 youth (18-24 years old) from Lesotho's 2018 Violence Against Children and Youth survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional household survey, the study examined associations among orphan status, violence, and HIV and assessed how associations differed by education, sex, and orphan type, using logistic regression. Orphans had higher odds of violence (aOR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.01-1.46) and HIV (aOR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.24-2.29). Having primary education or less (aOR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.02-2.02), male sex (aOR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.27-2.36), and being a paternal orphan (aOR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.14-1.80) were significant interaction terms for violence. Orphans who completed primary school or less (aOR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.09-2.39), female (aOR, 3.08; 95% CI, 2.14-4.42) and double orphans (aOR, 2.54; 95% CI, 1.56-4.13) had higher odds of HIV. These relationships highlight the importance of comprehensive strategies to support education and family strengthening for orphans as core violence and HIV prevention efforts.

Population Estimates of HIV Risk Factors to Inform HIV Prevention Programming for Adolescent Girls and Young Women

Violence Against Children and Youth Survey (VACS) data from seven countries were analyzed to estimate population-level eligibility for the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Determined, Resilient, Empowered, AIDS-Free, Mentored, and Safe (DREAMS) HIV prevention program for adolescent girls and young women (AGYW). The prevalence of overall eligibility and individual risk factors, including experiences of violence, social, and behavioral risks differ across countries and age groups. A large proportion of AGYW across all countries and age groups examined have at least one risk factor making them eligible for DREAMS. Experiencing multiple risks is also common, suggesting that researchers and programs could work together to identify combinations of risk factors that put AGYW at greatest risk of HIV acquisition, or that explain most new HIV infections, to more precisely target the most vulnerable AGYW. The VACS provides important data for such analyses to refine DREAMS and other youth programming.

Alterations of hippocampal secreted N-CAM in bipolar disorder and synaptophysin in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have both been linked to structural abnormalities of the hippocampus, which is consistent with a neurodevelopmental anomaly. One isoform of the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) protein, cytosolic N-CAM 105-115 kDa, was previously shown to be increased in schizophrenia in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Another isoform of N-CAM, the variable alternative spliced exon of N-CAM, was also increased in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of bipolar disorder patients. In the present study, the secreted isoform of N-CAM (SEC N-CAM), synaptophysin, and actin proteins were measured in the hippocampus of controls, suicide victims, and patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia by quantitative Western immunoblotting. Previous measurements of cytosolic N-CAM (105-115 kDa) protein, from the same hippocampus samples, were used to calculate the N-CAM (105-115 kDa)/synaptophysin ratio. An affinity purified antibody to SEC N-CAM recognized SEC N-CAM (108 kDa and 115 kDa) in brain but SEC N-CAM was not detectable in CSF. In bipolar disorder, but not in schizophrenia, an increased SEC N-CAM 115 kDa/108 kDa ratio was found as compared to controls (P = 0.03). The synaptophysin/actin ratio was significantly decreased in schizophrenia (P = 0.014) as compared to controls. The cytosolic N-CAM 105-115 kDa/synaptophysin ratio was increased in patients with schizophrenia (P= 0.017), but not in bipolar disorder. Thus, bipolar disorder patients show altered expression of SEC N-CAM in the hippocampus. Patients with schizophrenia show a decrease in synaptophysin and an increase in the cytosolic N-CAM 105-115 kDa/synaptophysin ratio. The results offer further evidence of differences in protein expression between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in the hippocampus, which is consistent with a distinct neuropathology for each neuropsychiatric disorder.

Feasibility of lovastatin analysis by packed column supercritical fluid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

A reliable supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) method was developed for the analysis of lovastatin, a hypocholesterolaemic drug, from MEVACOR. Methanol-modified carbon dioxide was shown to elute the drug, and its dehydrolovastatin and hydroxy acid lovastatin degradation products from a Hypersil silica column. However, the hydroxy acid lovastatin was found to tail in this mobile phase. The phenomena was eliminated by the addition of trifluoroacetic acid [Haouck, S. Thomas, D. K. Ellison, Talanta 40 (1993) 491] to the mobile phase which permitted the drug and its two main degradation products to all elute from the Hypersil silica column in under 6 min with symmetrical peak shape. Chromatographic limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), linear dynamic range (LDR), and injection precision were obtained in order to assess the chromatographic performance of the SFC system for the lovastatin separation.

Determination of indinavir, potassium sorbate, methylparaben, and propylparaben in aqueous pediatric suspensions

A gradient, reversed phase, HPLC method was developed for simultaneous analysis of potassium sorbate, methylparaben, propylparaben, and indinavir in aqueous suspensions that contain a proprietary orange flavoring and Magnasweet sweetener enhancer (MacSanrews and Forbes Company, Magnasweet product brochure). The chromatographic separation is performed on an Eclipse XDB-C8 column using a gradient run with an analysis time of 35 min. The mobile phase consists of acetonitrile and acetonitrile:citrate buffer, pH 4.0 (20:80 v/v). The method successfully separates the three preservatives, indinavir (active ingredient), the orange flavoring, the Magnasweet species, and the indinavir lactone degradate. Recovery, linearity, and precision results for the three preservatives and indinavir are described. The method applies to two types of formulations: Xanthan Gum suspension and NanoSystems suspension.

