Absence of nasal mucosal atrophy with fluticasone aqueous nasal spray

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate whether 1 year of continuous treatment with intranasal fluticasone propionate would lead to atrophy in the nasal mucosa compared with an active control, oral terfenadine.

DESIGN

Prospective, randomized, multicenter, open-label, parallel-group study.

SETTING

Two tertiary care academic institutions.

PATIENTS

Seventy-five subjects older than 18 years with perennial allergic rhinitis.

INTERVENTIONS

Patients received either fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray, 200 microg once daily, or terfenadine, 60 mg twice daily, for 1 year. Nasal biopsy specimens were obtained before and after 1 year of treatment and were evaluated for evidence of atrophy.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Epithelial and collagen layer thickness of the nasal mucosa as assessed by light microscopy and the presence and degree of edema, and regularity of collagen fibrils as assessed by electron microscopy. Analyses were performed without knowledge of subject identity or treatment assignment.

RESULTS

Neither fluticasone nor terfenadine treatment led to atrophy in the nasal mucosa by clinical or histologic observation. No significant changes from baseline were observed for any assessment of atrophy. In contrast to what would have been expected if atrophy were to occur, mean epithelial layer thickness in the fluticasone group significantly increased compared with terfenadine treatment (P = .03).

CONCLUSIONS

Treatment with intranasal fluticasone for 1 year increases the thickness of the nasal epithelium as compared with a year's treatment with terfenadine and does not lead to atrophy in the nasal mucosa. The increased thickness in the fluticasone treatment may represent repair from epithelial damage caused by chronic allergic inflammation.

Mutation in the gene responsible for cystic fibrosis and predisposition to chronic rhinosinusitis in the general population

CONTEXT

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common condition in the US general population, yet little is known about its underlying molecular cause. Chronic rhinosinusitis is a consistent feature of the autosomal recessive disorder cystic fibrosis (CF).

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene, which is responsible for CF, predispose to CRS.

DESIGN

Case-control study conducted from 1996 to 1999 in which the DNA of CRS patients and controls was typed for 16 mutations that account for 85% of CF alleles in the general population. Chronic rhinosinusitis patients with 1 CF mutation were evaluated for a CF diagnosis by sweat chloride testing, nasal potential difference measurement, and DNA analysis for additional mutations.

SETTING

Otolaryngology-head and neck clinic of a US teaching hospital.

PARTICIPANTS

One hundred forty-seven consecutive adult white patients who met stringent diagnostic criteria for CRS and 123 CRS-free white control volunteers of similar age range, geographic region, and socioeconomic status.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Presence of CF mutations by DNA analysis among CRS patients vs controls.

RESULTS

Eleven CRS patients were found to have a CF mutation (DeltaF508, n = 9; G542X, n = 1; and N1303K, n = 1). Diagnostic testing excluded CF in 10 of these patients and led to CF diagnosis in 1. Excluding this patient from the analyses, the proportion of CRS patients who were found to have a CF mutation (7%) was significantly higher than in the control group (n = 2 [2%]; P =.04, both having DeltaF508 mutations). Furthermore, 9 of the 10 CF carriers had the polymorphism M470V, and M470V homozygotes were overrepresented in the remaining 136 CRS patients (P =.03).

CONCLUSION

These data indicate that mutations in the gene responsible for CF may be associated with the development of CRS in the general population. JAMA. 2000;284:1814-1819.

Nasal provocation with allergen induces a secondary serum IgE antibody response

The study of the IgE response to seasonal antigen exposure is limited by its occurrence once a year and by the variability of patient exposure to pollens. To overcome these problems, we investigated whether nasal challenge with antigen causes an increase in serum anti-ragweed IgE levels. We challenged individuals with ragweed allergy intranasally with nanogram quantities of ragweed antigen extract and measured their serum anti-ragweed IgE levels before and at weekly intervals after challenge. In a series of studies we found that there was a reproducible rise in antigen-specific serum IgE levels beginning the first week after challenge that plateaued at about 180% of baseline levels during the fourth week and remained elevated for 8 weeks. Not all individuals showed this response. The magnitude of the allergen-specific IgE response to nasal challenge appeared to be greater than the response to seasonal exposure. Treatment with intranasal beclomethasone before challenge did not affect the response. The results demonstrate a human in vivo model for the study of the antigen-specific secondary IgE response to allergen.

A double-blind study of the discontinuation of ragweed immunotherapy

BACKGROUND

Immunotherapy effectively treats the symptoms of allergic rhinitis and improves its pathophysiology. We studied whether the effects of immunotherapy on the early response to nasal challenge with antigen and seasonal symptoms persist after discontinuation.

METHODS

Twenty subjects with ragweed allergy who were receiving immunotherapy and who had nasal challenges performed before initiation of treatment were selected. The patients had been receiving maintenance therapy with aqueous ragweed extract at a dose of 12 microg of Amb a 1 equivalent for a minimum of 3 years, at which point they were randomized to receive either placebo injections or to continue with the maintenance dose. Nasal challenges were performed before and 1 year after randomization. Nasal challenges were monitored by counting the number of sneezes and measuring histamine, N-alpha-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester-esterase activity, and kinins in recovered nasal lavages. In the same year symptom diaries were collected during the ragweed season.

RESULTS

The initial immunotherapy significantly reduced responses to nasal challenge in both groups. The group continuing to receive active treatment showed no significant changes from the response before randomization. In contrast, the group randomized to placebo treatment showed a partial return of histamine, kinins, and N-alpha-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester-esterase in nasal secretions and the numbers of sneezes. IgG antibodies to ragweed declined only in the group switched to placebo treatment. Seasonal rises of IgE antibodies to ragweed did not return during the first season after treatment was stopped. Symptoms reported during the ragweed season were not different between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS

One year after discontinuation of ragweed immunotherapy, nasal challenges showed partial recrudescence of mediator responses even though reports during the season appeared to indicate continued suppression of symptoms.

Duration of action of intranasal atropine on methacholine-induced nasal secretions

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the duration of the inhibitory action of intranasal atropine on the secretory response to nasal challenge with methacholine.

DESIGN

Double-blind, placebo-controlled, four-way crossover trial.

SUBJECTS

Twelve volunteers with perennial allergic rhinitis.

INTERVENTIONS

Subjects were treated intranasally with placebo or 100, 200, and 400 micrograms of atropine in each nostril. They were then challenged 30 minutes after administration of the nasal spray and hourly for 6 hours with 0.19 mg of methacholine. The weight of nasal secretions generated by methacholine challenge served as an indicator of the secretory response. The nasal challenges and the collection of nasal secretions were performed using filter paper disks.

RESULTS

After placebo treatment, the response to methacholine was similar at each time point. In contrast, all doses of atropine significantly reduced the response to methacholine stimulation at the 30-minute, 1-hour, and 2-hour time points.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data show that the anticholinergic activity of intranasal atropine lasts at least 2 hours with no significant difference in the duration of inhibitory action between the doses used. The results suggest that intranasal atropine could become a therapeutic modality for patients in whom glandular hypersecretion is a major symptom.