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Pan D, Pollack IB, Sive BC, Marsavin A, Naimie LE, Benedict KB, Zhou Y, Sullivan AP, Prenni AJ, Cope EJ, Juncosa Calahorrano JF, Fischer EV, Schichtel BA, Collett JL. Source characterization of volatile organic compounds at Carlsbad Caverns National Park. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2023; 73:914-929. [PMID: 37850691 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2023.2266696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Carlsbad Caverns National Park (CAVE), located in southeastern New Mexico, experiences elevated ground-level ozone (O3) exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 70 ppbv. It is situated adjacent to the Permian Basin, one of the largest oil and gas (O&G) producing regions in the US. In 2019, the Carlsbad Caverns Air Quality Study (CarCavAQS) was conducted to examine impacts of different sources on ozone precursors, including nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Here, we use positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of speciated VOCs to characterize VOC sources at CAVE during the study. Seven factors were identified. Three factors composed largely of alkanes and aromatics with different lifetimes were attributed to O&G development and production activities. VOCs in these factors were typical of those emitted by O&G operations. Associated residence time analyses (RTA) indicated their contributions increased in the park during periods of transport from the Permian Basin. These O&G factors were the largest contributor to VOC reactivity with hydroxyl radicals (62%). Two PMF factors were rich in photochemically generated secondary VOCs; one factor contained species with shorter atmospheric lifetimes and one with species with longer lifetimes. RTA of the secondary factors suggested impacts of O&G emissions from regions farther upwind, such as Eagle Ford Shale and Barnett Shale formations. The last two factors were attributed to alkenes likely emitted from vehicles or other combustion sources in the Permian Basin and regional background VOCs, respectively.Implications: Carlsbad Caverns National Park experiences ground-level ozone exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standard. Volatile organic compounds are critical precursors to ozone formation. Measurements in the Park identify oil and gas production and development activities as the major contributors to volatile organic compounds. Emissions from the adjacent Permian Basin contributed to increases in primary species that enhanced local ozone formation. Observations of photochemically generated compounds indicate that ozone was also transported from shale formations and basins farther upwind. Therefore, emission reductions of volatile organic compounds from oil and gas activities are important for mitigating elevated O3 in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Pan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ilana B Pollack
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Barkley C Sive
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, CO, USA
| | - Andrey Marsavin
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Lillian E Naimie
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Katherine B Benedict
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Amy P Sullivan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Anthony J Prenni
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Elana J Cope
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Emily V Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Bret A Schichtel
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Pollack IB, Pan D, Marsavin A, Cope EJ, Juncosa Calahorrano J, Naimie L, Benedict KB, Sullivan AP, Zhou Y, Sive BC, Prenni AJ, Schichtel BA, Collett J, Fischer EV. Observations of ozone, acyl peroxy nitrates, and their precursors during summer 2019 at Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2023; 73:951-968. [PMID: 37850745 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2023.2271436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Carlsbad Caverns National Park (CAVE) is located in southeastern New Mexico and is adjacent to the Permian Basin, one of the most productive oil and natural gas (O&G) production regions in the United States. Since 2018, ozone (O3) at CAVE has frequently exceeded the 70 ppbv 8-hour National Ambient Air Quality Standard. We examine the influence of regional emissions on O3 formation using observations of O3, nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2), a suite of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), and peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN). Elevated O3 and its precursors are observed when the wind is from the southeast, the direction of the Permian Basin. We identify 13 days during the July 25 to September 5, 2019 study period when the maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8) O3 exceeded 65 ppbv; MDA8 O3 exceeded 70 ppbv on 5 of these days. The results of a positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis are used to identify and attribute source contributions of VOCs and NOx. On days when the winds are from the southeast, there are larger contributions from factors associated with primary O&G emissions; and, on high O3 days, there is more contribution from factors associated with secondary photochemical processing of O&G emissions. The observed ratio of VOCs to NOx is consistently high throughout the study period, consistent with NOx-limited O3 production. Finally, all high O3 days coincide with elevated acyl peroxy nitrate abundances with PPN to PAN ratios > 0.15 ppbv ppbv-1 indicating that anthropogenic VOC precursors, and often alkanes specifically, dominate the photochemistry.Implications: The results above strongly indicate NOx-sensitive photochemistry at Carlsbad Caverns National Park indicating that reductions in NOx emissions should drive reductions in O3. However, the NOx-sensitivity is largely driven by emissions of NOx into a VOC-rich environment, and a high PPN:PAN ratio and its relationship to O3 indicate substantial influence from alkanes in the regional photochemistry. Thus, simultaneous reductions in emissions of NOx and non-methane VOCs from the oil and gas sector should be considered for reducing O3 at Carlsbad Caverns National Park. Reductions in non-methane VOCs will have the added benefit of reducing formation of other secondary pollutants and air toxics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana B Pollack
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Da Pan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrey Marsavin
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Elana J Cope
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | | | - L Naimie
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - K B Benedict
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Amy P Sullivan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Y Zhou
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - B C Sive
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, Colorado, USA
| | - Anthony J Prenni
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Bret A Schichtel
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeffrey Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Emily V Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Naimie LE, Sullivan AP, Benedict KB, Prenni AJ, Sive BC, Schichtel BA, Fischer EV, Pollack I, Collett J. PM 2.5 in Carlsbad Caverns National Park: Composition, sources, and visibility impacts. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2022; 72:1201-1218. [PMID: 35605169 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2022.2081634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Carlsbad Caverns National Park in southeastern New Mexico is adjacent to the Permian Basin, one of the most productive oil and gas regions in the country. The 2019 Carlsbad Caverns Air Quality Study (CarCavAQS) was designed to examine the influence of regional sources, including urban emissions, oil and gas development, wildfires, and soil dust on air quality in the park. Field measurements of aerosols, trace gases, and deposition were conducted from 25 July through 5 September 2019. Here, we focus on observations of fine particles and key trace gas precursors to understand the important contributing species and their sources and associated impacts on haze. Key gases measured included aerosol precursors, nitric acid and ammonia, and oil and gas tracer, methane. High-time resolution (6-min) PM2.5 mass ranged up to 31.8 µg m-3, with an average of 7.67 µg m-3. The main inorganic ion contributors were sulfate (avg 1.3 µg m-3), ammonium (0.30 µg m-3), calcium (Ca2+) (0.22 µg m-3), nitrate (0.16 µg m-3), and sodium (0.057 µg m-3). The WSOC concentration averaged 1.2 µg C m-3. Sharp spikes were observed in Ca2+, consistent with local dust generation and transport. Ion balance analysis and abundant nitric acid suggest PM2.5 nitrate often reflected reaction between nitric acid and sea salt, forming sodium nitrate, and between nitric acid and soil dust containing calcium carbonate, forming calcium nitrate. Sulfate and soil dust are the major contributors to modeled light extinction in the 24-hr average daily IMPROVE observations. Higher time resolution data revealed a maximum 1-hr extinction value of 90 Mm-1 (excluding coarse aerosol) and included periods of significant light extinction from BC as well as sulfate and soil dust. Residence time analysis indicated enrichment of sulfate, BC, and methane during periods of transport from the southeast, the direction of greatest abundance of oil and gas development.Implications: Rapid development of U.S. oil and gas resources raises concerns about potential impacts on air quality in National Parks. Measurements in Carlsbad Caverns National Park provide new insight into impacts of unconventional oil and gas development and other sources on visual air quality in the park. Major contributors to visibility impairment include sulfate, soil dust (often reacted with nitric acid), and black carbon. The worst periods of visibility and highest concentrations of many aerosol components were observed during transport from the southeast, a region of dense Permian Basin oil and gas development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian E Naimie
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Amy P Sullivan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - K B Benedict
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Anthony J Prenni
- National Park Service Air Resource Division, Lakewood, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - B C Sive
- National Park Service Air Resource Division, Lakewood, CO, USA
| | - Bret A Schichtel
- National Park Service Air Resource Division, Lakewood, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Emily V Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ilana Pollack
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Prenni AJ, Benedict KB, Day DE, Sive BC, Zhou Y, Naimie L, Gebhart KA, Dombek T, De Boskey M, Hyslop NP, Spencer E, Chew QM, Collett JL, Schichtel BA. Wintertime haze and ozone at Dinosaur National Monument. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2022; 72:951-968. [PMID: 35254216 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2022.2048922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dinosaur National Monument (DINO) is located near the northeastern edge of the Uinta Basin and often experiences elevated levels of wintertime ground-level ozone. Previous studies have shown that high ozone mixing ratios in the Uinta Basin are driven by elevated levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from regional oil and gas development coupled with temperature inversions and enhanced photochemistry from persistent snow cover. Here, we show that persistent snow cover and temperature inversions, along with abundant ammonia, also lead to wintertime haze in this region. A study was conducted at DINO from November 2018 through May 2020 where ozone, speciated fine and coarse aerosols, inorganic gases, and VOCs were measured. Three National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) ozone exceedances were observed in the first winter, and no exceedances were observed in the second winter. In contrast, elevated levels of particulate matter were observed both winters, with 24-h averaged particle light extinction exceeding 100 Mm-1. These haze events were dominated by ammonium nitrate, and particulate organics were highly correlated with ammonium nitrate. Ammonium nitrate formation was limited by nitric acid in winter. As such, reductions in regional NOx emissions should reduce haze levels and improve visibility at DINO in winter. Long-term measurements of particulate matter from nearby Vernal, Utah, suggest that visibility impairment is a persistent issue in the Uinta Basin in winter. From April through October 2019, relatively clean conditions occurred, with average particle extinction of ~10 Mm-1. During this period, ammonium nitrate concentrations were lower by more than an order of magnitude, and contributions from coarse mass and soil to haze levels increased. VOC markers indicated that the high levels of observed pollutants in winter were likely from local sources related to oil and gas extraction activities.Implications: Elevated ground-level ozone and haze levels were observed at Dinosaur National Monument in winter. Haze episodes were dominated by ammonium nitrate, with 24-h averaged particle light extinction exceeding 100 Mm-1, reducing visual range near the surface to ~35 km. Despite elevated ammonium nitrate concentrations, additional gas-phase ammonia was available, such that any increase in NOx emissions in the region is likely to lead to even greater haze levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Prenni
