1
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Al Saati S, Clément N, Louis C, Blanc M, Wang Y, André N, Lamy L, Bonfond B, Collet B, Allegrini F, Bolton S, Clark G, Connerney JEP, Gérard J, Gladstone GR, Kotsiaros S, Kurth WS, Mauk B. Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere Coupling Study at Jupiter Based on Juno's First 30 Orbits and Modeling Tools. J Geophys Res Space Phys 2022; 127:e2022JA030586. [PMID: 36591321 PMCID: PMC9787687 DOI: 10.1029/2022ja030586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere is controlled by the interplay of the planet's fast rotation, its solar-wind interaction and its main plasma source at the Io torus, mediated by coupling processes involving its magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere. At the ionospheric level, these processes can be characterized by a set of parameters including conductances, field-aligned currents, horizontal currents, electric fields, transport of charged particles along field lines including the fluxes of electrons precipitating into the upper atmosphere which trigger auroral emissions, and the particle and Joule heating power dissipation rates into the upper atmosphere. Determination of these key parameters makes it possible to estimate the net transfer of momentum and energy between Jovian upper atmosphere and equatorial magnetosphere. A method based on a combined use of Juno multi-instrument data and three modeling tools was developed by Wang et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021ja029469) and applied to an analysis of the first nine orbits to retrieve these parameters along Juno's magnetic footprint. We extend this method to the first 30 Juno science orbits and to both hemispheres. Our results reveal a large variability of these parameters from orbit to orbit and between the two hemispheres. They also show dominant trends. Southern current systems are consistent with the generation of a region of sub-corotating ionospheric plasma flows, while both super-corotating and sub-corotating plasma flows are found in the north. These results are discussed in light of the previous space and ground-based observations and currently available models of plasma convection and current systems, and their implications are assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Al Saati
- IRAPCNRSUniversité Toulouse III‐Paul SabatierCNESToulouseFrance
- CPHTCNRSInstitut Polytechnique de ParisPalaiseauFrance
| | - N. Clément
- IRAPCNRSUniversité Toulouse III‐Paul SabatierCNESToulouseFrance
- Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de BordeauxUniversité de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - C. Louis
- IRAPCNRSUniversité Toulouse III‐Paul SabatierCNESToulouseFrance
- School of Cosmic PhysicsDIAS Dunsink ObservatoryDublin Institute for Advanced StudiesDublinIreland
| | - M. Blanc
- IRAPCNRSUniversité Toulouse III‐Paul SabatierCNESToulouseFrance
- LAMPythéasAix Marseille UniversitéCNRSCNESMarseilleFrance
| | - Y. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space WeatherNational Space Science CenterChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - N. André
- IRAPCNRSUniversité Toulouse III‐Paul SabatierCNESToulouseFrance
| | - L. Lamy
- LAMPythéasAix Marseille UniversitéCNRSCNESMarseilleFrance
- LESIAObservatoire de ParisUniversité PSLCNRSSorbonne UniversitéUniversité de ParisMeudonFrance
| | | | - B. Collet
- LAMPythéasAix Marseille UniversitéCNRSCNESMarseilleFrance
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - S. Kotsiaros
- Technical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
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2
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Sulaiman AH, Mauk BH, Szalay JR, Allegrini F, Clark G, Gladstone GR, Kotsiaros S, Kurth WS, Bagenal F, Bonfond B, Connerney JEP, Ebert RW, Elliott SS, Gershman DJ, Hospodarsky GB, Hue V, Lysak RL, Masters A, Santolík O, Saur J, Bolton SJ. Jupiter's Low-Altitude Auroral Zones: Fields, Particles, Plasma Waves, and Density Depletions. J Geophys Res Space Phys 2022; 127:e2022JA030334. [PMID: 36247326 PMCID: PMC9539694 DOI: 10.1029/2022ja030334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Juno spacecraft's polar orbits have enabled direct sampling of Jupiter's low-altitude auroral field lines. While various data sets have identified unique features over Jupiter's main aurora, they are yet to be analyzed altogether to determine how they can be reconciled and fit into the bigger picture of Jupiter's auroral generation mechanisms. Jupiter's main aurora has been classified into distinct "zones", based on repeatable signatures found in energetic electron and proton spectra. We combine fields, particles, and plasma wave data sets to analyze Zone-I and Zone-II, which are suggested to carry upward and downward field-aligned currents, respectively. We find Zone-I to have well-defined boundaries across all data sets. H+ and/or H3 + cyclotron waves are commonly observed in Zone-I in the presence of energetic upward H+ beams and downward energetic electron beams. Zone-II, on the other hand, does not have a clear poleward boundary with the polar cap, and its signatures are more sporadic. Large-amplitude solitary waves, which are reminiscent of those ubiquitous in Earth's downward current region, are a key feature of Zone-II. Alfvénic fluctuations are most prominent in the diffuse aurora and are repeatedly found to diminish in Zone-I and Zone-II, likely due to dissipation, at higher altitudes, to energize auroral electrons. Finally, we identify significant electron density depletions, by up to 2 orders of magnitude, in Zone-I, and discuss their important implications for the development of parallel potentials, Alfvénic dissipation, and radio wave generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. H. Sulaiman
