Transforming Growth Factor Beta as Salivary Biomarker in Periodontitis Patients with or without Diabetes Mellitus

Aim: To estimate the salivary TGF-beta levels in periodontitis patients with or without diabetes mellitus Materials and methods: Thirty patients [15 males and 15 females] were included in this study and divided into three groups. Group a included 10 participants with periodontal health. Group b included 10 participants with periodontitis and diabetes mellitus. Group c included 10 participants with periodontitis only. Saliva samples were collected and TGF-beta levels were compared between the groups using Sandwich-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay by commercially available human TGF-beta 96 well ELISA kit. The data were statistically analysed by One-Way- ANOVA. Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test was used to test the significance at the levels of P< 0.05. Results: TGF- beta level was found to be significantly higher (p<0.05) in periodontitis with diabetes mellitus (108 ±7.1pg/ml) when compared with periodontitis only (77±3.5 pg/ml) and also when compared with healthy controls (66±5.6 pg/ml). Conclusion: The results indicate that TGF beta level was found to be increased in the saliva of patients with periodontitis with diabetes mellitus than healthy controls, suggesting that diabetes mellitus and periodontitis show detrimental effects on each other through TGF beta pathway and thus estimation of salivary TGF beta levels may help to monitor the periodontal disease severity in diabetic patients.

Quantum chemical calculation, performance of selective antimicrobial activity using molecular docking analysis, RDG and experimental (FT-IR, FT-Raman) investigation of 4-[{2-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(4-propan-2-yl) phenyl)-4, 5-dihydro- 1H- pyrazol-1-yl]-4-oxo-1, 3- thiazol-5(4H)-ylidene} methyl] benzonitrile

The research received a great deal of worldwide attention due to the nature of interpretation before the experimental process. Based on the systematic process the structure of thiazole -pyrazole compound 4-[{2-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(4-propan-2-yl) phenyl)-4, 5-dihydro- 1H- pyrazol-1-yl]-4-oxo-1, 3- thiazol-5(4H)-ylidene} methyl] benzonitrile [CPTBN] was investigated. In the first level, the spectral statistics on experimental FT-IR and FT- Raman was reported. At the next level, geometrical parameters was theoretically acquired from density functional theory (DFT) using B3LPY/6-31G and 6-311G basis set. The computed Wavenumber were collected and compared with the experimental data. The vibrational modes were interpreted in terms of potential energy distribution (PED) results. The FMO, MEP, and NBO analysis further validated the electrophilic and nucleophilic interaction in the molecular systems. Two grams-positive bacteria: staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and two gram-negative bacteria: Esherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was performed for antibacterial activity. Two fungal strain Candida albicans and Aspergillus Niger was carried out against a ligand using anti-fungal activity. The molecular docking analysis explores the antimicrobial and selective potential inhibitory nature of the binding molecule. Besides, RDG and ELF analysis were also performed to show the nature of interactions between the molecule.

A Cross Sectional Survey of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Antibiotic Use for Children in Chennai among Mothers

Background and Aim: Mothers play a vital role in providing antibiotics to their children since they are too often affected with infections. Hence, the purpose of this study to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice towards antibiotic use of children in Chennai among mothers.  Materials and Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted among mothers of 250 participants. A questionnaire based online survey was conducted and distributed through the survey planet. The data were collected and tabulated in Microsoft Excel sheets which were transferred to SPSS Version 20 for statistical analysis. Chi square test was performed to check for association between variables.  Results: About 71.3% of the mothers are not aware that antibiotic resistance is a worldwide problem and 53.3% are paying attention to the expiry date of antibiotics and also 59.3% of the respondents give higher doses of antibiotics to their child than what doctor’s prescribed. 44% of them are providing antibiotics prescribed by local pharmacists without any doctor's prescription.      A highly significant association was seen in mothers with monthly income of <30000 rupees do not prefer expensive antibiotics compared to monthly income of >30000 rupees (Chi square test; p<0.001, statistically significant).  Conclusion: The study concluded that the mother’s limited knowledge about antibiotics. Hence it is important to facilitate multilevel parent’s education programs regarding antibiotic usage and create awareness about the complications of misconceptions of antibiotics. 

