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de Souza Ferreira L, Bolin S, Abuelo A, Norby B, Ruegg PL. Apparent prevalence of hemotropic mycoplasma in dairy calves and replacement heifers on Michigan farms. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00504-6. [PMID: 38395406 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The bovine hemoplasmas include Mycoplasma wenyonii and Candidatus Mycoplasma hemobos which are increasingly recognized as infecting cattle throughout the world. Infection with hemotropic mycoplasma has been reported to be widespread in mature dairy cows, but little is known about prevalence in calves and heifers. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and dynamics of infection with M. wenyonii and C.M. hemobos infections in calves and replacement heifers on Michigan dairy farms and assess potential associations between infection status and hematological values. The study was designed as a prospective cross-sectional study with a longitudinal component. A convenience sample of 11 farms agreed to participate and were visited twice between March and September 2022. During the first farm visit, researchers collected blood samples from up to 94 animals per farm distributed among newborn and pre-weaned calves (n ≤ 31), weaned calves (n = 21), pre-breeding heifers (n = 21), and pregnant heifers (n = 21). During the first visit, blood samples (n = 174) were also collected from a convenience sample of mature cows to confirm the herd infection status. The same calves and heifers were sampled again about 95 d (±3.0) later. During the first visit, blood samples were collected from 797 calves and replacement heifers, while 675 samples were collected during the second visit due to inability to locate some animals. Detection of M. wenyonii and C. M. hemobos were based on results of real time PCR. The hematocrit was determined using microcentrifugation and the concentration of leukocytes using an automated cell counter. In all herds, most mature cows that were sampled tested positive for infection. The within herd apparent prevalence of hemoplasma in calves and replacement heifers was 100% for both M. wenyonii and C. M. hemobos. The apparent prevalence of hemoplasma in youngstock was associated with age. In calves that were 1 to 6 mo old, the prevalence of infection was 6-8% but sharply increased to 31% by 8 mo of age. In older animals, the prevalence remained high, and was almost 100% in animals greater than 17 mo of age. Based on calves and heifers sampled twice, the cumulative incidence varied widely among herds ranging from 3.7% to 96.0% and increased with age of animals. There was no difference in hematocrit or number of lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, or total leukocytes based on infection status. The number of eosinophils was greater in infected animals. This is the first study to report the prevalence of hemoplasmas in calves and replacement heifers in the US It indicates that young calves can be infected with hemoplasmas, but the rate of infection is low. The likelihood of infection increases as animals age, with a notable rise in the proportion of infected heifers occurring by 8 mo old and the prevalence eventually reaching nearly 100% of infection in older animals. Once infected, heifers appear to remain chronic carriers. Hemoplasma infection alone does not usually lead to the development of clinical signs and most of the animals remain apparently healthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L de Souza Ferreira
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, 48824
| | - S Bolin
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing 48910
| | - A Abuelo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, 48824
| | - B Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, 48824
| | - P L Ruegg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, 48824.
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Vasco KA, Carbonell S, Sloup RE, Bowcutt B, Colwell RR, Graubics K, Erskine R, Norby B, Ruegg PL, Zhang L, Manning SD. Persistent effects of intramammary ceftiofur treatment on the gut microbiome and antibiotic resistance in dairy cattle. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:56. [PMID: 37946266 PMCID: PMC10636827 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intramammary (IMM) ceftiofur treatment is commonly used in dairy farms to prevent mastitis, though its impact on the cattle gut microbiome and selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has not been elucidated. Herein, we enrolled 40 dairy (Holstein) cows at the end of the lactation phase for dry-cow therapy: 20 were treated with IMM ceftiofur (Spectramast®DC) and a non-antibiotic internal teat sealant (bismuth subnitrate) and 20 (controls) received only bismuth subnitrate. Fecal grab samples were collected before and after treatment (weeks 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9) for bacterial quantification and metagenomic next-generation sequencing. RESULTS Overall, 90% and 24% of the 278 samples had Gram-negative bacteria with resistance to ampicillin and ceftiofur, respectively. Most of the cows treated with ceftiofur did not have an increase in the number of resistant bacteria; however, a subset (25%) shed higher levels of ceftiofur-resistant bacteria for up to 2 weeks post-treatment. At week 5, the antibiotic-treated cows had lower microbiota abundance and richness, whereas a greater abundance of genes encoding extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), CfxA, ACI-1, and CMY, was observed at weeks 1, 5 and 9. Moreover, the contig and network analyses detected associations between β-lactam resistance genes and phages, mobile genetic elements, and specific genera. Commensal bacterial populations belonging to Bacteroidetes most commonly possessed ESBL genes followed by members of Enterobacteriaceae. CONCLUSION This study highlights variable, persistent effects of IMM ceftiofur treatment on the gut microbiome and resistome in dairy cattle. Antibiotic-treated cattle had an increased abundance of specific taxa and genes encoding ESBL production that persisted for 9 weeks. Fecal shedding of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, which was classified as a serious public health threat, varied across animals. Together, these findings highlight the need for additional studies aimed at identifying factors associated with shedding levels and the dissemination and persistence of antibiotic resistance determinants on dairy farms across geographic locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla A Vasco
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Samantha Carbonell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Rebekah E Sloup
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Bailey Bowcutt
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Rita R Colwell
- University of Maryland, Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Cosmos ID, Inc, Germantown, MD, 20874, USA
| | | | - Ronald Erskine
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Pamela L Ruegg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Shannon D Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Benitez OJ, LaDronka RM, Norby B, Grooms DL, Bartlett PC. The effect of bovine leukemia virus on dairy cow longevity. JDS Communications 2022; 3:185-188. [PMID: 36338809 PMCID: PMC9623716 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cows were tested for BLV with an ELISA milk test and followed for survival. BLV-positive cows had shortened lifespans compared with BLV-negative herdmates. BLV ELISA results were not associated with producer-reported reasons for culling.
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus of cattle that infects approximately 45% of all US dairy cattle, with about 90% of US dairy herds having at least one infected animal. Studies have found BLV infection to be associated with multiple measures of decreased immune function, which may explain the observed economic losses from milk production, decreased cow longevity, and predisposition to lymphoma and other diseases. Our objective was to measure the association between BLV infection and cow longevity in dairy cow operations. Ninety-one dairy herds from 9 US states volunteered to participate in this study. Milking dairy cows (n = 3,611) were tested for BLV antibodies using an ELISA milk test, and their presence in the herd was monitored for an average of 29 mo. The survival analysis controlled for herd and lactation number. Cows sold for dairy purposes were excluded, and individual cow results were not shared with producers so as not to influence culling decisions. Overall, 47.1% (1,701/3,611) of cows were BLV-positive by ELISA. The significant hazard ratio of 1.30 indicated that positive cows were 30% more likely than their negative herdmates to die or be culled during the monitoring period. These results are consistent with other studies in finding a negative effect of BLV infection on cow lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar J. Benitez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd, East Lansing 48895
| | - Rebecca M. LaDronka
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd, East Lansing 48895
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd, East Lansing 48895
| | - Daniel L. Grooms
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 2420 Lincoln Way, Ames 50014
| | - Paul C. Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd, East Lansing 48895
- Corresponding author:
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Vasco K, Nohomovich B, Singh P, Venegas-Vargas C, Mosci RE, Rust S, Bartlett P, Norby B, Grooms D, Zhang L, Manning SD. Characterizing the Cattle Gut Microbiome in Farms with a High and Low Prevalence of Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081737. [PMID: 34442815 PMCID: PMC8399351 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle are the main reservoirs of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC), a major foodborne pathogen associated with acute enteric disease and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans. A total of 397 beef and dairy cattle from 5 farms were included in this study, of which 660 samples were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The microbiota of farms with a high-STEC prevalence (HSP) had greater richness compared to those of farms with a low-STEC prevalence (LSP). Longitudinal analyses showed STEC-shedders from LSP farms had higher microbiome diversity; meanwhile, changes in the microbiome composition in HSP farms were independent of the STEC shedding status. Most of the bacterial genera associated with STEC shedding in dairy farms were also correlated with differences in the percentage of forage in diet and risk factors of STEC carriage such as days in milk, number of lactations, and warm temperatures. Identifying factors that alter the gut microbiota and enable STEC colonization in livestock could lead to novel strategies to prevent fecal shedding and the subsequent transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Vasco
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.V.); (B.N.); (P.S.); (R.E.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Brian Nohomovich
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.V.); (B.N.); (P.S.); (R.E.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Pallavi Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.V.); (B.N.); (P.S.); (R.E.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Cristina Venegas-Vargas
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (C.V.-V.); (P.B.); (B.N.); (D.G.)
| | - Rebekah E. Mosci
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.V.); (B.N.); (P.S.); (R.E.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Steven Rust
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Paul Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (C.V.-V.); (P.B.); (B.N.); (D.G.)
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (C.V.-V.); (P.B.); (B.N.); (D.G.)
| | - Daniel Grooms
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (C.V.-V.); (P.B.); (B.N.); (D.G.)
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.V.); (B.N.); (P.S.); (R.E.M.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shannon D. Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.V.); (B.N.); (P.S.); (R.E.M.); (L.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Schambow R, Poulsen K, Bolin S, Krahn D, Norby B, Sockett D, Ruegg P. Apparent prevalence of Mycoplasma wenyonii, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos, and bovine leukemia virus in Wisconsin and Michigan dairy cattle herds. JDS Commun 2021; 2:61-66. [PMID: 36338775 PMCID: PMC9623634 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2020-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma wenyonii (formerly Eperythrozoon wenyonii) is a hemotrophic, epicellular bacterial parasite of cattle that has been associated with clinical disorders, including hemolytic anemia, decreased milk yield, and peripheral edema. Mycoplasma wenyonii and a related organism, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos, have been detected in both ill and apparently healthy cattle, but little is known about their prevalence in US dairy cattle. The objective of this prospective, cross-sectional study was to determine herd-level apparent prevalence of M. wenyonii and C. M. haemobos in dairy cattle located in Wisconsin and Michigan compared with seroprevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in the same herds. In summer 2018, researchers collected blood samples from 30 lactating cows per herd from randomly recruited farms in selected dairy-intensive counties in each state. During the farm visit, a brief survey was used to collect herd management information. Detection of M. wenyonii and C. M. haemobos were based on PCR testing, and ELISA was used to test for antibodies to BLV. Blood samples were collected from lactating cows located in 64 Wisconsin herds (n = 1,930 samples) and 18 Michigan herds (n = 591 samples). Herd-level apparent prevalence was 100% for both M. wenyonii and C. M. haemobos. Herd-level seroprevalence for BLV was 83 and 100% for Wisconsin and Michigan herds, respectively. Estimated within-herd apparent prevalence of M. wenyonii was 71.7% ± 1.0% (ranging from 23.3 to 93.5%) and for C. M. haemobos was 77.3% ± 1.0% (ranging from 16.7 to 100%). Within-herd prevalence of BLV positive samples was 39.8% ± 1.0% and ranged from 0 to 86.7%. About 22% of cows were concurrently positive for all 3 organisms. Parity and stage of lactation were recorded for 2,317 cows. Prevalence of positive cows for parity groups 1, 2, and ≥3 were 72.0, 73.8, and 67.7% for M. wenyonii; 80.9, 76.8, and 74.9% for C. M. haemobos; and 25.3, 39.7, and 55.5% for BLV, respectively. None or only minor differences in apparent prevalence were observed based on stage of lactation. This is the first report of the prevalence of hemotrophic mycoplasmas in Wisconsin and Michigan dairy herds and indicates that infection with these organisms is endemic. The impact of infection on cattle health and productivity remains unknown, and risk factors associated with infection warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.A. Schambow
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Minnesota School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul 55108
| | - K. Poulsen
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Madison 53705
| | - S. Bolin
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - D. Krahn
- Country Hills Animals Health Center, Fond du Lac, WI 54937
| | - B. Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - D. Sockett
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Madison 53705
| | - P.L. Ruegg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
- Corresponding author
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Bartlett PC, Ruggiero VJ, Hutchinson HC, Droscha CJ, Norby B, Sporer KRB, Taxis TM. Current Developments in the Epidemiology and Control of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis as Caused by Bovine Leukemia Virus. Pathogens 2020; 9:E1058. [PMID: 33352855 PMCID: PMC7766781 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL) caused by the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) has been eradicated in over 20 countries. In contrast, the U.S. and many other nations are experiencing increasing prevalence in the absence of efforts to control transmission. Recent studies have shown that BLV infection in dairy cattle has a greater impact beyond the long-recognized lymphoma development that occurs in <5% of infected cattle. Like other retroviruses, BLV appears to cause multiple immune system disruptions, affecting both cellular and humoral immunity, which are likely responsible for increasingly documented associations with decreased dairy production and decreased productive lifespan. Realization of these economic losses has increased interest in controlling BLV using technology that was unavailable decades ago, when many nations eradicated BLV via traditional antibody testing and slaughter methods. This traditional control is not economically feasible for many nations where the average herd antibody prevalence is rapidly approaching 50%. The ELISA screening of cattle with follow-up testing via qPCR for proviral load helps prioritize the most infectious cattle for segregation or culling. The efficacy of this approach has been demonstrated in at least four herds. Breeding cattle for resistance to BLV disease progression also appears to hold promise, and several laboratories are working on BLV vaccines. There are many research priorities for a wide variety of disciplines, especially including the need to investigate the reports linking BLV and human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Bartlett
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (V.J.R.); (B.N.)
| | - Vickie J. Ruggiero
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (V.J.R.); (B.N.)
| | | | - Casey J. Droscha
- CentralStar Cooperative, East Lansing, MI 48910, USA; (C.J.D.); (K.R.B.S.)
| | - Bo Norby
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (V.J.R.); (B.N.)
| | - Kelly R. B. Sporer
- CentralStar Cooperative, East Lansing, MI 48910, USA; (C.J.D.); (K.R.B.S.)
| | - Tasia M. Taxis
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
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Wisnieski L, Norby B, Gandy J, Byrem TM, Sordillo LM. Changes in bovine leukemia virus serological status and lymphocyte count between dry-off and early lactation in Michigan dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9473-9480. [PMID: 32773309 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study addresses how the serological status of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and lymphocyte count fluctuate from dry-off to early lactation in dairy cattle. Very few studies have investigated how BLV antibody status and lymphocyte count of cows changes longitudinally during the lactation cycle. Blood samples were collected from dairy cattle (n = 149) on 5 commercial dairy herds in Michigan at dry-off, close-up, and 7 to 10 d after calving. Plasma was analyzed for anti-BLV antibodies using a BLV-ELISA and whole blood was analyzed for lymphocyte counts. We found that BLV seroprevalence increased from dry-off (38.9%) to close-up (43.6%), then slightly decreased from close-up to 7 to 10 d after calving (43.0%). However, the change in seroprevalence was only significant from dry-off to close-up. Cows of third or higher parity were more likely to seroconvert than cows of lower parity and had the highest ELISA-negative prevalence of BLV. Lymphocyte counts were significantly higher in ELISA-positive animals, but only among second and third or greater parity animals. These results indicate that the use of lymphocyte counts as a disease severity monitoring tool for BLV should differ by parity group. Future studies should investigate if changes in seroprevalence are due to new infections or natural changes in antibody concentrations as the cow prepares for colostrum production. More accurate lymphocyte guidelines to be used for monitoring the progression of BLV should be created that consider parity and lactation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wisnieski
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - B Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
| | - J Gandy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - T M Byrem
- CentralStar Cooperative, Lansing, MI 48909
| | - L M Sordillo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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Benitez OJ, Roberts JN, Norby B, Bartlett PC, Takeshima SN, Watanuki S, Aida Y, Grooms DL. Breeding bulls as a potential source of bovine leukemia virus transmission in beef herds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:1335-1340. [PMID: 31067187 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.11.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in beef bulls; evaluate the presence of BLV provirus DNA in blood, smegma, and semen samples; and analyze whether blood BLV proviral load was associated with differential blood cell counts. DESIGN Observational cross-sectional study. ANIMALS 121 beef bulls ≥ 2 years old from 39 Michigan herds. PROCEDURES Blood, smegma, and semen samples were collected from each bull during a routine breeding soundness examination. An ELISA was used to detect serum anti-BLV antibodies. A coordination of common motifs-quantitative PCR assay was used to detect BLV provirus DNA in blood, smegma, and semen samples. Bulls with positive results on both the BLV serum ELISA and coordination of common motifs-quantitative PCR assay were considered infected with BLV. RESULTS 19 of 39 (48.7%) herds and 54 of 121 (44.6%) bulls were infected with BLV. Provirus DNA was detected in the blood of all 54 and in smegma of 4 BLV-infected bulls but was not detected in any semen sample. Lymphocyte count was significantly greater in BLV-infected bulls than in uninfected bulls. The proportion of BLV-infected bulls with lymphocytosis (16/54 [29.6%]) was greater than the proportion of uninfected bulls with lymphocytosis (6/67 [9%]). Lymphocyte count was positively associated with BLV proviral load in BLV-infected bulls. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that almost half of beef bulls and herds were infected with BLV, and BLV provirus DNA was detected in the smegma of some BLV-infected bulls. Bulls may have an important role in BLV transmission in beef herds.
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Hutchinson HC, Norby B, Erskine RJ, Sporer KRB, Bartlett PC. Herd management practices associated with bovine leukemia virus incidence rate in Michigan dairy farms. Prev Vet Med 2020; 182:105084. [PMID: 32682155 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify associations between herd management practices and the incidence rate of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infections in Michigan dairy herds. Previous management risk factor studies were of antibody prevalence rather than the rate of recent infections. Milk samples were collected from cohorts of cows on 112 Michigan dairy herds and tested for BLV using an antibody capture ELISA (n = 3849 cows). Cows were subsequently followed for an average of 21 months. Cows negative for anti-BLV antibodies and still present in their respective herds were retested by the same antibody capture ELISA to estimate within-herd incidence rates. The overall crude incidence rate was 1.46 infections per 100 cow-months at risk for the 1314 retested cows in 107 herds. The average within-herd incidence rate was 2.28 infections per 100 cow-months (range: 0 to 9.76 infections per 100 cow-months). A negative binomial regression model was used to identify herd management practices associated with the within-herd incidence rate. Results of the final multivariable model identified higher herd prevalence, milking frequency, needle reuse, as well as housing post-parturient cows separately, to be associated with increased incidence rate. Utilization of sand bedding for the lactating herd was found to be associated with decreased incidence rates. Results of this study suggest potential routes of BLV transmission which should be further investigated as disease control targets in ongoing control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Hutchinson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - B Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - R J Erskine
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - K R B Sporer
- CentralStar Cooperative, 4200 Forest Rd, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - P C Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Benitez OJ, Norby B, Bartlett PC, Maeroff JE, Grooms DL. Impact of bovine leukemia virus infection on beef cow longevity. Prev Vet Med 2020; 181:105055. [PMID: 32593082 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukosis is a chronic lymphoproliferative disorder caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Previous studies estimate that 38 % of cow-calf beef herds and 10.3 % of individual beef cows in the US are BLV seropositive. About 70 % of BLV infected animals are asymptomatic carriers of the virus, while less than 5% develop lymphosarcoma, the leading reason for carcass condemnation at the US slaughterhouses. Studies provide evidence that BLV infection leads to decreased immune function making animals more vulnerable to other diseases, which could shorten their productive lifespan and increase economic losses in the cattle industry. BLV seropositive dairy cows are reportedly more likely to be culled sooner compared with their uninfected herd mates. Beyond simple prevalence studies, little is known about the impact of BLV infection in beef cattle production or specifically on beef cow longevity. Our objective was to determine the association between BLV infection and cow longevity in beef cow-calf operations. Twenty-seven cow-calf herds from the Upper Midwest volunteered to participate in this study. Female beef cattle (n = 3146) were tested for serum BLV antibodies by ELISA. A subsample of 648 cows were also tested for BLV proviral load (PVL). Culling data was collected for the subsequent 24 months. Twenty-one herds (77.7 %) had at least one BLV-infected animal, and 29.2 % (930/3146) of tested animals were BLV seropositive. Of the BLV-positive cows, 33.7 % (318/943) were culled compared with 32.1 % (541/1682) of the seronegative cows. BLV status did not affect cows' longevity within herds (P = 0.062). However, cows with high BLV PVL had decreased survival within the herd compared with ELISA- negative cows (P = 0.01). Overall, infection with BLV did not impact beef cow longevity unless the disease had progressed to a point of high BLV PVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar J Benitez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48895, United States.
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48895, United States
| | - Paul C Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48895, United States
| | - Jacqueline E Maeroff
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48895, United States
| | - Daniel L Grooms
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
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11
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Amadio A, Corriveau KM, Norby B, Stephenson TR, Saunders WB. Effect of proximal abducting ulnar osteotomy (PAUL) on frontal plane thoracic limb alignment: An ex vivo canine study. Vet Surg 2020; 49:1437-1448. [PMID: 32463515 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of proximal abducting ulnar osteotomy (PAUL) on frontal plane thoracic limb alignment in standing and recumbent positions. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo cadaveric study. SAMPLE POPULATION Canine thoracic limbs (n = 15 limb pairs). METHODS Limbs were acquired from healthy Labrador retrievers that had been euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study. A limb press was used to obtain standing and recumbent caudocranial radiographs before and after PAUL. Foot lateralization and rotation were directly measured in standing position. Mechanical joint angles were determined using full limb radiographic montages and the center of rotation of angulation (CORA) method for pre-PAUL (Pre), 2-mm PAUL (PAUL2), and 3-mm PAUL (PAUL3). Data are reported as mean ± SD and 95% CI. Mixed linear modeling was used to identify differences in limb alignment values and foot position, with significance established at P ≤ .004. RESULTS There were differences in five of 12 limb alignment values pre-PAUL and post-PAUL in standing and recumbent positions. In the standing position, there was an increase in mechanical medial proximal radioulnar angle (Pre, 80.6° ± 2.5°; PAUL2, 82.6° ± 2.4°; PAUL3, 84° ± 2.4°) and a decrease in elbow compression angle (Pre, 1.4° ± 1.3°; PAUL2, 1° ± 0.9°; PAUL3, 0.8° ± 1°). There was a movement of mechanical humeral radioulnar angle (Pre, -8.9° ± 2.8°; PAUL2, -6.1° ± 2.7°; PAUL3, -5.2 ± 2.7°), mechanical thoracic humeral angle (Pre, 3.9° ± 1.7°; PAUL2, 2.4° ± 1.4°; PAUL3, 2.6° ± 1.5°), and elbow mechanical axis deviation (Pre, 1.9% ± 1.1%; PAUL2, 0.9% ± 1.1%; PAUL3, 0.4% ± 1.4%) toward a value of "0" representing coaxial alignment of the limb. The foot underwent lateralization (Pre, 1.4 ± 0.6 cm; PAUL2, 1.8 ± 0.7 cm; PAUL3, 2.3 ± 0.7 cm) and external rotation (Pre, 10.5° ± 4.7°; PAUL2, 13.7° ± 5.1°; PAUL3, 16° ± 6.6°). CONCLUSION In the ex vivo setting, PAUL resulted in translation of the mechanical axis of the thoracic limb from a medial to lateral direction through alterations in limb alignment values associated with the elbow, humerus, and proximal radius/ulna. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Additional studies are required to determine whether PAUL alters thoracic limb alignment in client-owned dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Amadio
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Kayla M Corriveau
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Timothy R Stephenson
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - W Brian Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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12
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Carneiro PAM, Takatani H, Pasquatti TN, Silva CBDG, Norby B, Wilkins MJ, Zumárraga MJ, Araujo FR, Kaneene JB. Epidemiological Study of Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Buffalo and Cattle in Amazonas, Brazil. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:434. [PMID: 31921899 PMCID: PMC6914675 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Tuberculosis (BTB) is an endemic disease in about one hundred countries, affecting the economy causing a decrease in productivity, condemnation of meat, and damaging the credibility on international trade. Additionally, Mycobacterium bovis the major causative agent for BTB can also infect humans causing a variety of clinical presentations. The aim of this study was to determine BTB prevalence and the main risk factors for the Mycobacterium bovis prevalence in cattle and buffalos in Amazonas State, Brazil. Tissue samples from 151 animals (45 buffalo and 106 cattle from five herds with buffalo only, 22 herds with cattle only, and 12 herds with buffalo and cattle) were obtained from slaughterhouses under State Veterinary Inspection. M. bovis were isolated on Stonebrink medium. The positive cultures were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. The apparent herd and animal prevalence rates were 56.4 and 5.40%, respectively. Regarding animal species, the apparent prevalence rates were 3% in cattle and 11.8% in buffalo. Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) with random effect were used to assess the association with risk factors on the prevalence. Species (buffalo), herds size (>100 animals) and the presence of both species (buffalo and cattle) in the herd were the major risk factors for the infection by Mycobacterium bovis in the region. The findings reveal an urgent need for evidence-based effective intervention to reduce BTB prevalence in cattle and buffalo and prevent its spread to the human population. Studies are needed to understand why buffalo are more likely to be infected by M. bovis than cattle in Amazon. Recommendations for zoning, use of data from the inspection services to generate information regarding BTB focus, adoption of epidemiological tools, and discouragement of practices that promote the mixing of cattle and buffalo, were made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A M Carneiro
- Center for Comparative Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Amazonas State Federal Institute, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Haruo Takatani
- Agência de Defesa Agropecuaria do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Melinda J Wilkins
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | | | - Flabio R Araujo
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - John B Kaneene
- Center for Comparative Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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13
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Ohta N, Norby B, Loneragan GH, Vinasco J, den Bakker HC, Lawhon SD, Norman KN, Scott HM. Quantitative dynamics of Salmonella and E. coli in feces of feedlot cattle treated with ceftiofur and chlortetracycline. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225697. [PMID: 31791047 PMCID: PMC6887520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic use in beef cattle is a risk factor for the expansion of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella populations. However, actual changes in the quantity of Salmonella in cattle feces following antibiotic use have not been investigated. Previously, we observed an overall reduction in Salmonella prevalence in cattle feces associated with both ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (CCFA) and chlortetracycline (CTC) use; however, during the same time frame the prevalence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella increased. The purpose of this analysis was to quantify the dynamics of Salmonella using colony counting (via a spiral-plating method) and hydrolysis probe-based qPCR (TaqMan® qPCR). Additionally, we quantified antibiotic-resistant Salmonella by plating to agar containing antibiotics at Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute breakpoint concentrations. Cattle were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups across 16 pens in 2 replicates consisting of 88 cattle each. Fecal samples from Days 0, 4, 8, 14, 20, and 26 were subjected to quantification assays. Duplicate qPCR assays targeting the Salmonella invA gene were performed on total community DNA for 1,040 samples. Diluted fecal samples were spiral plated on plain Brilliant Green Agar (BGA) and BGA with ceftriaxone (4 μg/ml) or tetracycline (16 μg/ml). For comparison purposes, indicator non-type-specific (NTS) E. coli were also quantified by direct spiral plating. Quantity of NTS E. coli and Salmonella significantly decreased immediately following CCFA treatment. CTC treatment further decreased the quantity of Salmonella but not NTS E. coli. Effects of antibiotics on the imputed log10 quantity of Salmonella were analyzed via a multi-level mixed linear regression model. The invA gene copies decreased with CCFA treatment by approximately 2 log10 gene copies/g feces and remained low following additional CTC treatment. The quantities of tetracycline or ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella were approximately 4 log10 CFU/g feces; however, most of the samples were under the quantification limit. The results of this study demonstrate that antibiotic use decreases the overall quantity of Salmonella in cattle feces in the short term; however, the overall quantities of antimicrobial-resistant NTS E. coli and Salmonella tend to remain at a constant level throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Ohta
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Guy H. Loneragan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
| | - Javier Vinasco
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Henk C. den Bakker
- Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Keri N. Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Harvey M. Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Moore-Foster R, Norby B, Schewe R, Thomson R, Bartlett P, Erskine R. Short communication: Herd-level variables associated with overmilking in Michigan dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:8400-8404. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Ruggiero VJ, Norby B, Benitez OJ, Hutchinson H, Sporer KRB, Droscha C, Swenson CL, Bartlett PC. Controlling bovine leukemia virus in dairy herds by identifying and removing cows with the highest proviral load and lymphocyte counts. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:9165-9175. [PMID: 31378496 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this field trial was to reduce bovine leukemia virus (BLV) transmission and prevalence in commercial dairy herds using proviral load (PVL) and lymphocyte count (LC) measurements as indicators of the most infectious animals for culling or segregation. Bovine leukemia virus causes lymphoma in <5% of infected cattle, and increased lymphocyte counts (lymphocytosis) in about one-third. Recent research has shown that dairy cows infected with BLV have altered immune function associated with decreases in milk production and lifespan. Recent findings show that a minority of infected cattle have PVL concentrations in blood and other body fluids of over 1,000 times that of other infected cattle. In combination with a high LC, these animals are thought to be responsible for most transmission of BLV in a herd. Milk or blood samples from adult cows in our 3 Midwestern dairy farm field trials were tested semiannually with ELISA for BLV antibodies, and ELISA-positive cattle were then retested using a blood LC and a quantitative PCR test for PVL to identify the animals presumed to be most infectious. Herd managers were encouraged to consider PVL and LC status when making cull decisions, and to segregate cows with the highest PVL and LC from their BLV ELISA-negative herd mates where possible. After 2 to 2.5 yr of this intervention, the incidence risk of new infections decreased in all 3 herds combined, from 13.8 to 2.2, and the overall herd prevalence decreased in all 3 herds combined from 62.0 to 20.7%, suggesting that this approach can efficiently reduce BLV transmission as well as prevalence. This is encouraging, because a very low prevalence of BLV infection would make it economically feasible to cull the remaining ELISA-positive cattle, as was achieved in national eradication programs in other countries decades ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Ruggiero
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
| | - B Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - O J Benitez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - H Hutchinson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - K R B Sporer
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; NorthStar Cooperative, Lansing, MI 48910
| | - C Droscha
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; NorthStar Cooperative, Lansing, MI 48910
| | - C L Swenson
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - P C Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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16
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Wisnieski L, Norby B, Pierce S, Becker T, Gandy J, Sordillo L. Cohort-level disease prediction using aggregate biomarker data measured at dry-off in transition dairy cattle: A proof-of-concept study. Prev Vet Med 2019; 169:104701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Erskine R, Norby B, Neuder L, Thomson R. