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Dortmans JCFM, Li W, van der Wolf PJ, Buter GJ, Franssen PJM, van Schaik G, Houben M, Bosch BJ. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) introduction into a naive Dutch pig population in 2014. Vet Microbiol 2018; 221:13-18. [PMID: 29981699 PMCID: PMC7117506 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PEDV G1b was not circulating in the Netherlands before November 2014. Description of the first PEDV G1b outbreak in the Netherlands in 2014. PEDV sequences suggests a one event introduction of PEDV G1b in Europe in 2014.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the highly contagious, causative agent of an economically important acute enteric disease in pigs of all ages. The disease is characterized by diarrhea and dehydration causing mortality and growth retardation. In the last few decades, only classical PEDV was reported sporadically in Europe, but in 2014 outbreaks of PEDV were described in Germany. Phylogenetic analysis showed a very high nucleotide similarity with a variant of PEDV that was isolated in the US in January 2014. The epidemiological situation of PEDV infections in the Netherlands in 2014 was unknown and a seroprevalence study in swine was performed. In total, 838 blood samples from sows from 267 farms and 101 samples from wild boars were collected from May till November 2014 and tested for antibodies against PEDV by ELISA. The apparent herd prevalence of 0.75% suggests that PEDV was not circulating on a large scale in the Netherlands at this time. However, in November 2014 a clinical outbreak of PEDV was diagnosed in a fattener farm by PCR testing. This was the first confirmed PEDV outbreak since the early nineties. Sequence analyses showed that the viruses isolated in 2014 and 2015 in the Netherlands cluster with recently found European G1b strains. This suggests a one event introduction of PEDV G1b strains in Europe in 2014, which made the Netherlands and other European countries endemic for this type of strains since then.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W Li
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P J van der Wolf
- GD Animal Health, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands; Present address: IDT-Biologika Benelux, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - G J Buter
- GD Animal Health, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | | | - G van Schaik
- GD Animal Health, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Houben
- GD Animal Health, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - B J Bosch
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Guardado-Calvo P, Atkovska K, Jeffers SA, Grau N, Backovic M, Pérez-Vargas J, de Boer SM, Tortorici MA, Pehau-Arnaudet G, Lepault J, England P, Rottier PJ, Bosch BJ, Hub JS, Rey FA. A glycerophospholipid-specific pocket in the RVFV class II fusion protein drives target membrane insertion. Science 2018; 358:663-667. [PMID: 29097548 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal2712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is transmitted by infected mosquitoes, causing severe disease in humans and livestock across Africa. We determined the x-ray structure of the RVFV class II fusion protein Gc in its postfusion form and in complex with a glycerophospholipid (GPL) bound in a conserved cavity next to the fusion loop. Site-directed mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulations further revealed a built-in motif allowing en bloc insertion of the fusion loop into membranes, making few nonpolar side-chain interactions with the aliphatic moiety and multiple polar interactions with lipid head groups upon membrane restructuring. The GPL head-group recognition pocket is conserved in the fusion proteins of other arthropod-borne viruses, such as Zika and chikungunya viruses, which have recently caused major epidemics worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Guardado-Calvo
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. .,UMR 3569 Virologie, CNRS-Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - K Atkovska
- Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - S A Jeffers
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,UMR 3569 Virologie, CNRS-Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - N Grau
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,UMR 3569 Virologie, CNRS-Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - M Backovic
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,UMR 3569 Virologie, CNRS-Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - J Pérez-Vargas
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,UMR 3569 Virologie, CNRS-Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - S M de Boer
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M A Tortorici
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,UMR 3569 Virologie, CNRS-Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - G Pehau-Arnaudet
- UMR 3528, CNRS, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - J Lepault
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, CNRS (UMR 9198), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P England
- UMR 3528, CNRS, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.,Proteopole, Plateforme de Biophysique des Macromolécules et de leurs Interactions (PFBMI), Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - P J Rottier
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - B J Bosch
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J S Hub
- Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - F A Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. .,UMR 3569 Virologie, CNRS-Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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Reusken CB, Farag EA, Jonges M, Godeke GJ, El-Sayed AM, Pas SD, Raj VS, Mohran KA, Moussa HA, Ghobashy H, Alhajri F, Ibrahim AK, Bosch BJ, Pasha SK, Al-Romaihi HE, Al-Thani M, Al-Marri SA, AlHajri MM, Haagmans BL, Koopmans MP. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) RNA and neutralising antibodies in milk collected according to local customs from dromedary camels, Qatar, April 2014. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19. [PMID: 24957745 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.23.20829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) were detected in serum and milk collected according to local customs from 33 camels in Qatar, April 2014. At one location, evidence for active virus shedding in nasal secretions and/or faeces was observed for 7/12 camels; viral RNA was detected in milk of five of these seven camels. The presence of MERS-CoV RNA in milk of camels actively shedding the virus warrants measures to prevent putative food-borne transmission of MERS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Reusken
- Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Reusken CB, Ababneh M, Raj VS, Meyer B, Eljarah A, Abutarbush S, Godeke GJ, Bestebroer TM, Zutt I, Muller MA, Bosch BJ, Rottier PJ, Osterhaus AD, Drosten C, Haagmans BL, Koopmans MP. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) serology in major livestock species in an affected region in Jordan, June to September 2013. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:20662. [PMID: 24342516 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.50.20662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Between June and September 2013, sera from 11 dromedary camels, 150 goats, 126 sheep and 91 cows were collected in Jordan, where the first human Middle-East respiratory syndrome (MERS) cluster appeared in 2012. All sera were tested for MERS-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) specific antibodies by protein microarray with confirmation by virus neutralisation. Neutralising antibodies were found in all camel sera while sera from goats and cattle tested negative. Although six sheep sera reacted with MERS-CoV antigen, neutralising antibodies were not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Reusken
- These authors contributed equally to this work
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Reusken C, Mou H, Godeke GJ, van der Hoek L, Meyer B, Müller MA, Haagmans B, de Sousa R, Schuurman N, Dittmer U, Rottier P, Osterhaus A, Drosten C, Bosch BJ, Koopmans M. Specific serology for emerging human coronaviruses by protein microarray. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:20441. [PMID: 23594517 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.14.20441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We present a serological assay for the specific detection of IgM and IgG antibodies against the emerging human coronavirus hCoV-EMC and the SARS-CoV based on protein microarray technology. The assay uses the S1 receptor-binding subunit of the spike protein of hCoV-EMC and SARS-CoV as antigens. The assay has been validated extensively using putative cross-reacting sera of patient cohorts exposed to the four common hCoVs and sera from convalescent patients infected with hCoV-EMC or SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reusken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Division Virology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Kortekaas J, Antonis AFG, Kant J, Vloet RPM, Vogel A, Oreshkova N, de Boer SM, Bosch BJ, Moormann RJM. Efficacy of three candidate Rift Valley fever vaccines in sheep. Vaccine 2012; 30:3423-9. [PMID: 22449427 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-transmitted Bunyavirus that causes high morbidity and mortality among ruminants and humans. The virus is endemic to the African continent and the Arabian Peninsula and continues to spread into new areas. The explosive nature of RVF outbreaks requires that vaccines provide swift protection after a single vaccination. We recently developed several candidate vaccines and here report their efficacy in lambs within three weeks after a single vaccination. The first vaccine comprises the purified ectodomain of the Gn structural glycoprotein formulated in a water-in-oil adjuvant. The second vaccine is based on a Newcastle disease virus-based vector that produces both RVFV structural glycoproteins Gn and Gc. The third vaccine comprises a recently developed nonspreading RVFV. The latter two vaccines were administered without adjuvant. The inactivated whole virus-based vaccine produced by Onderstepoort Biological Products was used as a positive control. Five out of six mock-vaccinated lambs developed high viremia and fever and one lamb succumbed to the challenge infection. A single vaccination with each vaccine resulted in a neutralizing antibody response within three weeks after vaccination and protected lambs from viremia, pyrexia and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kortekaas
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University and Research Centre, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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de Boer SM, Kortekaas J, Antonis AF, Kant J, van Oploo JL, Rottier PJM, Moormann RJM, Bosch BJ. Rift Valley fever virus subunit vaccines confer complete protection against a lethal virus challenge. Vaccine 2010; 28:2330-9. [PMID: 20056185 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging mosquito-borne virus causing significant morbidity and mortality in livestock and humans. Rift Valley fever is endemic in Africa, but also outside this continent outbreaks have been reported. Here we report the evaluation of two vaccine candidates based on the viral Gn and Gc envelope glycoproteins, both produced in a Drosophila insect cell expression system. Virus-like particles (VLPs) were generated by merely expressing the Gn and Gc glycoproteins. In addition, a soluble form of the Gn ectodomain was expressed and affinity-purified from the insect cell culture supernatant. Both vaccine candidates fully protected mice from a lethal challenge with RVFV. Importantly, absence of the nucleocapsid protein in either vaccine candidate facilitates the differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals using a commercial recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based indirect ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M de Boer