Topological analysis (BCP) of vibrational spectroscopic studies, docking, RDG, DSSC, Fukui functions and chemical reactivity of 2-methylphenylacetic acid

Experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 2-methylphenylacetic acid (MPA) were recorded and theoretical values are also analyzed. The non-linear optical (NLO) properties were evaluated by determination of first (5.5053×10^-30 e.s.u.) and second hyper-polarizabilities (7.6833×10^-36 e.s.u.) of the title compound. The Multiwfn package is used to find the weak non-covalent interaction (Van der Wall interaction) and strong repulsion (steric effect) of the molecule and examined by reduced density gradient. The molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) analysis used to find the most reactive sites for the electrophilic and nucleophilic attack. The chemical activity (electronegativity, hardness, chemical softness and chemical potential) of the title compound was predicted with the help of HOMO-LUMO energy values. The natural bond orbital (NBO) has been analyzed the stability of the molecule arising from the hyper-conjugative interaction. DSSCs were discussed in structural modifications that improve the electron injection efficiency of the title compound (MPA). The Fukui functions are calculated in order to get information associated with the local reactivity properties of the title compound. The binding sites of the two receptors were reported by molecular docking field and active site bond distance is same 1.9Å. The inhibitor of the title compound forms a stable complex with 1QYV and 2H1K proteins at the binding energies are -5.38 and -5.85 (∆G in kcal/mol).

Association of rs11643718 SLC12A3 and rs741301 ELMO1 Variants with Diabetic Nephropathy in South Indian Population

This study reports on the association of genetic variants selected from previous genome-wide association studies for type 2 diabetic nephropathy in south Indians. Eight variants were genotyped in 601 type 2 diabetic subjects without nephropathy (DM) and 583 type 2 diabetic subjects with nephropathy (DN) by MassARRAY. The minor allele frequencies of rs11643718 SLC12A3 variant and rs741301 ELMO1 variant were significantly different between DM and DN groups (P = 0.029 and 0.016, respectively). A combined analysis showed that the subjects carrying the risk genotypes of both these variants (GG of rs11643718 + AG/AA of rs741301) had a significant association with DN with an odds ratio [adjusted for age, sex, Body Mass Index (BMI), HbA1c, and systolic Blood Pressure (BP)] of 1.73 (1.30-2.30, P = 1.72 × 10^-4 ) as compared to subjects carrying all other genotype combinations. This is the first study to report a significant association of the SLC12A3 rs11643718 and ELMO1 rs741301 (Single nucleotide Polymorphism) SNPs with diabetic nephropathy in south Indians.

Conformational stability, spectroscopic and computational studies, HOMO-LUMO, NBO, ESP analysis, thermodynamic parameters of natural bioactive compound with anticancer potential of 2-(hydroxymethyl)anthraquinone

Natural product drugs play a dominant role in pharmaceutical care. Nature is an attractive source of new therapeutic candidate compounds as a tremendous chemical diversity is found in millions of species of plants, animals, marine organism and micro-organism. A antifungal activity against important opportunist micro-organism and against those involved in superficial mycosis, all from nosocomial origin. The acute in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of each anthraquinone (AQ) isolated from these bioactive extracts, on a mammalian eukaryotic cell line (Vero cells), allowed us to establish the non-cytotoxic concentration range, which was used to evaluate the anti-microbial effect. A comprehensive ab initio calculation using the DFT/6-31+G(d) level theory showed that 2-(hydroxymethyl)anthraquinone can exist in four possible conformations, which can interchange through the OH group on the five-membered ring. Density functional theory calculations were used to predict the vibrational frequencies and to help in normal mode, assignments. Furthermore, a natural bond orbital analysis was performed describing each hydrogen bond as donor accepter interaction. The Fourier transform infrared spectra (4000-400 cm(-1)) and the Fourier transform Raman spectra (3500-100 cm(-1)) of the HMA in the solid space have been recorded. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies show that charge transfer occurs within the molecule. The calculated ESP contour map shows the electrophilic and nucleophilic region of the molecule.

