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Nicholson TM, Best SL, Ricke EA, Timms BG, Ricke WA. White's operation: the history of 19 th century attempts to treat prostate disease with castration. Am J Clin Exp Urol 2022; 10:462-466. [PMID: 36636690 PMCID: PMC9831916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To understand the roots of 19th century hormonal treatments for BPH in the career of J. William White, a prominent surgeon scientist at the University of Pennsylvania. We reviewed primary and secondary literature available in PUBMED, the University of Pennsylvania Archives, and internet resources. In 1893, Dr. White presented a series of experiments demonstrating atrophy of the canine prostate following castration and advocated for this procedure in men suffering from prostatic hypertrophy. This approach was adopted by many of White's contemporaries. In 1895, White presented findings from 111 patients and reported improvement of urinary symptoms in three quarters of these patients. Improvements in surgical techniques for prostatectomy have predominantly eliminated castration as a clinical procedure for BPH treatment. These early experiments demonstrated the critical dependence of the prostate on testicular androgens and were the basis for subsequent hormonal therapies for BPH. In conclusion, the bold experiments of late 19th century surgeons paved the way for our contemporary understanding of the important role of sex steroid hormones in BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan M Nicholson
- Department of Urology, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA,Department of Urology, University of WisconsinMadison, WI, USA
| | - Sara L Best
- Department of Urology, University of WisconsinMadison, WI, USA
| | - Emily A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of WisconsinMadison, WI, USA
| | - Barry G Timms
- Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South DakotaVermillion, SD, USA
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of WisconsinMadison, WI, USA
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Nguyen JL, Ricke EA, Liu TT, Gerona R, MacGillivray L, Wang Z, Timms BG, Bjorling DE, Vom Saal FS, Ricke WA. Bisphenol-A analogs induce lower urinary tract dysfunction in male mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 197:114889. [PMID: 34979091 PMCID: PMC9436030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA), an estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemical, significantly impacts numerous diseases and abnormalities in mammals. Estrogens are known to play an important role in the biology of the prostate; however, little is known about the role of bisphenols in the etiology of prostate pathologies, including benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and associated lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). Bisphenol-F (BPF) and bisphenol-S (BPS) are analogs often used as substitutes for BPA; they are both reported to have in vitro and in vivo estrogenic effects similar to or more potent than BPA. The objective of this study was to assess the role of these bisphenols in the development of LUTD in adult male mice. In adult mice exposed to BPA, BPS or BPF, we examined urinary tract histopathology and physiological events associated with urinary dysfunction. Mice treated with bisphenols displayed increased bladder (p < 0.005) and prostate (p < 0.0001) mass, and there was an increased number of prostatic ducts in the prostatic urethra (p < 0.05) and decreased size of the urethra lumen (p < 0.05) compared to negative controls. After two months of bisphenol exposure, mice displayed notable differences in cystometric tracings compared to controls, consistent with LUTD. Treatment of male mice with all bisphenols also induced voiding dysfunction manifested by detrusor instability and histologic changes in the prostatic urethra of male rodents, consistent with LUTD. Our results implicate BPA and its replacements in the development and progression LUTD in mice and provide insights into the development and progression of BPH/LUTS in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Nguyen
- Dept of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, United States
| | - E A Ricke
- Dept of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, United States
| | - T T Liu
- Dept of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, United States
| | - R Gerona
- Dept of ObGyn, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - L MacGillivray
- Dept of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52240, United States
| | - Z Wang
- Dept of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - B G Timms
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, United States
| | - D E Bjorling
- Dept of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - F S Vom Saal
- Dept of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - W A Ricke
- Dept of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, United States.
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Uchtmann KS, Taylor JA, Timms BG, Stahlhut RW, Ricke EA, Ellersieck MR, Vom Saal FS, Ricke WA. Fetal bisphenol A and ethinylestradiol exposure alters male rat urogenital tract morphology at birth: Confirmation of prior low-dose findings in CLARITY-BPA. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 91:131-141. [PMID: 31756437 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a contaminant in virtually all Americans. To examine BPA's adverse effects, the FDA-NCTR, NIEHS, and 14 groups of academic scientists formed a consortium: CLARITY-BPA. The purpose of our study was to investigate the effects of a wide range of doses of BPA on fetal development of the NCTR CD-SD male rat urogenital sinus (UGS). Pregnant rats were administered BPA or positive control ethinylestradiol (EE2) daily, via oral gavage, from gestational day 6 through parturition. Tissues were collected on postnatal day 1 and the UGS was analyzed using computer-assisted 3-D reconstruction. Importantly, only low doses of BPA, as well as EE2, significantly changed birth weight and UGS morphology, including an increased size of the colliculus and decreased size of the urethra, consistent with prior reported BPA and EE2 effects. Our findings provide further evidence that BPA mediates nonmonotonic developmental effects on the fetal urogenital sinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen S Uchtmann
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA; George M. O'Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Julia A Taylor
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Barry G Timms
- Division of Basic Biological Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA
| | - Richard W Stahlhut
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Emily A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA; George M. O'Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Mark R Ellersieck
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | | | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA; Molecular & Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA; George M. O'Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA.
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Cunha GR, Vezina CM, Isaacson D, Ricke WA, Timms BG, Cao M, Franco O, Baskin LS. Development of the human prostate. Differentiation 2018; 103:24-45. [PMID: 30224091 PMCID: PMC6234090 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a detailed compilation of human prostatic development that includes human fetal prostatic gross anatomy, histology, and ontogeny of selected epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation markers and signaling molecules throughout the stages of human prostatic development: (a) pre-bud urogenital sinus (UGS), (b) emergence of solid prostatic epithelial buds from urogenital sinus epithelium (UGE), (c) bud elongation and branching, (d) canalization of the solid epithelial cords, (e) differentiation of luminal and basal epithelial cells, and (f) secretory cytodifferentiation. Additionally, we describe the use of xenografts to assess the actions of androgens and estrogens on human fetal prostatic development. In this regard, we report a new model of de novo DHT-induction of prostatic development from xenografts of human fetal female urethras, which emphasizes the utility of the xenograft approach for investigation of initiation of human prostatic development. These studies raise the possibility of molecular mechanistic studies on human prostatic development through the use of tissue recombinants composed of mutant mouse UGM combined with human fetal prostatic epithelium. Our compilation of human prostatic developmental processes is likely to advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer as the neoformation of ductal-acinar architecture during normal development is shared during the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald R Cunha
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States.
| | - Chad M Vezina
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Dylan Isaacson
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Barry G Timms
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, United States
| | - Mei Cao
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Omar Franco
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Health System, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, United States
| | - Laurence S Baskin
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
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Nicholson TM, Ricke EA, Marker PC, Miano JM, Mayer RD, Timms BG, vom Saal FS, Wood RW, Ricke WA. Testosterone and 17β-estradiol induce glandular prostatic growth, bladder outlet obstruction, and voiding dysfunction in male mice. Endocrinology 2012; 153:5556-65. [PMID: 22948219 PMCID: PMC3473198 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) are common in older men and can contribute to lower urinary tract symptoms that significantly impact quality of life. Few existing models of BOO and BPH use physiological levels of hormones associated with disease progression in humans in a genetically manipulable organism. We present a model of BPH and BOO induced in mice with testosterone (T) and 17β-estradiol (E(2)). Male mice were surgically implanted with slow-releasing sc pellets containing 25 mg T and 2.5 mg E(2) (T+E(2)). After 2 and 4 months of hormone treatment, we evaluated voiding patterns and examined the gross morphology and histology of the bladder, urethra, and prostate. Mice treated with T+E(2) developed significantly larger bladders than untreated mice, consistent with BOO. Some mice treated with T+E(2) had complications in the form of bladder hypertrophy, diverticula, calculi, and eventual decompensation with hydronephrosis. Hormone treatment caused a significant decrease in the size of the urethral lumen, increased prostate mass, and increased number of prostatic ducts associated with the prostatic urethra, compared with untreated mice. Voiding dysfunction was observed in mice treated with T+E(2), who exhibited droplet voiding pattern with significantly decreased void mass, shorter void duration, and fewer sustained voids. The constellation of lower urinary tract abnormalities, including BOO, enlarged prostates, and voiding dysfunction seen in male mice treated with T+E(2) is consistent with BPH in men. This model is suitable for better understanding molecular mechanisms and for developing novel strategies to address BPH and BOO.
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Timms BG, Hofkamp LE. Prostate development and growth in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Differentiation 2011; 82:173-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hofkamp LE, Bradley S, Geliebter J, Timms BG. Atypical fetal prostate development is associated with ipsilateral hypoplasia of the wolffian ducts in the ACI rat. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:747-53. [PMID: 20091891 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For over a half century, the ACI (August x Copenhagen) rat has been a primary model for studying renal agenesis and ipsilateral hypoplasia (IHP) of the Wolffian-derived structures (WDS). Because the ACI rat is also used as a model for prostate research, it is important to examine the relationship of IHP and urogenital sinus (UGS) development. The prostate is dependent on androgens for proper growth and differentiation. Alteration in androgen production and/or delivery to the UGS has the potential to perturbate normal development. In this study, we investigate whether the ipsilateral loss of the WDS is associated with altered prostate development. Digital images of serial-sectioned fetal ACI rat UGS were used to create three-dimensional (3-D) surface-rendered models of the developing prostate, seminal vesicle, vas deferens, and utricle on gestational day 21. The number and volume of prostate ducts developing from the UGS were calculated from the 3-D model data. Animals exhibiting IHP had a significant decrease in total fetal prostate volume (40%; P < 0.005) with significant regional specific differences when compared with normal male ACI rats. Anatomical and histological differences in the utricle, abnormal histology of the ipsilateral testes, and a truncation of the ipsilateral Wolffian ductal mesenchyme were also seen in the animals with IHP. Additional research is needed to further understand the mechanisms and consequences of IHP on prostate growth and development. Alterations to normal prenatal development of the male accessory sex organs can have important consequences for the growth and morphology of the adult gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke E Hofkamp
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, Lee Medical Building, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
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Hofkamp LE, Bradley S, Geliebter J, Timms BG. Atypical Fetal Prostate Development is Associated with Ipsilateral Hypoplasia of the Wolffian Ducts in the ACI Rat. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
The regional anatomy of the human prostate has been debated periodically over the last century with various levels of controversy and agreement, beginning with the concept of lobes and replaced by the current model of zones. During this period a variety of classifications have been proposed, based upon the studies of glandular morphogenesis, responses to hormones or histopathology. The current paradigm suggests that the regional differences seen in the prostate of both animal models and the human are a consequence of specific epithelial-mesenchymal interactions along the cranial-caudal axis of the urogenital sinus. The distinctive regional patterns seen in the rodent prostate and the histological heterogeneity of the human adult gland all point to the modification of the distal portion of the ducts, while the proximal segments retain their spatial relationship to the urethra that was formed during fetal development. This suggests that the early epithelial budding that occurs in utero represents a common, fairly symmetrical pattern of growth in many species, while the regional differences in branching morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation are controlled by the instructional influences of mesenchyme and temporal expression of growth factors. Perturbation of the normal processes involved during critical periods of fetal development during reproductive organ development may also play a role in the susceptibility of the prostate to disease in adulthood. Past descriptions of detailed anatomical studies, which span over a century, have provided much insight into the architecture and processes that form a complex tubulo-alveolar gland. New insights into the ductal detail and the advent of sophisticated analyses of cell-cell interactions and molecular mechanisms controlling pathways of cellular growth, differentiation, and apoptosis will likely lead to new approaches for prevention and therapy of prostatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry G Timms
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark St., Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
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Timms BG, Duggan HN, Miller R. Student‐initiated versus faculty‐initiated use of Tablet PCs in medical education. FASEB J 2006. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.20.5.lb5-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry G Timms
- Division of Basic Biomedical SciencesSanford School of MedicineUniversity of South Dakota414 East Clark StVermillionSD57069
| | - Heidi Nickisch Duggan
- Division of Basic Biomedical SciencesSanford School of MedicineUniversity of South Dakota414 East Clark StVermillionSD57069
| | - Robert Miller
- Division of Basic Biomedical SciencesSanford School of MedicineUniversity of South Dakota414 East Clark StVermillionSD57069
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vom Saal FS, Nagel SC, Timms BG, Welshons WV. Implications for human health of the extensive bisphenol A literature showing adverse effects at low doses: a response to attempts to mislead the public. Toxicology 2005; 212:244-52, author reply 253-4. [PMID: 15975703 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Timms BG, Howdeshell KL, Barton L, Bradley S, Richter CA, vom Saal FS. Estrogenic chemicals in plastic and oral contraceptives disrupt development of the fetal mouse prostate and urethra. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:7014-9. [PMID: 15867144 PMCID: PMC1088066 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0502544102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of human fetuses to man-made estrogenic chemicals can occur through several sources. For example, fetal exposure to ethinylestradiol occurs because each year approximately 3% of women taking oral contraceptives become pregnant. Exposure to the estrogenic chemical bisphenol A occurs through food and beverages because of significant leaching from polycarbonate plastic products and the lining of cans. We fed pregnant CD-1 mice ethinylestradiol (0.1 microg/kg per day) and bisphenol A (10 microg/kg per day), which are doses below the range of exposure by pregnant women. In male mouse fetuses, both ethinylestradiol and bisphenol A produced an increase in the number and size of dorsolateral prostate ducts and an overall increase in prostate duct volume. Histochemical staining of sections with antibodies to proliferating cell nuclear antigen and mouse keratin 5 indicated that these increases were due to a marked increase in proliferation of basal epithelial cells located in the primary ducts. The urethra was malformed in the colliculus region and was significantly constricted where it enters the bladder, which could contribute to urine flow disorders. These effects were identical to those caused by a similar dose (0.1 microg/kg per day) of the estrogenic drug diethylstilbestrol (DES), a known human developmental teratogen and carcinogen. In contrast, a 2,000-fold higher DES dose completely inhibited dorsolateral prostate duct formation, revealing opposite effects of high and low doses of estrogen. Acceleration in the rate of proliferation of prostate epithelium during fetal life by small amounts of estrogenic chemicals could permanently disrupt cellular control systems and predispose the prostate to disease in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry G Timms
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
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Vom Saal FS, Richter CA, Ruhlen RR, Nagel SC, Timms BG, Welshons WV. The importance of appropriate controls, animal feed, and animal models in interpreting results from low-dose studies of bisphenol A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 73:140-5. [PMID: 15751043 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Interpreting results of studies that report only negative effects is problematic. A number of published studies to determine whether chemicals with estrogenic activity can cause effects at low doses have not taken into account the possibility that the commercial animal feed being used can mask effects of even potent estrogenic drugs such as diethylstilbestrol (DES). In addition, the sensitivity of the strain of animal being used for the specific category of chemical being tested has not always been described. For environmental chemicals, such as the estrogenic polycarbonate plastic monomer bisphenol A, DES is an appropriate positive control for estrogenic effects, and using an appropriate low dose of DES can eliminate the possibility of false-negative conclusions of safety when the above or other variables contribute to the negative outcome. Only when simultaneous positive effects of low doses of a positive control chemical such as DES and negative effects of environmentally relevant low doses of the test chemical are demonstrated within the same experiment are conclusions of no effect of the test chemical warranted, and this has not been reported for bisphenol A in any study. Instead, more than 90 refereed journal publications have reported effects due to exposure to low doses of bisphenol A in a wide variety of animals (for references see: http://rcp.missouri.edu/endocrinedisruptors/vomsaal/vomsaal.html). However, due to lack of attention to the importance of appropriate positive controls, a small number of studies reporting negative effects of bisphenol A have created a false sense of controversy regarding low-dose effects of bisphenol A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S Vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, 105 Lefevre Hall, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Timms BG, Peterson RE, vom Saal FS. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin interacts with endogenous estradiol to disrupt prostate gland morphogenesis in male rat fetuses. Toxicol Sci 2002; 67:264-74. [PMID: 12011486 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/67.2.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) interferes with normal development of the male reproductive system in rats and mice. We examined the effects of TCDD on the initial development of the urogenital system (urethra, prostate, and seminal vesicles) in male rat fetuses on gestation day (GD) 20. The number of prostatic buds and size of prostate glands as well as seminal vesicle size was determined by computer-assisted 3D reconstruction. Pregnant Holtzman rats received a single oral dose of TCDD (1 microg/kg) on GD 15. The intrauterine position (IUP) of male fetuses was identified based on the sex of adjacent fetuses: 2F males were located between 2 females and 2M males were located between 2 males. Control 2F males had elevated serum estradiol and larger prostates than control 2M males, which had elevated serum testosterone and larger seminal vesicles, confirming prior findings. There was no effect of TCDD on serum testosterone. TCDD significantly decreased the number of buds in the dorsocranial and dorsolateral regions of the urogenital sinus and overall prostate size, and was associated with a significant decrease in serum estradiol only in 2F males. In contrast, in 2M males both serum estradiol and the number and size of prostatic buds in these same regions of the prostate were unaffected by TCDD, although seminal vesicle size was reduced. These findings show that individual differences in gonadal steroid levels influence the response of the developing prostate to TCDD in male fetuses. In addition, these TCDD effects may be mediated in part by a decrease in serum estradiol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry G Timms
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
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Abstract
We have examined the role that smooth muscle plays during prostatic organogenesis and propose that differentiation of a smooth muscle layer regulates prostatic induction by controlling mesenchymal/epithelial interactions. During development of the rat reproductive tract, an area of condensed mesenchyme involved in prostatic organogenesis is formed. This mesenchyme (the ventral mesenchymal pad, VMP) is found in both males and females, yet only males develop a prostate. We demonstrate that a layer of smooth muscle differentiates between the VMP and the urethral epithelium, and that there is a sexually dimorphic difference in the development of this layer. Serial section reconstruction showed that the layer formed at approximately embryonic day 20.5 in females, but did not form in males. In cultures of female reproductive tracts, testosterone was able to regulate the thickness of this layer resulting in a 2.4-fold reduction in thickness. We observed that prostatic buds were present in some female reproductive tracts, and determined that testosterone was able to stimulate prostatic organogenesis, depending upon the bud position relative to the smooth muscle layer. In vitro recombination experiments demonstrated that direct contact with the VMP led to the induction of very few epithelial buds, and that androgens dramatically increased bud development. Taken together, our data suggest that differentiation of a smooth muscle layer regulates signalling between mesenchyme and epithelium, and comprises part of the mechanism regulating prostatic induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel A Thomson
- MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, 37 Chalmers Street, Edinburgh, EH3 9ET, UK
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Luo Q, Harmon E, Timms BG, Kretzner L. Novel expression patterns of the myc/max/mad transcription factor network in developing murine prostate gland. J Urol 2001; 166:1071-7. [PMID: 11490301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Expression of myc proto-oncogenes and myc-antagonizing mad/mxi genes typically predominate in proliferating versus differentiating cells, respectively. C-myc expression in prostate cells is well established but to our knowledge that of several recently discovered mad/mxi genes is completely uncharacterized. Such characterization is particularly relevant because mxi1 is lost or mutated in some human prostate tumors and mouse mxi1-null mutants show prostatic hyperplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Developing murine prostatic lobes at select postnatal days 1 to 28 were analyzed by in situ immunohistochemical and in vitro RNA analysis. The expression patterns of the 3 myc genes c-, L- and N-myc, and the mad1, mxi1 and mad4 genes were studied in most detail with nonradioactive in situ and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS We describe what is to our knowledge previously unreported expression of N- and L-myc in the prostate with particularly the latter strongly expressed throughout development. High c-myc expression was lost at day 7 with re-elevation at day 14, followed by subsequent low expression, representing a unique in vivo confirmation of c-myc expression changes seen previously in several in vitro differentiation systems. The alternatively spliced weak and strong repressor mxi1 isoforms showed distinct, partially overlapping expression patterns. Of particular interest were continual mad1 and mad4 expression during the proliferative and differentiative phases. Similarly mad1 was evident in proliferating normal prostate cell cultures but not in tumor cell lines, suggesting that mad1 expression in prostate may be clinically relevant. CONCLUSIONS Myc network expression in developing mouse prostate is novel and does not completely fit previous simpler models of Myc versus Mad expression based on other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Luo
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Group, Basic Biomedical Sciences Division, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD, USA
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Timms BG, Petersen SL, vom Saal FS. Prostate gland growth during development is stimulated in both male and female rat fetuses by intrauterine proximity to female fetuses. J Urol 1999; 161:1694-701. [PMID: 10210442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
In rodents, steroid hormones are transported between adjacent fetuses, and male or female fetuses that develop in utero between female fetuses (2F males or 2F females) have higher serum levels of estradiol and lower serum levels of testosterone relative to siblings of the same sex that develop between two male fetuses (2M males or 2M females). The present study was prompted by the prior unexpected finding that as adults, 2F male mice have an enlarged prostate, and increased numbers of prostatic androgen receptors relative to 2M males. We examined prostate development in both male and female rat fetuses from different intrauterine positions using computer-assisted, 3-dimensional reconstruction of the urogenital complex. In males, this included the prostate, seminal vesicles and utricle (a remnant of the Müllerian ducts), while in females it included development of prostatic glandular buds. The mean cross-sectional area of developing prostatic epithelial buds, utricle and seminal vesicles was significantly increased in 2F male relative to 2M male fetuses. In female fetuses, prostatic bud development was significantly more likely to occur in 2F (67%) than in 2M (29%) animals. These findings suggest that the transport of a small supplement of estrogen from adjacent female fetuses enhances androgen-dependent accessory organ development. We also found that mRNAs encoding receptors for both estrogen and androgen were located in the mesenchyme of the developing male prostate. The localization of estrogen and androgen receptor mRNA in this region further suggests that the mesenchymal induction of prostatic epithelial growth involves both hormones. The cranial dorsolateral prostatic buds exhibited the greatest enlargement in 2F males. This region of the developing prostate in rats is comparable (that is the embryonic homologue) to the region exhibiting benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) during aging in men. We propose that the potential for pathological regrowth of the prostate during aging is imprinted by estradiol during fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Timms
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion 57069, USA
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Roman BL, Timms BG, Prins GS, Peterson RE. In utero and lactational exposure of the male rat to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin impairs prostate development. 2. Effects on growth and cytodifferentiation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998; 150:254-70. [PMID: 9653056 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1998.8395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the male Holtzman rat, in utero and lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure decreases prostate weight without inhibiting testicular androgen production or decreasing circulating androgen concentrations. Therefore, the present study sought to characterize effects of TCDD exposure on prostate development, from very early outgrowth from the urogenital sinus (Gestation Day [GD] 20) until rapid growth and differentiation are essentially complete (Postnatal Day [PND] 32). Pregnant Holtzman rats were administered a single dose of TCDD (1.0 microgram/kg po) or vehicle on GD 15 and offspring were exposed via placental transfer (GD 20 euthanasia) or placental and subsequent lactational transfer until euthanasia (if before PND 21) or weaning. Results show that the prostatic epithelial budding process was impaired by in utero TCDD exposure, as evidence by significant decreases in the number of buds emerging from dorsal, lateral, and ventral aspects of the GD 20 urogenital sinus. Ventral prostate cell proliferation index was significantly decreased on PND 1 but was similar to or higher than control at later times, whereas apoptosis was an extremely rare event in ventral prostates from both control and TCDD-exposed animals. Delays were noted in the differentiation of pericordal smooth muscle cells and luminal epithelial cells. In addition, ventral prostates from approximately 40% of TCDD-exposed animals examined on PNDs 21 and 32 exhibited alterations in the histological arrangement of cell types that could not be explained by a developmental delay. Compared to controls, these ventral prostates exhibited a disorganized, hyperplastic epithelium containing fewer luminal epithelial cells and an increased density or continuous layer of basal epithelial cells, as well as thicker periductal smooth muscle sheaths. In addition, in ventral prostates from TCDD-exposed animals, the intensity of androgen receptor staining was relatively low in the central and distal epithelium, and the number of androgen receptor-positive cells was relatively high in the periductal stroma. These data suggest that in utero and lactational TCDD exposure interferes with prostate development by decreasing very early epithelial growth, delaying cytodifferentiation, and, in the most severely affected animals, producing alterations in epithelial and stromal cell histological arrangement and the spatial distribution of androgen receptor expression that may be of permanent consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Roman
- Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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19
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vom Saal FS, Timms BG, Montano MM, Palanza P, Thayer KA, Nagel SC, Dhar MD, Ganjam VK, Parmigiani S, Welshons WV. Prostate enlargement in mice due to fetal exposure to low doses of estradiol or diethylstilbestrol and opposite effects at high doses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:2056-61. [PMID: 9050904 PMCID: PMC20042 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.5.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
On the basis of results of studies using high doses of estrogens, exposure to estrogen during fetal life is known to inhibit prostate development. However, it is recognized in endocrinology that low concentrations of a hormone can stimulate a tissue, while high concentrations can have the opposite effect. We report here that a 50% increase in free-serum estradiol in male mouse fetuses (released by a maternal Silastic estradiol implant) induced a 40% increase in the number of developing prostatic glands during fetal life; subsequently, in adulthood, the number of prostatic androgen receptors per cell was permanently increased by 2-fold, and the prostate was enlarged by 30% (due to hyperplasia) relative to untreated males. However, as the free serum estradiol concentration in male fetuses was increased from 2- to 8-fold, adult prostate weight decreased relative to males exposed to the 50% increase in estradiol. As a model for fetal exposure to man-made estrogens, pregnant mice were fed diethylstilbestrol (DES) from gestation days 11 to 17. Relative to controls, DES doses of 0.02, 0.2, and 2.0 ng per g of body weight per day increased adult prostate weight, whereas a 200-ng-per-g dose decreased adult prostate weight in male offspring. Our findings suggest that a small increase in estrogen may modulate the action of androgen in regulating prostate differentiation, resulting in a permanent increase in prostatic androgen receptors and prostate size. For both estradiol and DES, prostate weight first increased then decreased with dose, resulting in an inverted-U dose-response relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, 65211, USA.
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20
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Soeffing WJ, Timms BG. Localization of androgen receptor and cell-specific cytokeratins in basal cells of rat ventral prostate. J Androl 1995; 16:197-208. [PMID: 7559152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Immunocytochemical techniques labeled androgen receptor and cell-specific cytokeratins in the basal cells of rat ventral prostate. In addition, nonradioactive in situ hybridization verified the production of androgen receptor transcripts in the basal cells. Androgen receptors and transcripts were localized in the nuclei and cytoplasm of the adult basal cells using these two techniques. Monoclonal anti-cytokeratin antibodies identified temporal changes in the expression of basal cell-specific intermediate filaments of fetal, neonatal, normal adult, orchidectomized adult, and testosterone-treated orchidectomized adult prostates. Labeling intensity of the basal cells was elevated during development when compared to the staining in normal adult tissue. Orchidectomized adults exhibited the greatest intensity of labeling, which decreased after testosterone treatment. The detection of androgen receptor and its transcripts in the basal cells supports the hypothesis that these cells are androgen responsive. The observed change in the anti-cytokeratin staining patterns of these cells during development, growth, and regression is an indirect measure of androgenic influence. The androgen-repressed cytokeratin expression in basal cells is similar to that found in prostatic luminal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Soeffing
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Vermillion 57069, USA
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21
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Abstract
Instructive influences of fetal mesenchyme were examined in heterotypic tissue recombinants consisting of urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGM) from male and female rats and distal ductal tips from adult rat prostate. Tissues were grown under the renal capsule of male hosts for periods up to 28 days. Resultant growths exhibited typical prostate histology. Expression of lobe-specific proteins for the ventral (prostatic steroid binding protein [PSBP]) lateral (seminal vesicle secretion II [SVS II]), and dorsal prostate (secretory transglutaminase [TGase]) were examined by immunocytochemistry. Male or female UGM combined with terminal segments of the ventral or dorsal prostate and immunolabeled with antibodies to lobe-specific proteins demonstrated expression of all three secretory products. The pattern of staining was consistent with a compound inductive response from the UGM. Unique to this study was our ability to use a defined mesenchymal tissue (female ventral mesenchymal pad [VMP]). This tissue is specifically associated with ductal branching morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation of the ventral prostate. Distal ductal tips from the dorsal lobe of the adult male prostate when recombined with female VMP and grown in vivo exhibited transformation of secretory phenotype, and the epithelium expressed mRNAs for PSBP. Immunocytochemistry of serial sections did not demonstrate labeling for TGase in the new epithelial growth. Ultrastructural analysis of the heterotypic recombinants indicated that the epithelium had similar characteristics to those of normal ventral prostate. Early stages of the mesenchymal-epithelial interactions resulted in dedifferentiation of the adult epithelium to solid cords of stratified cells. These findings illustrate the potent instructive capacity of a defined fetal UGM to influence development and cytodifferentiation of adult prostate epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Timms
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Vermillion 57069, USA
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22
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Abstract
Development of the prostate was studied by serial section reconstruction and computer-assisted three-dimensional analysis. A comparison of ductal budding in species of rat and mouse and the human revealed patterns consistent with common developmental characteristics. Ventral, lateral and dorsal lines of epithelial buds, which emanated from the urogenital sinus into the surrounding periurethral mesenchyme, followed ventro-dorsal and cranio-caudal axes. Subsequent branching morphogenesis was associated with specific mesenchymal condensations. These patterns of budding were closely related to the adult lobe architecture in the rodent prostate. In the human fetus, prostate ductal budding exhibited patterns compatible with the current concept of zonal anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Timms
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion
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Leberer E, Timms BG, Campbell KP, MacLennan DH. Purification, calcium binding properties, and ultrastructural localization of the 53,000- and 160,000 (sarcalumenin)-dalton glycoproteins of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 1990; 265:10118-24. [PMID: 2112542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The 53-kDa glycoprotein and sarcalumenin (160-kDa glycoprotein) were extracted from rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum with EGTA and purified by fractionation on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 and lentil lectin-Sepharose 4B. Sarcalumenin was shown to bind up to 400 nmol of Ca2+/mg of protein at pH 7.5, which is equivalent to binding of approximately 35 mol of Ca2+/mol of protein. The apparent dissociation constant was 300 microM in the presence of 20 mM KCl and 600 microM in 150 mM KCl. The 53-kDa glycoprotein did not bind any Ca2+ under the conditions examined. Immunoblot analysis of isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum subfractions demonstrated the presence of the two glycoproteins in both the longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum and the terminal cisternae. Their concentrations were higher, however, in the longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. Comparative immunoelectron microscopic studies using monoclonal antibodies revealed a codistribution of the 53-kDa glycoprotein with the Ca2(+)-ATPase in all regions of the free sarcoplasmic reticulum. A similar distribution was found for sarcalumenin, although immunolabeling was much weaker. The colocalization of the 53-kDa glycoprotein and sarcalumenin with the Ca2(+)-ATPase and the Ca2+ binding properties of sarcalumenin suggest that the glycoproteins may be involved in the sequestration of Ca2+ in the nonjunctional regions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Leberer