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, Colorado, USA
| | - Katherine B Benedict
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Derek E Day
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Barkley C Sive
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, Colorado, USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lilly Naimie
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristi A Gebhart
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, Colorado, USA
| | - Tracy Dombek
- Analytical Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Miranda De Boskey
- Analytical Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicole P Hyslop
- University of California, Davis, Air Quality Research Center, Davis, California, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey L Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Bret A Schichtel
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, Colorado, USA
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Walker JT, Beachley G, Zhang L, Benedict KB, Sive BC, Schwede DB. A review of measurements of air-surface exchange of reactive nitrogen in natural ecosystems across North America. Sci Total Environ 2020; 698:133975. [PMID: 31499348 PMCID: PMC7032654 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the state of the science of measurements of dry deposition of reactive nitrogen (Nr) compounds in North America, beginning with current understanding of the importance of dry deposition at the U.S. continental scale followed by a review of micrometeorological flux measurement methods. Measurements of Nr air-surface exchange in natural ecosystems of North America are then summarized, focusing on the U.S. and Canada. Drawing on this synthesis, research needed to address the incompleteness of dry deposition budgets, more fully characterize temporal and geographical variability of fluxes, and better understand air-surface exchange processes is identified. Our assessment points to several data and knowledge gaps that must be addressed to advance dry deposition budgets and air-surface exchange modeling for North American ecosystems. For example, recent studies of particulate (NO3-) and gaseous (NOx, HONO, peroxy nitrates) oxidized N fluxes challenge the fundamental framework of unidirectional flux from the atmosphere to the surface employed in most deposition models. Measurements in forest ecosystems document the importance of in-canopy chemical processes in regulating the net flux between the atmosphere and biosphere, which can result in net loss from the canopy. These results emphasize the need for studies to quantify within- and near-canopy sources and sinks of the full suite of components of the Nr chemical system under study (e.g., NOy or HNO3-NH3-NH4NO3). With respect to specific ecosystems and geographical locations, additional flux measurements are needed particularly in agricultural regions (NH3), coastal zones (NO3- and organic N), and arid ecosystems and along urban to rural gradients (NO2). Measurements that investigate non-stomatal exchange processes (e.g., deposition to wet surfaces) and the biogeochemical drivers of bidirectional exchange (e.g., NH3) are considered high priority. Establishment of long-term sites for process level measurements of reactive chemical fluxes should be viewed as a high priority long-term endeavor of the atmospheric chemistry and ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Walker
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | - Leiming Zhang
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine B Benedict
- Colorado State University, Department of Atmospheric Science, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Barkley C Sive
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, CO, USA
| | - Donna B Schwede
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, USA
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Walker JT, Beachley G, Amos HM, Baron JS, Bash J, Baumgardner R, Bell MD, Benedict KB, Chen X, Clow DW, Cole A, Coughlin JG, Cruz K, Daly RW, Decina SM, Elliott EM, Fenn ME, Ganzeveld L, Gebhart K, Isil SS, Kerschner BM, Larson RS, Lavery T, Lear GG, Macy T, Mast MA, Mishoe K, Morris KH, Padgett PE, Pouyat RV, Puchalski M, Pye HOT, Rea AW, Rhodes MF, Rogers CM, Saylor R, Scheffe R, Schichtel BA, Schwede DB, Sexstone GA, Sive BC, Sosa Echeverría R, Templer PH, Thompson T, Tong D, Wetherbee GA, Whitlow TH, Wu Z, Yu Z, Zhang L. Toward the improvement of total nitrogen deposition budgets in the United States. Sci Total Environ 2019; 691:1328-1352. [PMID: 31466212 PMCID: PMC7724633 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Frameworks for limiting ecosystem exposure to excess nutrients and acidity require accurate and complete deposition budgets of reactive nitrogen (Nr). While much progress has been made in developing total Nr deposition budgets for the U.S., current budgets remain limited by key data and knowledge gaps. Analysis of National Atmospheric Deposition Program Total Deposition (NADP/TDep) data illustrates several aspects of current Nr deposition that motivate additional research. Averaged across the continental U.S., dry deposition contributes slightly more (55%) to total deposition than wet deposition and is the dominant process (>90%) over broad areas of the Southwest and other arid regions of the West. Lack of dry deposition measurements imposes a reliance on models, resulting in a much higher degree of uncertainty relative to wet deposition which is routinely measured. As nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions continue to decline, reduced forms of inorganic nitrogen (NHx = NH3 + NH4+) now contribute >50% of total Nr deposition over large areas of the U.S. Expanded monitoring and additional process-level research are needed to better understand NHx deposition, its contribution to total Nr deposition budgets, and the processes by which reduced N deposits to ecosystems. Urban and suburban areas are hotspots where routine monitoring of oxidized and reduced Nr deposition is needed. Finally, deposition budgets have incomplete information about the speciation of atmospheric nitrogen; monitoring networks do not capture important forms of Nr such as organic nitrogen. Building on these themes, we detail the state of the science of Nr deposition budgets in the U.S. and highlight research priorities to improve deposition budgets in terms of monitoring and flux measurements, leaf- to regional-scale modeling, source apportionment, and characterization of deposition trends and patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Walker
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America.
| | - G Beachley
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - H M Amos
- AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellow hosted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - J S Baron
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - J Bash
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - R Baumgardner
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - M D Bell
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, CO, United States of America
| | - K B Benedict
- Colorado State University, Department of Atmospheric Science, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - X Chen
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - D W Clow
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Water Science Center, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - A Cole
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Air Quality Research Division, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J G Coughlin
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - K Cruz
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - R W Daly
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - S M Decina
- University of California, Department of Chemistry, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - E M Elliott
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Geology & Environmental Science, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - M E Fenn
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - L Ganzeveld
- Meteorology and Air Quality (MAQ), Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - K Gebhart
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - S S Isil
- Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc., Newberry, FL, United States of America
| | - B M Kerschner
- Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, United States of America
| | - R S Larson
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - T Lavery
- Environmental Consultant, Cranston, RI, United States of America
| | - G G Lear
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - T Macy
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - M A Mast
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Water Science Center, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - K Mishoe
- Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc., Newberry, FL, United States of America
| | - K H Morris
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, CO, United States of America
| | - P E Padgett
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - R V Pouyat
- U.S. Forest Service, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - M Puchalski
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - H O T Pye
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - A W Rea
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - M F Rhodes
- D&E Technical, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - C M Rogers
- Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc., Newberry, FL, United States of America
| | - R Saylor
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Air Resources Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - R Scheffe
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - B A Schichtel
- National Park Service, Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - D B Schwede
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - G A Sexstone
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Water Science Center, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - B C Sive
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, CO, United States of America
| | - R Sosa Echeverría
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - P H Templer
- Boston University, Department of Biology, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - T Thompson
- AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellow hosted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Policy, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - D Tong
- George Mason University. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Air Resources Laboratory, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - G A Wetherbee
- U.S. Geological Survey, Hydrologic Networks Branch, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - T H Whitlow
- Cornell University, Department of Horticulture, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Z Wu
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Z Yu
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Geology & Environmental Science, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - L Zhang
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Air Quality Research Division, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Benedict KB, Prenni AJ, Sullivan AP, Evanoski-Cole AR, Fischer EV, Callahan S, Sive BC, Zhou Y, Schichtel BA, Collett Jr JL. Impact of Front Range sources on reactive nitrogen concentrations and deposition in Rocky Mountain National Park. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4759. [PMID: 29780668 PMCID: PMC5958887 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human influenced atmospheric reactive nitrogen (RN) is impacting ecosystems in Rocky Mountain National Park (ROMO). Due to ROMO's protected status as a Class 1 area, these changes are concerning, and improving our understanding of the contributions of different types of RN and their sources is important for reducing impacts in ROMO. In July-August 2014 the most comprehensive measurements (to date) of RN were made in ROMO during the Front Range Air Pollution and Photochemistry Éxperiment (FRAPPÉ). Measurements included peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), C1-C5 alkyl nitrates, and high-time resolution NOx, NOy, and ammonia. A limited set of measurements was extended through October. Co-located measurements of a suite of volatile organic compounds provide information on source types impacting ROMO. Specifically, we use ethane as a tracer of oil and gas operations and tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4) as an urban tracer to investigate their relationship with RN species and transport patterns. Results of this analysis suggest elevated RN concentrations are associated with emissions from oil and gas operations, which are frequently co-located with agricultural production and livestock feeding areas in the region, and from urban areas. There also are periods where RN at ROMO is impacted by long-range transport. We present an atmospheric RN budget and a nitrogen deposition budget with dry and wet components. Total deposition for the period (7/1-9/30) was estimated at 1.58 kg N/ha, with 87% from wet deposition during this period of above average precipitation. Ammonium wet deposition was the dominant contributor to total nitrogen deposition followed by nitrate wet deposition and total dry deposition. Ammonia was estimated to be the largest contributor to dry deposition followed by nitric acid and PAN (other species included alkyl nitrates, ammonium and nitrate). All three species are challenging to measure routinely, especially at high time resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B. Benedict
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Prenni
- Air Resources Division, National Park Service, Lakewood, CO, United States of America
| | - Amy P. Sullivan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Ashley R. Evanoski-Cole
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
- Present address: Department of Chemistry, St. Bonaventure University, St. Bonaventure, NY, United States of America
| | - Emily V. Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Sara Callahan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Barkley C. Sive
- Air Resources Division, National Park Service, Lakewood, CO, United States of America
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Bret A. Schichtel
- Air Resources Division, National Park Service, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L. Collett Jr
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
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Pfister GG, Reddy P, Barth MC, Flocke FF, Fried A, Herndon SC, Sive BC, Sullivan JT, Thompson AM, Yacovitch TI, Weinheimer AJ, Wisthaler A. Using observations and source specific model tracers to characterize pollutant transport during FRAPPÉ and DISCOVER-AQ. J Geophys Res Atmos 2017; 122:10510-10538. [PMID: 33006328 PMCID: PMC7526682 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd027257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transport is a key parameter in air quality research and plays a dominant role in the Colorado Northern Front Range Metropolitan Area (NFRMA), where terrain induced flows and recirculation patterns can lead to vigorous mixing of different emission sources. To assess different transport processes and their connection to air quality in the NFRMA during the FRAPPÉ and DISCOVER-AQ campaigns in summer 2014, we use the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with inert tracers. Overall, the model represents well the measured winds and the inert tracers are in good agreement with observations of comparable trace gas concentrations. The model tracers support the analysis of surface wind and ozone measurements and allow for the analysis of transport patterns and interactions of emissions. A main focus of this study is on characterizing pollution transport from the NFRMA to the mountains by mountain-valley flows and the potential for recirculating pollution back into the NFRMA. One such event on 12 August 2014 was well captured by the aircraft and is studied in more detail. The model represents the flow conditions and demonstrates that during upslope events, frequently there is a separation of air masses that are heavily influenced by oil and gas emissions to the North and dominated by urban emissions to the South. This case study provides evidence that NFRMA pollution not only can impact the nearby Foothills and mountain areas to the East of the Continental Divide, but that pollution can "spill over" into the valleys to the West of the Continental Divide.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Pfister
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - P Reddy
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- formerly Air Pollution Control Division, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - M C Barth
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - F F Flocke
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - A Fried
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - S C Herndon
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - B C Sive
- Air Resources Division, National Park Service, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - J T Sullivan
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - A M Thompson
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - T I Yacovitch
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A J Weinheimer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - A Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Buckley PI, Bowdle DA, Newchurch MJ, Sive BC, Mount GH. Extractive FTIR spectroscopy with cryogen-free low-temperature inert preconcentration for autonomous measurements of atmospheric organics: 1: Instrument development and preliminary performance. Appl Opt 2015; 54:2908-2921. [PMID: 25967207 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.002908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In collaboration with the Jefferson County Department of Health and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the University of Alabama in Huntsville developed a novel sensor for detecting very low levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This sensor uses a commercial Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, a commercial long-path IR gas cell, a commercial acoustic Stirling cyrocooler, and a custom cryogen-free cryotrap to improve sensitivity in an autonomous system with on-board quality control and quality assurance. Laboratory and initial field results show this methodology is sensitive to and well-suited for a wide variety of VOC atmospheric research and monitoring applications, including EPA National Air Toxics Trends Stations and the National Core monitoring network.
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Swarthout RF, Russo RS, Zhou Y, Miller BM, Mitchell B, Horsman E, Lipsky E, McCabe DC, Baum E, Sive BC. Impact of Marcellus Shale natural gas development in southwest Pennsylvania on volatile organic compound emissions and regional air quality. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:3175-84. [PMID: 25594231 DOI: 10.1021/es504315f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The Marcellus Shale is the largest natural gas deposit in the U.S. and rapid development of this resource has raised concerns about regional air pollution. A field campaign was conducted in the southwestern Pennsylvania region of the Marcellus Shale to investigate the impact of unconventional natural gas (UNG) production operations on regional air quality. Whole air samples were collected throughout an 8050 km(2) grid surrounding Pittsburgh and analyzed for methane, carbon dioxide, and C1-C10 volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Elevated mixing ratios of methane and C2-C8 alkanes were observed in areas with the highest density of UNG wells. Source apportionment was used to identify characteristic emission ratios for UNG sources, and results indicated that UNG emissions were responsible for the majority of mixing ratios of C2-C8 alkanes, but accounted for a small proportion of alkene and aromatic compounds. The VOC emissions from UNG operations accounted for 17 ± 19% of the regional kinetic hydroxyl radical reactivity of nonbiogenic VOCs suggesting that natural gas emissions may affect compliance with federal ozone standards. A first approximation of methane emissions from the study area of 10.0 ± 5.2 kg s(-1) provides a baseline for determining the efficacy of regulatory emission control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Swarthout
- Natural Resources and Earth System Science Program, University of New Hampshire , Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
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11
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Stephens CR, Shepson PB, Steffen A, Bottenheim JW, Liao J, Huey LG, Apel E, Weinheimer A, Hall SR, Cantrell C, Sive BC, Knapp DJ, Montzka DD, Hornbrook RS. The relative importance of chlorine and bromine radicals in the oxidation of atmospheric mercury at Barrow, Alaska. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Bahadur R, Uplinger T, Russell LM, Sive BC, Cliff SS, Millet DB, Goldstein A, Bates TS. Phenol groups in northeastern U.S. submicrometer aerosol particles produced from seawater sources. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44:2542-2548. [PMID: 20192253 DOI: 10.1021/es9032277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particles collected during the ICARTT 2004 field experiment at ground based sites at Appledore Island (AI), New Hampshire, Chebogue Point (CP), Nova Scotia, and aboard the R/V Ronald Brown (RB) were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to quantify organic mass (OM) and organic functional groups. Several of these spectra contain a unique absorbance peak at 3500 cm(-1). Laboratory calibrations identify this peak with phenol functional groups. The phenol groups are associated with seawater-derived emissions based on correlations with tracer volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ions, and potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis. On the basis of the measured absorptivities, the project average phenol group concentrations are 0.24 +/- 0.18 microg m(-3) (4% of the total OM) at AI, 0.10 +/- 0.6 microg m(-3) (5% of the total OM) at CP, and 0.08 +/- 0.09 microg m(-3) (2% of the total OM) on board the RB, with detection limits typically between 0.06 and 0.11 microg m(-3). The spectra were partitioned into three primary factors using positive matrix factorization (PMF) sufficient to explain more than 95% of the measured OM. The fossil fuel combustion factor contributed 40% (AI), 34% (CP), and 43% (RB) of the total OM; the terrestrial biogenic factor contributed 20% (AI), 30% (CP), and 27% (RB). The seawater-derived factor contributed 40% (AI), 36% (CP) and 29% (RB) of the OM and showed similar correlations to tracers as the phenol group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Bahadur
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla California 92093-0221, USA
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13
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Zhou Y, Shively D, Mao H, Russo RS, Pape B, Mower RN, Talbot R, Sive BC. Air toxic emissions from snowmobiles in Yellowstone National Park. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44:222-228. [PMID: 19954179 DOI: 10.1021/es9018578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A study on emissions associated with oversnow travel in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) was conducted for the time period of February 13-16, 2002 and February 12-16, 2003. Whole air and exhaust samples were characterized for 85 volatile organic compounds using gas chromatography. The toxics including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (p-, m-, and o-xylene), and n-hexane, which are major components of two-stroke engine exhaust, show large enhancements during sampling periods resulting from increased snowmobile traffic. Evaluation of the photochemical history of air masses sampled in YNP revealed that emissions of these air toxics were (i) recent, (ii) persistent throughout the region, and (iii) consistent with the two-stroke engine exhaust sample fingerprints. The annual fluxes were estimated to be 0.35, 1.12, 0.24, 1.45, and 0.36 Gg yr(-1) for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and n-hexane, respectively, from snowmobile usage in YNP. These results are comparable to the flux estimates of 0.23, 0.77, 0.17, and 0.70 Gg yr(-1) for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes, respectively, that were derived on the basis of (i) actual snowmobile counts in the Park and (ii) our ambient measurements conducted in 2003. Extrapolating these results, annual emissions from snowmobiles in the U.S. appear to be significantly higher than the values from the EPA National Emissions Inventory (1999). Snowmobile emissions represent a significant fraction ( approximately 14-21%) of air toxics with respect to EPA estimates of emissions by nonroad vehicles. Further investigation is warranted to more rigorously quantify the difference between our estimates and emission inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Climate Change Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA.
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Varner RK, Zhou Y, Russo RS, Wingenter OW, Atlas E, Stroud C, Mao H, Talbot R, Sive BC. Controls on atmospheric chloroiodomethane (CH2ClI) in marine environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Zhou Y, Mao H, Russo RS, Blake DR, Wingenter OW, Haase KB, Ambrose J, Varner RK, Talbot R, Sive BC. Bromoform and dibromomethane measurements in the seacoast region of New Hampshire, 2002–2004. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Cottrell LD, Griffin RJ, Jimenez JL, Zhang Q, Ulbrich I, Ziemba LD, Beckman PJ, Sive BC, Talbot RW. Submicron particles at Thompson Farm during ICARTT measured using aerosol mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Shively DD, Pape BMC, Mower RN, Zhou Y, Russo R, Sive BC. Blowing smoke in Yellowstone: air quality impacts of oversnow motorized recreation in the park. Environ Manage 2008; 41:183-199. [PMID: 18026785 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-007-9036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Snowmobile use in Yellowstone National Park has been shown to impact air quality, with implications for the safety and welfare of Park staff and other Park resource values. Localized impacts have been documented at several high-use sites in the Park, but the broader spatial variability of snowmobile emissions and air quality was not understood. Measurements of 87 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were made for ambient air sampled across the Park and West Yellowstone, Montana, during 2 days of the 2002-2003 winter use season, 1 year before the implementation of a new snowmobile policy. The data were compared with similar data from pristine West Coast sites at similar latitudes. Backward trajectories of local air masses, alkyl nitrate-parent alkane ratios, and atmospheric soundings were used to identify the VOC sources and assess their impact. Different oversnow vehicle types used in the Park were sampled to determine their relative influence on air mass pollutant composition. VOCs were of local origin and demonstrated strong spatiotemporal variability that is primarily influenced by levels of snowmobile traffic on given road segments at different times of day. High levels of snowmobile traffic in and around West Yellowstone produced consistently high levels of benzene, toluene, and carbon monoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Shively
- Department of Geography, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
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18
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Keene WC, Stutz J, Pszenny AAP, Maben JR, Fischer EV, Smith AM, von Glasow R, Pechtl S, Sive BC, Varner RK. Inorganic chlorine and bromine in coastal New England air during summer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William C. Keene
- Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Jochen Stutz
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Alexander A. P. Pszenny
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - John R. Maben
- Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | | | - Allen M. Smith
- Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Roland von Glasow
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Susanne Pechtl
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Barkley C. Sive
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Ruth K. Varner
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
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Pszenny AAP, Fischer EV, Russo RS, Sive BC, Varner RK. Estimates of Cl atom concentrations and hydrocarbon kinetic reactivity in surface air at Appledore Island, Maine (USA), during International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation/Chemistry of Halogens at the Isles of Shoals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. P. Pszenny
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
- Mount Washington Observatory; North Conway New Hampshire USA
| | | | - Rachel S. Russo
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Barkley C. Sive
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Ruth K. Varner
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
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20
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Griffin RJ, Beckman PJ, Talbot RW, Sive BC, Varner RK. Deviations from ozone photostationary state during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation 2004 campaign: Use of measurements and photochemical modeling to assess potential causes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Griffin
- Climate Change Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Pieter J. Beckman
- Climate Change Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Robert W. Talbot
- Climate Change Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Barkley C. Sive
- Climate Change Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Ruth K. Varner
- Climate Change Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
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Sive BC, Zhou Y, Troop D, Wang Y, Little WC, Wingenter OW, Russo RS, Varner RK, Talbot R. Development of a Cryogen-Free Concentration System for Measurements of Volatile Organic Compounds. Anal Chem 2005; 77:6989-98. [PMID: 16255600 DOI: 10.1021/ac0506231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An innovative cryogen-free concentrator system for measurement of atmospheric trace gases at the parts per trillion level has been developed with detection by routinely used gas chromatographic methods. The first-generation system was capable of reaching a trapping temperature of -186 degrees C, while the current version can reach -195 degrees C. A Kleemenko cooler is used to create liquid nitrogen equivalent trapping conditions and eliminate the use of solid absorbents, a potential source of artifacts. The method utilizes dual-stage trapping with individual cold regions. The two stages are cooled to -20 and -175 degrees C for water management and sample enrichment, respectively. Both stages house a Silonite-coated stainless steel sample loop; the second stage loop is filled with 1-mm-diameter glass beads, which provide an inert surface area for analyte concentration. In our application, the complete system employed four channels utilizing two flame ionization detectors, one electron capture detector, and a mass spectrometer. The system was automated for unattended operation and was deployed off the New England east coast on Appledore Island to measure a suite of ambient non-methane hydrocarbons, halocarbons, alkyl nitrates, and oxygenated volatile organic compounds during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation field campaign in summer 2004. This robust system quantified 98 ambient volatile organic compounds with precisions ranging from 0.3 to 15%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkley C Sive
- Climate Change Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA.
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Wingenter OW, Sive BC, Blake NJ, Blake DR, Rowland FS. Atomic chlorine concentrations derived from ethane and hydroxyl measurements over the equatorial Pacific Ocean: Implication for dimethyl sulfide and bromine monoxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Zhou Y, Varner RK, Russo RS, Wingenter OW, Haase KB, Talbot R, Sive BC. Coastal water source of short-lived halocarbons in New England. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Elliott S, Blake DR, Blake NJ, Dubey MK, Rowland FS, Sive BC, Smith FA. BIBLE A whole-air sampling as a window on Asian biogeochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Elliott
- Atmospheric and Climate Sciences Group; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - Nicola J. Blake
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - Manvendra K. Dubey
- Atmospheric and Climate Sciences Group; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | | | - Barkley C. Sive
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - Felisa A. Smith
- Atmospheric and Climate Sciences Group; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
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25
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Blake NJ, Blake DR, Simpson IJ, Lopez JP, Johnston NAC, Swanson AL, Katzenstein AS, Meinardi S, Sive BC, Colman JJ, Atlas E, Flocke F, Vay SA, Avery MA, Rowland FS. Large-scale latitudinal and vertical distributions of NMHCs and selected halocarbons in the troposphere over the Pacific Ocean during the March-April 1999 Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM-Tropics B). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Colman JJ, Swanson AL, Meinardi S, Sive BC, Blake DR, Rowland FS. Description of the analysis of a wide range of volatile organic compounds in whole air samples collected during PEM-tropics A and B. Anal Chem 2001; 73:3723-31. [PMID: 11510840 DOI: 10.1021/ac010027g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A large number of hydrocarbons, halocarbons, and organic nitrates were quantified in whole air samples acquired for the NASA-sponsored GTE missions PEM-Tropics A and B. The samples were collected in electro-polished stainless steel canisters from two aircraft while flying over the Pacific Basin. Two nominally identical multicolumn multidetector gas chromatographic analytical systems were employed. Whole air samples were also used as working and calibrated standards and were collected specifically for this purpose. This paper describes the analytical procedure employed during PEM-Tropics B. Minor differences in the PEM-Tropics A system will also be discussed. More than 3,900 samples were analyzed for 34 gases during PEM-Tropics A, over 4,500 samples were analyzed for 58 gases during PEM-Tropics B. An overview is presented of the collection, analysis, and quantification of whole air samples during the PEM-Tropics missions, along with an analysis of the analytical precision achieved during these missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Colman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA
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Blake NJ, Blake DR, Wingenter OW, Sive BC, Kang CH, Thornton DC, Bandy AR, Atlas E, Flocke F, Harris JM, Rowland FS. Aircraft measurements of the latitudinal, vertical, and seasonal variations of NMHCs, methyl nitrate, methyl halides, and DMS during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Wingenter OW, Blake DR, Blake NJ, Sive BC, Rowland FS, Atlas E, Flocke F. Tropospheric hydroxyl and atomic chlorine concentrations, and mixing timescales determined from hydrocarbon and halocarbon measurements made over the Southern Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Blake NJ, Blake DR, Wingenter OW, Sive BC, McKenzie LM, Lopez JP, Simpson IJ, Fuelberg HE, Sachse GW, Anderson BE, Gregory GL, Carroll MA, Albercook GM, Rowland FS. Influence of southern hemispheric biomass burning on midtropospheric distributions of nonmethane hydrocarbons and selected halocarbons over the remote South Pacific. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Blake NJ, Blake DR, Sive BC, Chen TY, Rowland FS, Collins JE, Sachse GW, Anderson BE. Biomass burning emissions and vertical distribution of atmospheric methyl halides and other reduced carbon gases in the South Atlantic region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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