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - B. H. Mauk
- Applied Physics LaboratoryJohns Hopkins UniversityLaurelMDUSA
| | - J. R. Szalay
- Department of Astrophysical SciencesPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJUSA
| | - F. Allegrini
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - G. Clark
- Applied Physics LaboratoryJohns Hopkins UniversityLaurelMDUSA
| | - G. R. Gladstone
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - S. Kotsiaros
- DTU‐SpaceTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - W. S. Kurth
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - F. Bagenal
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - B. Bonfond
- Space SciencesTechnologies and Astrophysics Research InstituteLPAPUniversité de LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - J. E. P. Connerney
- Space Research CorporationAnnapolisMDUSA
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - R. W. Ebert
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - S. S. Elliott
- Minnetota Institute for AstrophysicsSchool of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | | | | | - V. Hue
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - R. L. Lysak
- Minnetota Institute for AstrophysicsSchool of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - A. Masters
- Blackett LaboratoryImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - O. Santolík
- Department of Space PhysicsInstitute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzechia
- Faculty of Mathematics and PhysicsCharles UniversityPragueCzechia
| | - J. Saur
- Institute of Geophysics and MeteorologyUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
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3
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Dunn WR, Weigt DM, Grodent D, Yao ZH, May D, Feigelman K, Sipos B, Fleming D, McEntee S, Bonfond B, Gladstone GR, Johnson RE, Jackman CM, Guo RL, Branduardi‐Raymont G, Wibisono AD, Kraft RP, Nichols JD, Ray LC. Jupiter's X-Ray and UV Dark Polar Region. Geophys Res Lett 2022; 49:e2021GL097390. [PMID: 35865009 PMCID: PMC9287093 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl097390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present 14 simultaneous Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO)-Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of Jupiter's Northern X-ray and ultraviolet (UV) aurorae from 2016 to 2019. Despite the variety of dynamic UV and X-ray auroral structures, one region is conspicuous by its persistent absence of emission: the dark polar region (DPR). Previous HST observations have shown that very little UV emission is produced by the DPR. We find that the DPR also produces very few X-ray photons. For all 14 observations, the low level of X-ray emission from the DPR is consistent (within 2-standard deviations) with scattered solar emission and/or photons spread by Chandra's Point Spread Function from known X-ray-bright regions. We therefore conclude that for these 14 observations the DPR produced no statistically significant detectable X-ray signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. R. Dunn
- Mullard Space Science LaboratoryUniversity College LondonDorkingUK
- The Centre for Planetary Science at UCL/BirkbeckLondonUK
| | - D. M. Weigt
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- School of PhysicsTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - D. Grodent
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et PlanétaireSTAR InstituteUniversité de LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Z. H. Yao
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary PhysicsInstitute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - D. May
- Department of ScienceSt. Gilgen International SchoolSt. GilgenAustria
| | - K. Feigelman
- Department of ScienceSt. Gilgen International SchoolSt. GilgenAustria
| | - B. Sipos
- Department of ScienceSt. Gilgen International SchoolSt. GilgenAustria
| | - D. Fleming
- Department of ScienceSt. Gilgen International SchoolSt. GilgenAustria
| | - S. McEntee
- School of PhysicsTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
- School of Cosmic PhysicsDIAS Dunsink ObservatoryDublin Institute for Advanced StudiesDublinIreland
| | - B. Bonfond
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et PlanétaireSTAR InstituteUniversité de LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - G. R. Gladstone
- Division of Space Science and EngineeringSouthwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - R. E. Johnson
- Department of PhysicsAberystwyth UniversityCeredigionUK
| | - C. M. Jackman
- School of Cosmic PhysicsDIAS Dunsink ObservatoryDublin Institute for Advanced StudiesDublinIreland
| | - R. L. Guo
- Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar‐Terrestrial EnvironmentSchool of Space Science and PhysicsInstitute of Space SciencesShandong UniversityWeihaiChina
| | - G. Branduardi‐Raymont
- Mullard Space Science LaboratoryUniversity College LondonDorkingUK
- The Centre for Planetary Science at UCL/BirkbeckLondonUK
| | - A. D. Wibisono
- Mullard Space Science LaboratoryUniversity College LondonDorkingUK
- The Centre for Planetary Science at UCL/BirkbeckLondonUK
| | - R. P. Kraft
- Harvard‐Smithsonian Center for AstrophysicsSmithsonian Astrophysical ObservatoryCambridgeMAUSA
| | - J. D. Nichols
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - L. C. Ray
- Department of PhysicsLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
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4
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Wang Y, Blanc M, Louis C, Wang C, André N, Adriani A, Allegrini F, Blelly P, Bolton S, Bonfond B, Clark G, Dinelli BM, Gérard J, Gladstone R, Grodent D, Kotsiaros S, Kurth W, Lamy L, Louarn P, Marchaudon A, Mauk B, Mura A, Tao C. A Preliminary Study of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere Coupling at Jupiter: Juno Multi-Instrument Measurements and Modeling Tools. J Geophys Res Space Phys 2021; 126:e2021JA029469. [PMID: 35846729 PMCID: PMC9285026 DOI: 10.1029/2021ja029469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere are controlled by the interplay of the planet's fast rotation, its main iogenic plasma source and its interaction with the solar wind. Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere (MIT) coupling processes controlling this interplay are significantly different from their Earth and Saturn counterparts. At the ionospheric level, they can be characterized by a set of key parameters: ionospheric conductances, electric currents and fields, exchanges of particles along field lines, Joule heating and particle energy deposition. From these parameters, one can determine (a) how magnetospheric currents close into the ionosphere, and (b) the net deposition/extraction of energy into/out of the upper atmosphere associated to MIT coupling. We present a new method combining Juno multi-instrument data (MAG, JADE, JEDI, UVS, JIRAM and Waves) and modeling tools to estimate these key parameters along Juno's trajectories. We first apply this method to two southern hemisphere main auroral oval crossings to illustrate how the coupling parameters are derived. We then present a preliminary statistical analysis of the morphology and amplitudes of these key parameters for eight among the first nine southern perijoves. We aim to extend our method to more Juno orbits to progressively build a comprehensive view of Jovian MIT coupling at the level of the main auroral oval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space WeatherNational Space Science CenterChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et PlanétologieToulouseFrance
| | - Michel Blanc
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et PlanétologieToulouseFrance
| | - Corentin Louis
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et PlanétologieToulouseFrance
| | - Chi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space WeatherNational Space Science CenterChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Nicolas André
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et PlanétologieToulouseFrance
| | - Alberto Adriani
- INAF‐Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia SpazialiRomeItaly
| | - Frederic Allegrini
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | | | | | - Bertrand Bonfond
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et PlanétaireSTAR InstituteUniversité de LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - George Clark
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | | | - Jean‐Claude Gérard
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et PlanétaireSTAR InstituteUniversité de LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | | | - Denis Grodent
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et PlanétaireSTAR InstituteUniversité de LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | | | - William Kurth
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - Laurent Lamy
- Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysiqueMeudonFrance
- Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de MarseilleMarseilleFrance
| | - Philippe Louarn
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et PlanétologieToulouseFrance
| | | | - Barry Mauk
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - Alessandro Mura
- INAF‐Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia SpazialiRomeItaly
| | - Chihiro Tao
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)KoganeiJapan
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5
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Yao Z, Dunn WR, Woodfield EE, Clark G, Mauk BH, Ebert RW, Grodent D, Bonfond B, Pan D, Rae IJ, Ni B, Guo R, Branduardi-Raymont G, Wibisono AD, Rodriguez P, Kotsiaros S, Ness JU, Allegrini F, Kurth WS, Gladstone GR, Kraft R, Sulaiman AH, Manners H, Desai RT, Bolton SJ. Revealing the source of Jupiter's x-ray auroral flares. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/28/eabf0851. [PMID: 34244139 PMCID: PMC8270495 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Jupiter's rapidly rotating, strong magnetic field provides a natural laboratory that is key to understanding the dynamics of high-energy plasmas. Spectacular auroral x-ray flares are diagnostic of the most energetic processes governing magnetospheres but seemingly unique to Jupiter. Since their discovery 40 years ago, the processes that produce Jupiter's x-ray flares have remained unknown. Here, we report simultaneous in situ satellite and space-based telescope observations that reveal the processes that produce Jupiter's x-ray flares, showing surprising similarities to terrestrial ion aurora. Planetary-scale electromagnetic waves are observed to modulate electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves, periodically causing heavy ions to precipitate and produce Jupiter's x-ray pulses. Our findings show that ion aurorae share common mechanisms across planetary systems, despite temporal, spatial, and energetic scales varying by orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Yao
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - William R Dunn