Structural study, NCA, FT-IR, FT-Raman spectral investigations, NBO analysis, thermodynamic functions of N-acetyl-l-phenylalanine

The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of N-acetyl-l-phenylalanine were recorded and analyzed. Natural bond orbital analysis has been carried out for various intramolecular interactions that are responsible for the stabilization of the molecule. HOMO-LUMO energy gap has been computed with the help of density functional theory. The statistical thermodynamic functions (heat capacity, entropy, vibrational partition function and Gibbs energy) were obtained for the range of temperature 100-1000K. The polarizability, first hyperpolarizability, anisotropy polarizability invariant has been computed using quantum chemical calculations. The infrared and Raman spectra were also predicted from the calculated intensities. Comparison of the experimental and theoretical spectra values provides important information about the ability of the computational method to describe the vibrational modes.

Conformational stability, vibrational (FT-IR and FT-Raman) spectra and computational analysis of m-trifluoromethyl benzoic acid

In this work, the vibrational characteristics of m-trifluoromethyl benzoic acid have been investigated and both the experimental and theoretical vibrational data indicate the presence of functional groups in the title molecule. The density functional theoretical (DFT) computations were performed at the B3LYP/6-31G (d, p), LSDA/6-31G (d, p), MP2/6-31G (d, p) levels to derive the optimized geometry, vibrational wavenumbers. Furthermore, the molecular orbital calculations such as natural bond orbitals (NBO), HOMO-LUMO energy gap and Mapped molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surfaces, The Mulliken charges, the first-order hyperpolarizability were also performed with the same level of DFT. The thermal flexibility of molecule in associated with vibrational temperature was also illustrated on the basis of correlation graphs. The detailed interpretation of the vibrational spectra has been carried out with the aid of potential energy distribution (PED) results obtained from MOLVIB program. The delocalization of electron density of various constituents of the molecule has been discussed with the aid of NBO and HOMO-LUMO energy gap analysis.

2,4-dihydroxy benzaldehyde derived Schiff bases as small molecule Hsp90 inhibitors: rational identification of a new anticancer lead

Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone that heals diverse array of biomolecules ranging from multiple oncogenic proteins to the ones responsible for development of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Moreover they are over-expressed in cancer cells as a complex with co-chaperones and under-expressed in normal cells as a single free entity. Hence inhibitors of Hsp90 will be more effective and selective in destroying cancer cells with minimum chances of acquiring resistance to them. In continuation of our goal to rationally develop effective small molecule azomethines against Hsp90, we designed few more compounds belonging to the class of 2,4-dihydroxy benzaldehyde derived imines (1-13) with our validated docking protocol. The molecules exhibiting good docking score were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by IR, (1)H NMR and mass spectral analysis. Subsequently, they were evaluated for their potential to suppress Hsp90 ATPase activity by Malachite green assay. The antiproliferative effect of the molecules were examined on PC3 prostate cancer cell lines by adopting 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay methodology. Finally, schiff base 13 emerged as the lead molecule for future design and development of Hsp90 inhibitors as anticancer agents.

Spectroscopic investigation, natural bond orbital analysis, HOMO-LUMO and thermodynamic functions of 2-tert-butyl-5-methyl anisole using DFT (B3LYP) calculations

The optimized molecular structure and corresponding vibrational assignments of 2-tert-butyl-5-methyl anisole (TBMA) have been investigated using density functional theory (DFT)/B3LYP with 6-31G(d,p) and 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets investigation of the relative orientation of the methoxy group has shown two conformers (O-cis) and (O-trans) exist. The vibrational analysis of the stable conformer of the title compound is performed by means of infrared absorption and Raman spectroscopy in combination with theoretical simultaneously. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis is useful to understand the intra-molecular hyper conjugative interaction lone pair and π(∗)(C-C), σ(∗)(C-H) bond orbital. HOMO and LUMO energies show that charge transfer occurs in the molecule, therefore; HOMO, LUMO and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) were calculated and analyzed. (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra by using gauge including atomic orbital (GIAO) method of studied compound were compared with experimental data. The thermodynamic functions of TBMA were calculated by B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) basis set.

Conformational stability, vibrational and NMR analysis, chemical potential and thermodynamical parameter of 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole

The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (TBHA) molecule have been recorded in the region 4000-400 cm(-1) and 3500-100 cm(-1), respectively. Optimized geometrical structure, harmonic vibrational frequencies has been computed by B3LYP level using 6-31G (d,p) and 6-311+G (d,p) basis sets. The observed FT-IR and FT-Raman vibrational frequencies are analyzed and compared with theoretically predicted vibrational frequencies. The geometries and normal modes of vibration obtained from DFT method are in good agreement with the experimental data. The Mulliken charges, the natural bonding orbital (NBO) analysis, the first-order hyperpolarizability of the investigated molecule were computed using DFT calculations. Besides, charge transfer occurring in the molecule between HOMO and LUMO energies, frontier energy gap, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) were calculated and analyzed. The isotropic chemical shift computed by (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts of the TBHA calculated using the gauge invariant atomic orbital (GIAO) method also shows good agreement with experimental observations.

Quantum chemical determination of molecular geometries, interpretation of FT-IR, FT-Raman spectra and charge transfer properties for N-(2-cyanoethyl)-N-methylaniline

FT-Raman and FT-IR spectra were recorded for N-(2-cyanoethyl)-N-methylaniline sample in solid state. The equilibrium geometries, harmonic vibrational frequencies, infrared and Raman scattering activities were computed using DFT method. Results obtained at this level of theory were used for a detailed interpretation of the infrared and Raman spectra, based on the potential energy distribution (PED) of the normal modes. Molecular parameters such as bond length, and bond angle were calculated with the same method. The intra-molecular charge transfer was calculated by means of natural bond orbital analysis (NBO). Hyperconjugative interaction energy was more during the π-π(*) transition. Energy gap of the molecule was found using HOMO and LUMO calculation, hence the less band gap, which seems to be more stable. Atomic charges of various atoms of title molecule and other thermo-dynamical parameters were calculated using same levels of calculation. The correlation equations between heat capacity, entropy, Gibb's free energies changes with temperatures were fitted by quadratic formula. UV-VIS spectral analyses of title molecule have been researched by theoretical calculations. In order to understand electronic transitions of the compound, TD-DFT calculations on electronic absorption spectra in gas phase and solvent were performed. The calculated frontier orbital energies, absorption wavelengths (λ), oscillator strengths (f) and excitation energies (E) for gas phase in different solvent are also illustrated.

Results of intraoperative 5-fluorouracil in patients undergoing trabeculectomy--pilot trial

To study the effect of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) in glaucoma filtration surgery, 13 eyes of 12 patients with glaucoma were subjected to trabeculectomy with intraoperative one minute exposure of 50 mg/ml 5-FU. The average age of patients was 36.42 +/- 18.78 years. Two of the patients had developed hypotony in the fellow eye following the use of Mitomycin C with trabeculectomy. The mean follow-up period was 9.54 +/- 5.17 weeks. Two patients developed a shallow anterior chamber with choroidals postoperatively which responded to conservative treatment. One patient developed an encysted bleb one month after surgery. Single one minute intraoperative exposure to 5-FU is a convenient and inexpensive method which appears to have no significant side effects. It may be a useful adjunctive treatment to optimise the results of glaucoma filtration surgery particularly in young and myopic patients. The long term effects, however, are not known.