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Ghobadi H, Rostami R, Saranjam B, Aslani MR, Fazlzadeh M, Ghaffari HR. Urinary concentrations of BTEX in waterpipe smokers and nonsmokers: Investigating the influence of conventional activities and multiple factors. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 241:113717. [PMID: 35679732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the concentrations of the benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds in the urine of smokers and the control group considering the role of age, weight, job, history of waterpipe and cigarette smoking, and driving time. The chemicals in the urine of 99 smokers and 31 nonsmokers were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction method and their concentrations were measured by liquid injection GC/MS. The mean concentration of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene, o-xylene, p-xylene, and total BTEX in waterpipe smokers were found to be 471.40, 670.90, 127.91, 167.64, 90.62, 46.04, and 1574.50 ng/g. creatinine, respectively. For the waterpipe&cigarette smokers, the concentration of the compounds were 708.00, 959.00, 146.40, 192.50, 93.30, 53.07, and 2152.00 ng/g.creatinine, respectively. For nonsmokers the concentrations of these compounds were 88.12, 140.40, 36.68, 57.29, 31.53, 26.21, and 380.30 ng/g.creatinine, respectively. Driving time, waterpipe smoking and cigarette smoking were positively associated with BTEX concentration (p < 0.05). Fruity tobacco showed higher concentrations of BTEX compared to the regular tobacco, and athlete persons had les urinary BTEX than the non-athletes. There was not significant correlation between the BTEX and age, height, weight, and BMI. High concentrations of BTEX compounds in the urine of waterpipe and cigarette smokers compared to nonsmokers indicate that waterpipe and cigarette can be an important source of exposure to these compounds and the known adverse effects of these compounds, especially carcinogenicity, threaten the health of smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ghobadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Division, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran; Lung Diseases Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Roohollah Rostami
- Research Center for Health Sciences and Technologies, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Behzad Saranjam
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Aslani
- Lung Diseases Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Reza Ghaffari
- Tobacco and Health research center, Hormozgan university of medical sciences, Bandar abbas, Iran.
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Saranjam B, Shirinzadeh I, Davoudi K, Moammeri Z, Babaei-Pouya A, Abbasi-Ghahramanloo A. Latent class analysis of occupational accidents patterns among Iranian industry workers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7512. [PMID: 35525853 PMCID: PMC9079053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11498-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational accidents (OA) are among the main causes of disabilities and death in developing and developed countries. The aims of this study were to identify the subgroups of OA and assess the independent role of demographic characteristics on the membership of participants in each latent class. This cross-sectional study was performed on 290 workers between 2011 and 2017. Data gathering was done using the reports of accidents recorded in filed lawsuits. Descriptive statistical analysis was done using SPSS 16 and LCA was done using PROC LCA in SAS9.2. For latent classes were identified; namely "critical due to distractions and lack of supervision" (40.1%), "critical due to lack of safety knowledge" (27.9%), "critical due to fatigue and lack of supervision" (13.1%), and "catastrophic" (18.8%). After adjusting for other studied covariates, being illiterate significantly increased the odds of membership in "critical due to fatigue and lack of supervision" (OR = 4.05) and "catastrophic" (OR = 18.99) classes compared to "critical due to distractions and lack of supervision" class. Results of this study showed that the majority of workers fell under the latent class of critical due to distractions and lack of supervision. In addition, it should be noted that although a relatively small percentage of the workers are in the catastrophic class, the probability of occurring death is quite high in this class. Focusing on the education of workers and enhancing manager's supervision and employing educated workers could help in reducing severe and catastrophic OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Saranjam
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Islam Shirinzadeh
- Health Department, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Kobra Davoudi
- Students Research Committee, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Zahra Moammeri
- Students Research Committee, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Amin Babaei-Pouya
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Abbas Abbasi-Ghahramanloo