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Centre for Planetary Science at UCL/Birkbeck, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - George Clark
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Barry H Mauk
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Robert W Ebert
- Space Science and Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Denis Grodent
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, STAR institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Bonfond
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, STAR institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dongxiao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Binbin Ni
- Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ruilong Guo
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, STAR institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Affelia D Wibisono
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
- The Centre for Planetary Science at UCL/Birkbeck, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Pedro Rodriguez
- European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jan-Uwe Ness
- European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Frederic Allegrini
- Space Science and Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - William S Kurth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - G Randall Gladstone
- Space Science and Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ralph Kraft
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ali H Sulaiman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Harry Manners
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Scott J Bolton
- Space Science and Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
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6
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Zhang B, Delamere PA, Yao Z, Bonfond B, Lin D, Sorathia KA, Brambles OJ, Lotko W, Garretson JS, Merkin VG, Grodent D, Dunn WR, Lyon JG. How Jupiter's unusual magnetospheric topology structures its aurora. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/15/eabd1204. [PMID: 33837073 PMCID: PMC8034855 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Jupiter's bright persistent polar aurora and Earth's dark polar region indicate that the planets' magnetospheric topologies are very different. High-resolution global simulations show that the reconnection rate at the interface between the interplanetary and jovian magnetic fields is too slow to generate a magnetically open, Earth-like polar cap on the time scale of planetary rotation, resulting in only a small crescent-shaped region of magnetic flux interconnected with the interplanetary magnetic field. Most of the jovian polar cap is threaded by helical magnetic flux that closes within the planetary interior, extends into the outer magnetosphere, and piles up near its dawnside flank where fast differential plasma rotation pulls the field lines sunward. This unusual magnetic topology provides new insights into Jupiter's distinctive auroral morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binzheng Zhang
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Laboratory for Space Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Peter A Delamere
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Zhonghua Yao
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Bertrand Bonfond
- LPAP, Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR), Institute Université de Liége (ULiége), Liége, Belgium
| | - D Lin
- High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kareem A Sorathia
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, USA
| | | | - William Lotko
- High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jeff S Garretson
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, USA
| | | | - Denis Grodent
- LPAP, Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR), Institute Université de Liége (ULiége), Liége, Belgium
| | - William R Dunn
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
| | - John G Lyon
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, USA
- Gamera Consulting, Hanover, NH, USA
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7
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Mura A, Adriani A, Connerney JEP, Bolton S, Altieri F, Bagenal F, Bonfond B, Dinelli BM, Gérard JC, Greathouse T, Grodent D, Levin S, Mauk B, Moriconi ML, Saur J, Waite JH, Amoroso M, Cicchetti A, Fabiano F, Filacchione G, Grassi D, Migliorini A, Noschese R, Olivieri A, Piccioni G, Plainaki C, Sindoni G, Sordini R, Tosi F, Turrini D. Juno observations of spot structures and a split tail in Io-induced aurorae on Jupiter. Science 2018; 361:774-777. [PMID: 29976795 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Jupiter's aurorae are produced in its upper atmosphere when incoming high-energy electrons precipitate along the planet's magnetic field lines. A northern and a southern main auroral oval are visible, surrounded by small emission features associated with the Galilean moons. We present infrared observations, obtained with the Juno spacecraft, showing that in the case of Io, this emission exhibits a swirling pattern that is similar in appearance to a von Kármán vortex street. Well downstream of the main auroral spots, the extended tail is split in two. Both of Ganymede's footprints also appear as a pair of emission features, which may provide a remote measure of Ganymede's magnetosphere. These features suggest that the magnetohydrodynamic interaction between Jupiter and its moon is more complex than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mura
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, National Institute for Astrophysics, Rome, Italy.
| | - A Adriani
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, National Institute for Astrophysics, Rome, Italy
| | - J E P Connerney
- Space Research Corporation, Annapolis, MD, USA.,NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - S Bolton
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - F Altieri
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, National Institute for Astrophysics, Rome, Italy
| | - F Bagenal
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - B Bonfond
- Space Science, Technologies and Astrophysical Research Institute, Laboratory for Planetary and Atmospheric Physics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - B M Dinelli
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, Italy
| | - J-C Gérard
- Space Science, Technologies and Astrophysical Research Institute, Laboratory for Planetary and Atmospheric Physics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - T Greathouse
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - D Grodent
- Space Science, Technologies and Astrophysical Research Institute, Laboratory for Planetary and Atmospheric Physics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - S Levin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - B Mauk
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - M L Moriconi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, Italy
| | - J Saur
- Institut für Geophysik und Meteorologie, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - J H Waite
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - M Amoroso
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - A Cicchetti
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, National Institute for Astrophysics, Rome, Italy
| | - F Fabiano
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, Italy
| | - G Filacchione
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, National Institute for Astrophysics, Rome, Italy
| | - D Grassi
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, National Institute for Astrophysics, Rome, Italy
| | - A Migliorini
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, National Institute for Astrophysics, Rome, Italy
| | - R Noschese
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, National Institute for Astrophysics, Rome, Italy
| | | | - G Piccioni
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, National Institute for Astrophysics, Rome, Italy
| | - C Plainaki
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, National Institute for Astrophysics, Rome, Italy.,Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - G Sindoni
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - R Sordini
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, National Institute for Astrophysics, Rome, Italy
| | - F Tosi
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, National Institute for Astrophysics, Rome, Italy
| | - D Turrini
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, National Institute for Astrophysics, Rome, Italy
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8
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Connerney JEP, Adriani A, Allegrini F, Bagenal F, Bolton SJ, Bonfond B, Cowley SWH, Gerard JC, Gladstone GR, Grodent D, Hospodarsky G, Jorgensen JL, Kurth WS, Levin SM, Mauk B, McComas DJ, Mura A, Paranicas C, Smith EJ, Thorne RM, Valek P, Waite J. Jupiter's magnetosphere and aurorae observed by the Juno spacecraft during its first polar orbits. Science 2018; 356:826-832. [PMID: 28546207 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam5928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Juno spacecraft acquired direct observations of the jovian magnetosphere and auroral emissions from a vantage point above the poles. Juno's capture orbit spanned the jovian magnetosphere from bow shock to the planet, providing magnetic field, charged particle, and wave phenomena context for Juno's passage over the poles and traverse of Jupiter's hazardous inner radiation belts. Juno's energetic particle and plasma detectors measured electrons precipitating in the polar regions, exciting intense aurorae, observed simultaneously by the ultraviolet and infrared imaging spectrographs. Juno transited beneath the most intense parts of the radiation belts, passed about 4000 kilometers above the cloud tops at closest approach, well inside the jovian rings, and recorded the electrical signatures of high-velocity impacts with small particles as it traversed the equator.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E P Connerney
- Space Research Corporation, Annapolis, MD 21403, USA. .,NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - A Adriani
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, National Institute for Astrophysics, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - F Allegrini
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - F Bagenal
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - S J Bolton
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - B Bonfond
- Institut d'Astrophysique et de Geophysique, Universite de Liege, Liege, B-4000 Belgium
| | | | - J-C Gerard
- Institut d'Astrophysique et de Geophysique, Universite de Liege, Liege, B-4000 Belgium
| | - G R Gladstone
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - D Grodent
- Institut d'Astrophysique et de Geophysique, Universite de Liege, Liege, B-4000 Belgium
| | | | - J L Jorgensen
- National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - W S Kurth
- University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - S M Levin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - B Mauk
- Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D J McComas
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - A Mura
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, National Institute for Astrophysics, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - C Paranicas
- Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - E J Smith
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - R M Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - P Valek
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - J Waite
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
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9
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Gladstone GR, Versteeg MH, Greathouse TK, Hue V, Davis MW, Gérard J, Grodent DC, Bonfond B, Nichols JD, Wilson RJ, Hospodarsky GB, Bolton SJ, Levin SM, Connerney JEP, Adriani A, Kurth WS, Mauk BH, Valek P, McComas DJ, Orton GS, Bagenal F. Juno-UVS approach observations of Jupiter's auroras. Geophys Res Lett 2017; 44:7668-7675. [PMID: 28989207 PMCID: PMC5606505 DOI: 10.1002/2017gl073377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Juno ultraviolet spectrograph (UVS) observations of Jupiter's aurora obtained during approach are presented. Prior to the bow shock crossing on 24 June 2016, the Juno approach provided a rare opportunity to correlate local solar wind conditions with Jovian auroral emissions. Some of Jupiter's auroral emissions are expected to be controlled or modified by local solar wind conditions. Here we compare synoptic Juno-UVS observations of Jupiter's auroral emissions, acquired during 3-29 June 2016, with in situ solar wind observations, and related Jupiter observations from Earth. Four large auroral brightening events are evident in the synoptic data, in which the total emitted auroral power increases by a factor of 3-4 for a few hours. Only one of these brightening events correlates well with large transient increases in solar wind ram pressure. The brightening events which are not associated with the solar wind generally have a risetime of ~2 h and a decay time of ~5 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. R. Gladstone
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTexasUSA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | | | | | - V. Hue
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - M. W. Davis
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - J.‐C. Gérard
- STAR Institute, LPAPUniversité de LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | | | - B. Bonfond
- STAR Institute, LPAPUniversité de LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - J. D. Nichols
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - R. J. Wilson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - G. B. Hospodarsky
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | | | - S. M. Levin
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - A. Adriani
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia SpazialiRomeItaly
| | - W. S. Kurth
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - B. H. Mauk
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMarylandUSA
| | - P. Valek
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - D. J. McComas
- Office of the VP for PPPL and Department of Astrophysical SciencesPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
| | - G. S. Orton
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | - F. Bagenal
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
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10
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Gustin J, Bonfond B, Grodent D, Gérard JC. Conversion from HST ACS and STIS auroral counts into brightness, precipitated power, and radiated power for H2giant planets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012ja017607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Radioti A, Grodent D, Gérard JC, Milan SE, Bonfond B, Gustin J, Pryor W. Bifurcations of the main auroral ring at Saturn: ionospheric signatures of consecutive reconnection events at the magnetopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Radioti
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - D. Grodent
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - J.-C. Gérard
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - S. E. Milan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester U. K
| | - B. Bonfond
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - J. Gustin
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - W. Pryor
- Science Department; Central Arizona College; Coolidge Arizona USA
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Grodent
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - J. Gustin
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - J.-C. Gérard
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - A. Radioti
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - B. Bonfond
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - W. R. Pryor
- Science Department; Central Arizona College; Coolidge Arizona USA
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- S. L. G. Hess
- LASP; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - B. Bonfond
- LPAP; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - P. Zarka
- LESIA; Observatoire de Paris-CNRS; Meudon France
| | - D. Grodent
- LPAP; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
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14
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Radioti A, Grodent D, Gérard JC, Vogt MF, Lystrup M, Bonfond B. Nightside reconnection at Jupiter: Auroral and magnetic field observations from 26 July 1998. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja016200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Radioti
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - D. Grodent
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - J.-C. Gérard
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - M. F. Vogt
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - M. Lystrup
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - B. Bonfond
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Bonfond
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Grodent
- LPAP, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Aikaterini Radioti