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Charles H. Best Institute, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Leberer E, Timms BG, Campbell KP, MacLennan DH. Purification, calcium binding properties, and ultrastructural localization of the 53,000- and 160,000 (sarcalumenin)-dalton glycoproteins of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Piquette GN, Timms BG. Isolation and characterization of rabbit ovarian surface epithelium, granulosa cells, and peritoneal mesothelium in primary culture. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 1990; 26:471-81. [PMID: 1693612 DOI: 10.1007/bf02624089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian ovarian surface epithelial (OSE) cells and peritoneal mesothelial (PM) cells have a common embryologic origin, yet certain morphologic and histochemical characteristics are different in the adult. In this study, a two-step culture method was developed to examine the characteristics of these two cell types in vitro. OSE, PM, and ovarian granulosa (GC) cells were isolated from estrous rabbits and cultured for 6 d in 5% serum-supplemented D-valine medium (to inhibit fibroblast growth), then incubated for a further 2 d in serum-free McCoy's 5A medium. This study showed that rabbit OSE and PM cells in vitro maintained certain in vivo morphologic characteristics; OSE cells exhibited distinct cell borders and abundant microvilli of homogeneous size and shape, whereas PM cells were characterized by obscure cell borders and abundant microvilli of heterogeneous form. GC in vitro exhibited overlapping cell borders and sparse microvilli of homogeneous structure. This study showed for the first time that cultured rabbit OSE and PM cells, but not GC, contain distinct filaments of cytokeratin 18. In addition, rabbit OSE cells and GC, but not PM cells, contained 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. However, only GC contained delta 5-3 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. OSE, PM, and GC maintained their ultrastructural and histochemical characteristics in serum-free medium. These results suggest that rabbit OSE cells in vitro could be distinguished from PM cells by histochemical and ultrastructural differences. Furthermore, because these characteristics were not altered in serum-free medium, the two-step culture method will be valuable in further hormonal studies of these cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Piquette
- University of South Dakota, School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Vermillion 57069
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26
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Abstract
Immunocytochemical and electrophoretic techniques were used to investigate the presence of metallothionein, a metal-binding protein, in the dorsolateral and ventral lobes of the developing rat prostate. Male rats aged 7 and 14 days were injected subcutaneously with 6 and 20 mg/kg body weight of cadmium and zinc, respectively, or with saline for controls, 24 h prior to tissue sampling. Immunohistochemical localization of metallothionein was observed in the epithelial tissues of the dorsolateral prostate from 7 and 14 day-old animals and in 1 day-old untreated rats. This staining pattern did not appear to be significantly affected by cadmium or zinc treatment. In contrast, metallothionein localization in the ventral prostate decreased with age but demonstrated a slight response to metal-ion treatment in the 7 day-old animals. Electrophoretic and immunoblot analysis confirmed the presence of metallothionein in the control and metal-induced prostate samples from neonatal rats. Lobe-specific differences in localization suggest a functional significance for metallothionein, independent of inducible protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Timms
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion 57069
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27
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Abstract
A method is described for performing postembedding immunogold immunocytochemistry on sections of LR White-embedded tissues. Fixation of tissue in a combination of paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, or with low concentrations of glutaraldehyde followed by partial dehydration, resulted in preservation of antigenicity for a variety of proteins in different tissue samples. Good structural preservation facilitated high-resolution immunolabeling when coupled with the use of purified monoclonal antibodies. The technique is straightforward and versatile, offering the potential for many immunocytochemical applications with minimal modifications.
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Abstract
Metallothionein (MT), which binds zinc and other metals, was localized within the rat prostatic complex at light and electron microscopic levels utilizing immunocytochemistry. Two groups of mature, male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with cadmium chloride subcutaneously (2 mg/kg body weight) to induce the synthesis of MT, and were sacrificed 48 h postinjection. From the first group, prostatic tissue from the three lobes was prepared for light microscopy. The indirect peroxidase antiperoxidase procedure was used for MT localization using rabbit anti-MT as the primary antibody. The three lobes of the rat prostate demonstrated a positive reaction for MT, but among the lobes variations in the intensity and localization of the reaction product occurred. Tissues from the second group of animals were prepared for electron microscopy. Using the indirect immunogold labeling technique with anti-MT, MT localization was confirmed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles, secretory products, and subepithelial connective tissue. These localizations suggest that MT binds zinc both intra- and extracellularly, where it may function in zinc storage and metabolism.
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Timms BG, Chandler JA. The effects of estradiol-17 beta on the ultrastructure and subcellular distribution of zinc in the prostatic epithelium of castrated rats. Prostate 1985; 6:61-79. [PMID: 3969373 DOI: 10.1002/pros.2990060108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Male Sprague-Dawley rats, previously castrated for a 7-day period, were maintained on either a low or high dose of estradiol-17 beta for 3 days. Some areas of the prostatic epithelium in the lateral lobe exhibited the ultrastructural characteristics of the untreated, intact animals in response to the small dose of estrogen. The ventral lobe by comparison was not similarly affected. This stimulation in the lateral prostate was not reflected by comparable changes in the subcellular distribution of zinc.
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Timms BG, Chandler JA. Endogenous elements in the prostate. An X-ray microanalytical study of freeze-dried frozen sections and histochemical localization of zinc by potassium pyroantimonate. Histochem J 1984; 16:733-54. [PMID: 6469702 DOI: 10.1007/bf01095279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Freeze-dried frozen sections prepared from unfixed rat lateral prostate were examined by X-ray microanalysis in an attempt to establish the in vivo distribution of endogenous ions. Poor morphological resolution was a limiting factor in the analysis of subcellular regions of the tissue. Glutaraldehyde fixation prior to cryo-sectioning resulted in considerable loss of elements. The results are discussed and compared with those obtained from ultrathin sections of tissue treated with potassium pyroantimonate. Using the latter method, it was possible to demonstrate a subcellular distribution pattern for the element zinc and to correlate the metal with specific organelles. It is considered that, unlike a number of other tissues, the rat prostate does not lend itself readily to cryoultramicrotomy as a preparative regime.
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Abstract
Rat lateral and ventral prostate tissue was studied using ultrastructural and analytical techniques in adult animals castrated for periods of 3 to 20 days. As in previous reports involution of the prostatic epithelium following testosterone deprivation resulted in alterations of the amount, distribution, and conformation of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and lysosomes in addition to some nuclear changes. Although the fundamental changes were similar in both lobes there were specific effects on the individual lobes. Reductions in the subcellular levels of zinc were more pronounced in the lateral prostate, particularly with respect to the secretory and stromal concentrations of the metal. Despite low concentrations of circulating testosterone, secretory activity was still evident after a 20-day castration period and would appear to reflect a different sensitivity in the lateral lobe to the lowered testosterone level or stimulation by other hormones when compared to the ventral lobe. The significance of the subcellular distribution pattern of zinc during the experimental periods is discussed in relation to the possible functional significance of the metal in prostatic tissue.