VASE-containing N-CAM isoforms are increased in the hippocampus in bipolar disorder but not schizophrenia

The neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) is a cell recognition molecule that is involved in cellular migration, synaptic plasticity, and CNS development. In schizophrenia, a 105- to 115-kDa N-CAM protein is increased in CSF and in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. The variable alternatively spliced exon (VASE) of N-CAM is developmentally regulated and can be spliced into any of the major 120-, 140-, and 180-kDa N-CAM isoforms. We determined that the variable alternative spliced exon of N-CAM (VASE) also is increased in bipolar disorder by quantitative Western immunoblot. VASE immunoreactive proteins (triplet bands around 140 kDa and a single band around 145 kDa) were identified in soluble and membrane brain extracts and quantified in the hippocampus. Soluble VASE 140 kDa was increased in the hippocampus of patients with bipolar disorder as compared to controls, patients with schizophrenia, and suicide cases. Membrane-extracted VASE 140 and 145 kDa were unchanged in the same groups. Multiple 145-kDa VASE-immunoreactive proteins that also reacted to an N-CAM antibody were separated by isoelectric focusing and electrophoresis followed by western immunoblotting; however, the VASE 140-kDa proteins were only weakly N-CAM immunoreactive. By immunohistochemistry, VASE colocalized with GFAP-positive astrocytes in the hippocampus. VASE immunostaining was also observed in the cytoplasm of CA4 pyramidal neurons that were positive for phosphorylated high molecular weight neurofilament and synaptophysin terminals. Thus no differences in VASE were found in patients with schizophrenia, but there was a marked increase of VASE immunoreactive proteins in bipolar disorder. It is possible that abnormal regulation of N-CAM proteins results in differing patterns of abnormal expression in neuropsychiatric disorders.

Investigation of primary and secondary modifiers for the subcritical extraction of lovastatin from MEVACOR tablets with carbon dioxide

The subcritical fluid extraction of lovastatin from tablet powder mixtures prepared in this laboratory and MEVACOR tablets is successfully demonstrated. Methanol modifier percentage, additive type (acidic, basic, or neutral), and additive concentration on the extraction efficiency are examined. The extraction recoveries of lovastatin from MEVACOR tablets are shown to be highly dependent on methanol concentration and additive type. Isopropylamine is shown to be the most successful additive investigated. An optimized extraction method is developed, and lovastatin recoveries of 99.5% were achieved with a relative standard deviation of 1.2% from MEVACOR tablets with 15% (v/v) (1.0% [v/v] isopropylamine) methanol-modified CO2.

Use of supercritical fluid extraction for sample preparation of sustained-release felodipine tablets

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was shown to be an accurate and precise alternative to liquid extraction for sample preparation of sustained-release felodipine tablets (5 mg potency) while realizing an 80% reduction in solvent consumption. Extractions of felodipine spiked on an inert support were used to evaluate the solubility of felodipine in CO2 as well as analyte trapping after SFE. Even though the pure drug was found to be soluble in pure CO2, extractions of felodipine from the tablet matrix required moderate modifier concentrations [8.7% (v/v) methanol in CO2] in order to overcome strong matrix-drug interactions. Sequential static/dynamic extraction steps were also required to quantitatively recover the drug from the tablet matrix, indicating that the drug extraction was diffusion-limited. Average recoveries (n = 5) for the optimized SFE method were determined to be 4.93 mg felodipine tablet (98.6% claim) with an RSD of 1.2% versus those for the liquid extraction procedure (n = 5, 4.98 mg/tablet, 99.6% claim, 2.4% RSD). Similar levels of drug degradation (0.12% expressed as felodipine) were also obtained with both the traditional liquid extraction and with the SFE method.

Analysis of felodipine by packed column supercritical fluid chromatography with electron capture and ultraviolet absorbance detection

A reproducible and selective supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) method was developed for the analysis of felodipine, a drug indicated for the treatment of hypertension. Methanol-modified carbon dioxide was employed as the SFC mobile phase with both electron capture detection (ECD) and multi-wavelength detection (MWD) being used simultaneously for analyte determination. Chromatography limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ), linear dynamic range (LDR) and injection precision were obtained in order to assess chromatographic and detector performance for both the SFC/MWD and SFC/ECD/MWD systems. The method was shown to be stability indicating since felodipine could be separated from its potential oxidative degradation product, H152/37, in under 6 min (felodipine k' = 2.44). Sample throughput was increased by 60% with the SFC assay vs LC. The optimized SFC method was shown to be equivalent to an existing LC/UV procedure for the analysis of a sustained-release tablet while realizing a 92% saving in disposable solvent waste. In order to achieve further solvent savings overall, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with 8% methanol-modified carbon dioxide as the extraction fluid was used to extract felodipine from a sustained-release tablet (as opposed to traditional solvent extraction). Comparable drug recoveries were obtained with SFE sample preparation technique when either SFC or LC extract analysis was utilized.

Feasibility of thiocarbamate pesticide analysis in apples by supercritical fluid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography

Supercritical fluid extraction produced comparable results with liquid-solid extraction for the analysis of several thiocarbamate pesticides from apples at the 2 ppm spike level. These results were achieved with a simple one-step extraction procedure. The use of diatomaceous earth (Celite, Supelco, Inc.; Bellefonte, PA) served to increase thiocarbamate recoveries by aiding in the immobilization of the aqueous component of the apple matrix. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet absorbance detection (HPLC-UV) had the most viable means of quantitation when compared with micro-HPLC-sulfur chemiluminescence detection (SCD) and gas chromatography-flame-ionization detection (GC-FID). The small injection volumes used with the micro-HPLC-SCD system made thiocarbamate detection at a spiking level of 2 ppm impossible. SCD did provide, however, valuable qualitative information about the nature of the apple coextractants.

Acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage caused by gallstone impaction in the duodenal bulb

An unusual case of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage caused by gallstone impaction in the duodenal bulb (Bouveret's syndrome) is reported. Endoscopy was used to make the diagnosis rapidly and surgery was performed to provide definitive treatment. Bouveret's syndrome must be kept in mind as a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.