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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Rostami R, Fazlzadeh M, Babaei-Pouya A, Abazari M, Rastgho L, Ghasemi R, Saranjam B. Exposure to BTEX concentration and the related health risk assessment in printing and copying centers. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:31195-31206. [PMID: 33598835 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12873-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study was derived to investigation of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) concentrations in printing and copying centers (PCCs) in Ardabil city of Iran. Fifty-three PCCs were randomly selected from all the 136 number of PCCs and BTEX was sampled form their indoor air. The results showed that the concentration of BTEX in the indoor air PCCs is lower than the OELs (occupational exposure limit) in all cases. The obtained mean concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene were 93.6±63.2, 150.6±99.2, 34.3±16.8, and 29.5±15.2 μg/m3 respectively. Type of printer, number of printing and copying device, and type of ventilation system had significant influence on the BTEX concentration. The mean inhalation lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) value for benzene and ethylbenzene in the indoor air of the PCCs with LaserJet and inkjet printers was 44.4 × 10-6 and 153.3 × 10-6, and 23.4×10-6 and 54.2× 10-6, respectively, which were higher than EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limits. The hazard quotient (HQ) of benzene in the indoor air of the PCCs with inkjet printers was >1, which indicates that the non-carcinogenic risks associated with exposure to these compounds are considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohollah Rostami
- Research Center for Health Sciences and Technologies, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Amin Babaei-Pouya
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Malek Abazari
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Leila Rastgho
- Health Department, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Roohollah Ghasemi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Behzad Saranjam
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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Rostami R, Naddafi K, Arfaeinia H, Nazmara S, Fazlzadeh M, Saranjam B. The effects of ventilation and building characteristics on indoor air quality in waterpipe cafés. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2020; 30:805-813. [PMID: 32555400 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-0240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To determine the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PMs), indoor air samples were collected from 60 waterpipe cafés in Ardabil city of Iran. Moreover, the influence of several structural, operational, and ventilation system were evaluated on the concentration of the selected pollutants. The results showed that the mean concentration of CO (12.0 ± 7.2 mg/m3) and PMs (PM1 = 171.5 ± 119.6 μg/m3, PM2.5 = 303.3 ± 201.9 μg/m3, PM10 = 440.3 ± 272.2 μg/m3) were notably higher than the guideline levels. According to the results, open face/café area was influenced by the natural ventilation rate and the mean air exchange rate was 3.1 ± 1.1 min-1. The natural ventilation has a functional role on air quality of the cafes, and fan-type mechanical ventilation was influencing factor on CO concentration when the natural ventilation was restricted. "Type of used charcoal" had the highest influence on the releasing of pollutants inside the cafés as the pollutant concentrations were lower for simple (raw) charcoal compared with the favored (aromatic) one. The results indicated that the building characteristics and natural ventilation considerably affect air quality of the cafes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohollah Rostami
- Research center for health sciences and technologies, Semnan University of medical sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Nazmara
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Behzad Saranjam
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
- Health Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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Gohari FA, Saranjam B, Asgari M, Omidi L, Ekrami H, Moussavi-Najarkola SA. An Experimental Study of the Effects of Combined Exposure to Microwave and Heat on Gene Expression and Sperm Parameters in Mice. J Hum Reprod Sci 2017; 10:128-134. [PMID: 28904503 PMCID: PMC5586087 DOI: 10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_136_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Separate exposure to microwaves (MWs) or heat had effects on expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 and sperm parameters in studied group. Aims: The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of separate and combined exposure to 900-MHz MW (as representative of cell phone radiation) and heat on gene expression and spermogram of male mice. Settings and Design: This experimental animal study was conducted in the school of public health. Materials and Methods: The study was done on 12 male mice randomly divided into four groups (21–23 g): control, test group 1 with separate exposure to 900-MHz MW, test group 2 with separate exposure to hot and sultry climate, and test group 3 with simultaneous whole body exposures to 900-MHz MW and hot and sultry climate. In all studied groups, gene expression and sperm parameters were measured. Results: Tissue samples in all test groups showed integrity of the seminiferous tubule followed by all types of germ line cells. Significant increases in the number of dead sperms in mice with separate exposure to heat were observed in comparison with the other studied groups (P < 0.05). The ratio of Bax expression was elevated to 0.015 ± 0.006 in mice after combined exposures to 900-MHz MW and heat. Conclusion: Separate and combined exposure to 900-MHz MW and heat may induce adverse effects on sperm parameters and gene expression of studied male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh A Gohari
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Saranjam
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohsen Asgari
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Omidi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Ekrami
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Ali Moussavi-Najarkola
- Ecology and Environmental Pollution Control Research Group, Department of Environmental and Biotechnology, Environmental and Energy Campus, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran, Iran
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