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Abstract
Sprague Dawley rats were maintained on testosterone propionate or 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone for 3 days following bilateral orchidectomy for a 7-day period. Ultrastructural examination showed only partial recovery of the prostatic epithelium with testosterone propionate while 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone caused the lateral and ventral lobes to revert to the appearance of control tissues. The latter metabolite induced greater stimulation of the prostate evidenced by increased mitotic division of the epithelial cells and an increased number of basal cells exhibiting ciliary formation was observed. Zinc concentrations in subcellular regions of both lateral and ventral prostate lobes were affected by the two androgens. Testosterone propionate was most effective in elevating zinc in the lateral lobe, particularly within the secretory components. In the ventral lobe both androgens caused an increase in subcellular zinc concentrations above control levels. The increase of nuclear and nucleolar zinc was related to the increase in nuclear activity and cellular response to the androgen administration.
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Chandler JA, Sinowatz F, Timms BG, Pierrepoint CG. The subcellular distribution of zinc in dog prostate studied by x-ray microanalysis. Cell Tissue Res 1977; 185:89-103. [PMID: 589665 DOI: 10.1007/bf00226671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
X-ray microanalysis of zinc in ultrathin sections of dog prostate was performed by electron microscope microanalysis using the potassium pyroantimonate method of preparation. Prostates of both mature and immature dogs were examined and the metal was found to be localised primarily in the nucleolus, nuclear chromatin and secretory granules of epithelial cells. Differences in zinc concentrations were observed between mature and immature tissues, particularly in the nuclear chromatin. The metal was also incorporated into epithelial secretions, lysosomes and fibromuscular stroma. Variable binding of zinc to tissue components was revealed by a combination of histochemical precipitation and subcellular analysis.
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Chandler JA, Timms BG. The effect of testosterone and cadmium on the rat lateral prostate in organ culture. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol 1977; 25:17-31. [PMID: 412303 DOI: 10.1007/bf02889418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Organ culture of rat lateral prostate was performed in the presence of testosterone and cadmium. Maintenance of epithelial cells did not occur even in the presence of the androgen, but basal cells were stimulated and replaced original epithelium. Testosterone alone caused a partial differentiation of these basal cells. Cadmium alone was found to enter the epithelial and basal cells and subsequently cause necrosis. The metal was subcellularly located in the nucleus and within cytoplasmic organelles. Cadmium appears to compete with zinc in cultured lateral prostate and affects the differentiation and maintenance of the epithelial growth.
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Timms BG, Chandler JA, Morton MS, Groom GV. The effect of cadmium administration in vivo on plasma testosterone and the ultrastructure of rat lateral prostate. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol 1977; 25:33-52. [PMID: 412304 DOI: 10.1007/bf02889419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Electron microscope microanalysis, atomic absorption analysis and ultrastructural survey were used to investigate the effects of parenteral cadmium administration on the lateral prostate of rats. Early fine structural changes in the epithelial cells of the prostatic tissue were associated with the detection of cadmium in the cellular organelles and alteration of the subcellular distribution of zinc. Involutionary changes appeared at later stages and differed from the usual castration effects. Basal cells did not regress with the altered physiological conditions but appeared to proliferate in the presence of cadmium. The observations are discussed in relation to the normal mechanisms which control the maintenance of the prostate gland.
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Chandler JA, Timms BG, Morton MS. Subcellular distribution of zinc in rat prostate studied by x-ray microanalysis: I. Normal prostate. Histochem J 1977; 9:103-20. [PMID: 851457 DOI: 10.1007/bf01007013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is distributed subcellularly throughout the lateral prostate of the rat in both the stromal and epithelial elements. The connective tissue appears to be a major store of zinc. Within the epithelium, the highest concentrations of the element are found in the lysosomes, nucleoli, nuclear chromatin, secretory granules and luminal secretion. Histochemical studies indicate that the metal is bound relatively tightly within the nucleoli (associated with RNA) and in the secretory products of the cytoplasm. Changes in tissue zinc concentration, observed by other workers, following changes in various external stimuli, may not necessarily be reflected by proportionate changes in epithelial concentrations. The role of zinc in the epithelium is considered to be at least two-fold: firstly, for incorporation into vital cellular mechanisms necessary for cell maintenance and, secondly, for involvement in secretory products. It is also possible that the metal participates in the physiology of the sub-epithelial stroma.
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Abstract
The ultrastructure of the basal cells of rat lateral and ventral prostate and of dog prostate has been studied. Basal cells from both species appear as undifferentiated cells, characterised by a lack of cytoplasmic organelles and a poorly developed Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum. The presence of cytoplasmic filaments and micropinocytosis is not considered to be sufficient evidence to assume any similarity to myoepithelium, as has been previously suggested. Basal cells are instead considered to be precursors of secretory epithelial cells.
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Chandler JA, Timms BG. Proceedings: Effect of testosterone and cadmium on the rat lateral prostate in vitro. J Endocrinol 1976; 69:22P. [PMID: 950516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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39
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Chandler JA, Timms BG, Morton MS, Groom GV. Proceedings: effect of cadmium administration in vivo on plasma testosterone and the ultrastructure of accessory sex organs of the rat. J Endocrinol 1976; 69:21P. [PMID: 950515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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40
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Timms BG, Prochazka-Perthen B. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns in isolated cells of pig gastric mucosa. Histochem J 1975; 7:401-9. [PMID: 1176334 DOI: 10.1007/bf01003877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Clark A, Timms BG. Reduced 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol as a replacement for o-tolidine in the enzymatic determination of blood glucose. Clin Chim Acta 1968; 20:352-4. [PMID: 5655832 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(68)90171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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