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University and Research Centre, Cluster of Mammalian Virology, Edelhertweg 15, 8219 PH, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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8
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van der Meer FJUM, de Haan CAM, Schuurman NMP, Haijema BJ, Verheije MH, Bosch BJ, Balzarini J, Egberink HF. The carbohydrate-binding plant lectins and the non-peptidic antibiotic pradimicin A target the glycans of the coronavirus envelope glycoproteins. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60:741-9. [PMID: 17704516 PMCID: PMC7110056 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkm301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Many enveloped viruses carry carbohydrate-containing proteins on their surface. These glycoproteins are key to the infection process as they are mediators of the receptor binding and membrane fusion of the virion with the host cell. Therefore, they are attractive therapeutic targets for the development of novel antiviral therapies. Recently, carbohydrate-binding agents (CBA) were shown to possess antiviral activity towards coronaviruses. The current study further elucidates the inhibitory mode of action of CBA. Methods Different strains of two coronaviruses, mouse hepatitis virus and feline infectious peritonitis virus, were exposed to CBA: the plant lectins Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, Hippeastrum hybrid agglutinin and Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA) and the non-peptidic mannose-binding antibiotic pradimicin A. Results and conclusions Our results indicate that CBA target the two glycosylated envelope glycoproteins, the spike (S) and membrane (M) protein, of mouse hepatitis virus and feline infectious peritonitis virus. Furthermore, CBA did not inhibit virus–cell attachment, but rather affected virus entry at a post-binding stage. The sensitivity of coronaviruses towards CBA was shown to be dependent on the processing of the N-linked carbohydrates. Inhibition of mannosidases in host cells rendered the progeny viruses more sensitive to the mannose-binding agents and even to the N-acetylglucosamine-binding UDA. In addition, inhibition of coronaviruses was shown to be dependent on the cell-type used to grow the virus stocks. All together, these results show that CBA exhibit promising capabilities to inhibit coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. J. U. M. van der Meer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C. A. M. de Haan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N. M. P. Schuurman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B. J. Haijema
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M. H. Verheije
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B. J. Bosch
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minderbroedersstraat 10 blok x—bus 1030, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - H. F. Egberink
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author. Tel: +31-30-2532487; Fax: +31-30-2536723; E-mail:
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Würdinger T, Verheije MH, van der Aa LM, Bosch BJ, de Haan CAM, van Beusechem VW, Gerritsen WR, Rottier PJM. Antibody-mediated targeting of viral vectors to the Fc receptor expressed on acute myeloid leukemia cells. Leukemia 2006; 20:2182-4. [PMID: 17039233 PMCID: PMC7099968 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Würdinger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Gene Therapy, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - M H Verheije
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Gene Therapy, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L M van der Aa
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B J Bosch
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C A M de Haan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - V W van Beusechem
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Gene Therapy, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W R Gerritsen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Gene Therapy, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P J M Rottier
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Würdinger T, Verheije MH, Broen K, Bosch BJ, Haijema BJ, de Haan CAM, van Beusechem VW, Gerritsen WR, Rottier PJM. Soluble receptor-mediated targeting of mouse hepatitis coronavirus to the human epidermal growth factor receptor. J Virol 2006; 79:15314-22. [PMID: 16306602 PMCID: PMC1316040 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.24.15314-15322.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV) infects murine cells by binding of its spike (S) protein to murine CEACAM1a. The N-terminal part of this cellular receptor (soR) is sufficient for S binding and for subsequent induction of the conformational changes required for virus-cell membrane fusion. Here we analyzed whether these characteristics can be used to redirect MHV to human cancer cells. To this end, the soR domain was coupled to single-chain monoclonal antibody 425, which is directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), resulting in a bispecific adapter protein (soR-425). The soR and soR-425 proteins, both produced with the vaccinia virus system, were able to neutralize MHV infection of murine LR7 cells. However, only soR-425 was able to target MHV to human EGFR-expressing cancer cells. Interestingly, the targeted infections induced syncytium formation. Furthermore, the soR-425-mediated infections were blocked by heptad repeat-mimicking peptides, indicating that virus entry requires the regular S protein fusion process. We conclude that the specific spike-binding property of the CEACAM1a N-terminal fragment can be exploited to direct the virus to selected cells by linking it to a moiety able to bind a receptor on those cells. This approach might be useful in the development of tumor-targeted coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Würdinger
