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Altay BN, Aksoy B, Huq A, Hailstone R, Klass CP, Demir M, Williams S. Addition of fibers derived from paper mill sludge in paper coatings: impact on microstructure, surface and optical properties. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19350. [PMID: 37935797 PMCID: PMC10630507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, cellulose nanofiber (CNF) production has primarily relied on virgin cellulose sources. Yet, the shift to using paper mill sludge (PMS) as a source for CNF underscores the significance of reusing and recycling industrial byproducts. PMS contains significant amounts of cellulose that can be extracted as a raw material. The purpose of present study is to provide a sustainable approach to PMS utilization as a paper coating additive in the cellulose nanofibrils (CNFPMS) form via simply scalable wire-wound rod coating method. The effect of CNFPMS additive amounts at two coating layers on microstructure and surface properties of coatings such as porosity, air permeability surface roughness and optical properties such as brightness, gloss and CIE L*a*b* is studied, which they can also provide insight for the eventual print performance. Results indicated that the obtained CNFPMS in paper coating shows 52% decrease in porosity, presenting significant improvement in the coating microstructure. The marginal increase in permeability coefficient and surface roughness, 54% and 10%, respectively, suggests improving color reproduction and preventing color density losses. Optical analysis showed slight decrease in brightness and gloss, as was expected. Notably, the lightness was improved, which also indicates increasing color gamut volume in printing applications. As a result, the current work offers a sustainable approach to manage PMS for use in paper coatings as a high-value-added material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Nazli Altay
- College of Engineering Technology, Print and Graphic Media Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA.
- Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, Marmara University, 34722, Goztepe, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Burak Aksoy
- Forest Products Development Center, College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Anamika Huq
- College of Engineering Technology, Print and Graphic Media Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Richard Hailstone
- Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, College of Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Charles P Klass
- Klass Associates Inc., 118 131st Avenue East - Unit C, Madeira Beach, FL, 33708-2628, USA
| | - Muslum Demir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, 80000, Osmaniye, Turkey
| | - Scott Williams
- School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
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Altay BN, Fleming PD, Rahman MA, Pekarovicova A, Myers B, Aydemir C, Karademir A. Controlling unequal surface energy results caused by test liquids: the case of UV/O3 Treated PET. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6772. [PMID: 35474087 PMCID: PMC9043197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet/ozone (UV/O3) treatment has been reported to be an effective method to modify properties such as wettability, adhesion or adsorption of plastic surfaces. The change in the surface is measured by contact angle analysis, which employs liquids and their surface tensions (ST) to estimate the surface energy (SE). We found two different practices in the scientific community: (1) the majority of researchers adopted the ST value of liquids from the literature, while (2) other researchers conducted real-time measurements in the lab under ambient conditions prior to SE estimation. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study that compares the difference between the two practices. One study was found to show different SE methods generating unequal SE values for the same substrate. However, there was no definitive conclusion backed by general thermodynamics rules. In this study, we presented (1) a statistical significance test that showed the literature and experimental ST values are significantly different, and studied (2) the effect of different liquid pairs on the SE estimation for UV/O3 treated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrate. Modification techniques such as atmospheric pressure plasma or chemical modification were studied previously to examine PET’s wettability and the SE. The UV/O3 treatment was studied to improve adhesion and to modify its chemical properties for adsorption. In contrast, we studied (3) the effect of UV/O3 on wettability at different timeframes and addressed (4) how to control unequal SE based on a method that was refined on a rigorous thermodynamic three-phase system. It must be noted that this method can be generalized to other types of solid surfaces to estimate thermodynamically self-consistent SE values. This work also provides (5) a web-based calculator that complements computational findings available to the readership in the data availability section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Nazli Altay
- College of Engineering Technology, Print and Graphic Media Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623-5608, USA. .,Chemical and Paper Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008-5462, USA. .,Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, Printing Technologies, Marmara University, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Paul D Fleming
- Chemical and Paper Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008-5462, USA
| | - Md Arifur Rahman
- Thermoplastic Polyurethane Research, BASF Corporation, 1609 Biddle Ave., Wyandotte, MI, 48192, USA
| | - Alexandra Pekarovicova
- Chemical and Paper Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008-5462, USA
| | - Bruce Myers
- College of Engineering Technology, Print and Graphic Media Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623-5608, USA
| | - Cem Aydemir
- Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, Printing Technologies, Marmara University, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arif Karademir
- Faculty of Forestry, Forestry Industry Engineering, Division of Pulp and Paper, Bursa Technical University, 16310, Bursa, Turkey
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Altay BN, Turkani VS, Pekarovicova A, Fleming PD, Atashbar MZ, Bolduc M, Cloutier SG. One-step photonic curing of screen-printed conductive Ni flake electrodes for use in flexible electronics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3393. [PMID: 33564062 PMCID: PMC7873258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Photonic curing has shown great promise in maintaining the integrity of flexible thin polymer substrates without structural degradation due to shrinkage, charring or decomposition during the sintering of printed functional ink films in milliseconds at high temperatures. In this paper, single-step photonic curing of screen-printed nickel (Ni) electrodes is reported for sensor, interconnector and printed electronics applications. Solid bleached sulphate paperboard (SBS) and polyethylene terephthalate polymer (PET) substrates are employed to investigate the electrical performance, ink transfer and ink spreading that directly affect the fabrication of homogeneous ink films. Ni flake ink is selected, particularly since its effects on sintering and rheology have not yet been examined. The viscosity of Ni flake ink yields shear-thinning behavior that is distinct from that of screen printing. The porous SBS substrate is allowed approximately 20% less ink usage. With one-step photonic curing, the electrodes on SBS and PET exhibited electrical performances of a minimum of 4 Ω/sq and 16 Ω/sq, respectively, at a pulse length of 1.6 ms, which is comparable to conventional thermal heating at 130 °C for 5 min. The results emphasize the suitability of Ni flake ink to fabricate electronic devices on flexible substrates by photonic curing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Nazli Altay
- Institute of Science and Technology, Marmara University, Istanbul, 34722, Turkey.
- Chemical and Paper Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008-5462, USA.
- Electrical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Notre-Dame Ouest, Montréal, QC, H3C 1K3, Canada.
| | - Vikram S Turkani
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008-5462, USA
| | - Alexandra Pekarovicova
- Chemical and Paper Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008-5462, USA
| | - Paul D Fleming
- Chemical and Paper Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008-5462, USA
| | - Massood Z Atashbar
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008-5462, USA
| | - Martin Bolduc
- Mechanical Engineering, Université du Québec À Trois-Rivières, 555 University Blvd, Drummondville, QC, J2C 0R5, Canada
| | - Sylvain G Cloutier
- Electrical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Notre-Dame Ouest, Montréal, QC, H3C 1K3, Canada
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