- LPAP, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Bertrand Bonfond
- LPAP, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Gérard
- LPAP, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- S. L. G. Hess
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. Delamere
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - V. Dols
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - B. Bonfond
- LPAP, Institut d'Astrophysique et Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - D. Swift
- Geophysical Institute; University of Alaska Fairbanks; Fairbanks Alaska USA
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18
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Bonfond B, Grodent D, Gérard JC, Radioti A, Dols V, Delamere PA, Clarke JT. The Io UV footprint: Location, inter-spot distances and tail vertical extent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Bonfond
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire; Université de Liège; Liege Belgium
| | - D. Grodent
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire; Université de Liège; Liege Belgium
| | - J.-C. Gérard
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire; Université de Liège; Liege Belgium
| | - A. Radioti
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire; Université de Liège; Liege Belgium
| | - V. Dols
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. A. Delamere
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. T. Clarke
- Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Grodent
- Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Laboratory for Planetary and Atmospheric Physics; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Bertrand Bonfond
- Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Laboratory for Planetary and Atmospheric Physics; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Aikaterini Radioti
- Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Laboratory for Planetary and Atmospheric Physics; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Gérard
- Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Laboratory for Planetary and Atmospheric Physics; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Xianzhe Jia
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | | | - John T. Clarke
- Center for Space Physics; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
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20
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Radioti A, Grodent D, Gérard JC, Roussos E, Paranicas C, Bonfond B, Mitchell DG, Krupp N, Krimigis S, Clarke JT. Transient auroral features at Saturn: Signatures of energetic particle injections in the magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Radioti
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liege Belgium
| | - D. Grodent
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liege Belgium
| | - J.-C. Gérard
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liege Belgium
| | - E. Roussos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung; Katlenburg-Lindau Germany
| | - C. Paranicas
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - B. Bonfond
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liege Belgium
| | - D. G. Mitchell
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - N. Krupp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung; Katlenburg-Lindau Germany
| | - S. Krimigis
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
- Office for Space Research and Applications; Academy of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - J. T. Clarke
- Center for Space Physics; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
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21
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Grodent D, Bonfond B, Gérard JC, Radioti A, Gustin J, Clarke JT, Nichols J, Connerney JEP. Auroral evidence of a localized magnetic anomaly in Jupiter's northern hemisphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Grodent
- Laboratory for Planetary and Atmospheric Physics; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Bertrand Bonfond
- Laboratory for Planetary and Atmospheric Physics; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Gérard
- Laboratory for Planetary and Atmospheric Physics; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Aikaterini Radioti
- Laboratory for Planetary and Atmospheric Physics; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Jacques Gustin
- Laboratory for Planetary and Atmospheric Physics; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - John T. Clarke
- Center for Space Physics; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Jonathan Nichols
- Center for Space Physics; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Radioti
- LPAP, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Belgium
| | - J.-C. Gérard
- LPAP, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Belgium
| | - D. Grodent
- LPAP, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Belgium
| | - B. Bonfond
- LPAP, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Belgium
| | - N. Krupp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung; Katlenburg-Lindau Germany
| | - J. Woch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung; Katlenburg-Lindau Germany
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Grodent
- Laboratory for Planetary and Atmospheric Physics; Université de Liège; Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Gérard
- Laboratory for Planetary and Atmospheric Physics; Université de Liège; Belgium
| | - Aikaterini Radioti
- Laboratory for Planetary and Atmospheric Physics; Université de Liège; Belgium
| | - Bertrand Bonfond
- Laboratory for Planetary and Atmospheric Physics; Université de Liège; Belgium
| | - Adem Saglam
- Laboratory for Planetary and Atmospheric Physics; Université de Liège; Belgium
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