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Würdinger T, Verheije MH, Raaben M, Bosch BJ, de Haan CAM, van Beusechem VW, Rottier PJM, Gerritsen WR. Targeting non-human coronaviruses to human cancer cells using a bispecific single-chain antibody. Gene Ther 2006; 12:1394-404. [PMID: 15843808 PMCID: PMC7091791 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To explore the potential of using non-human coronaviruses for cancer therapy, we first established their ability to kill human tumor cells. We found that the feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and a felinized murine hepatitis virus (fMHV), both normally incapable of infecting human cells, could rapidly and effectively kill human cancer cells artificially expressing the feline coronavirus receptor aminopeptidase N. Also 3-D multilayer tumor spheroids established from such cells were effectively eradicated. Next, we investigated whether FIPV and fMHV could be targeted to human cancer cells by constructing a bispecific single-chain antibody directed on the one hand against the feline coronavirus spike protein--responsible for receptor binding and subsequent cell entry through virus-cell membrane fusion--and on the other hand against the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The targeting antibody mediated specific infection of EGFR-expressing human cancer cells by both coronaviruses. Furthermore, in the presence of the targeting antibody, infected cancer cells formed syncytia typical of productive coronavirus infection. By their potent cytotoxicity, the selective targeting of non-human coronaviruses to human cancer cells provides a rationale for further investigations into the use of these viruses as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Würdinger
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Theilmann DA, Willis LG, Bosch BJ, Forsythe IJ, Li Q. The baculovirus transcriptional transactivator ie0 produces multiple products by internal initiation of translation. Virology 2001; 290:211-23. [PMID: 11883186 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ie0 is the only gene of the baculovirus Orgyia pseudotsugata multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (OpMNPV) that is known to be spliced. In this study, cDNAs of ie0 were isolated, cloned, and sequenced. It was observed that IE0 contains 35 amino acids (aa) added to the N-terminus of IE1. In addition, it was found that the leader sequence of ie0 contains a 4-aa minicistron. To functionally characterize IE0, ie0 cDNAs were expressed under control of either the ie1 or the ie0 promoter. Unexpectedly, examination of ie0 translation products revealed that the predominant product from ie0 mRNAs was not IE0, but IE1. Mutation analysis showed that IE1 translation was preferentially initiated from either of two AUGs found in the first 15 nucleotides (nt) of the ie1 ORF that are internal to the ie0 ORF. It is unknown whether the internal translation initiation occurs via a leaky scanning mechanism or by an internal ribosomal entry site. Transactivation analysis with constructs that had point mutations in the ie1 AUGs and were translated only as IE0 revealed that OpMNPV IE0 is a 14- to 15-fold stronger transactivator than IE1. IE0 was also shown to be autoregulatory and to transactivate early genes in an enhancer-independent or -dependent manner. These results suggest that differential expression of baculovirus early genes can be obtained by coexpression of IE0 and IE1 in infected cells, which may permit subtle regulation of specific sets of viral genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Theilmann
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, British Columbia V0H 1Z0, Canada
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Abstract
Sputum isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is associated with extensive disease in bronchiectasis. It is not known, however, whether infection with P. aeruginosa is the result or the cause of severe disease. We compared spirometry in patients with bronchiectasis before and after infection with P. aeruginosa, with that of patients infected by other organisms. All patients (n=12) with chronic colonization by P. aeruginosa (PA group) were studied. These were compared with other patients with bronchiectasis with no isolations of P. aeruginosa (n=37, non-PA group). In the PA group, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were lower than in the non-PA group. The PA group, however, also had lower values at the time of initial colonization with P. aeruginosa than the current values for the non-PA group. Change in FEV1 and FVC over time was faster in the PA group than in the non-PA group. Reduction of FEV1 and FVC over time in the PA group prior to P. aeruginosa colonization was intermediate, not being statistically different from either value above. Our results confirm the association of chronic P. aeruginosa colonization with poor lung function, but conclude that patients with bronchiectasis who become colonized by P. aeruginosa have poorer lung function when first colonized than those colonized by other organisms. Decline in lung function is faster in those chronically colonized by P. aeruginosa than in those colonized by other organisms. It is not clear whether chronic P. aeruginosa colonization causes an accelerated decline in lung function or whether it is simply a marker of those whose lung function is already declining rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Evans
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, UK
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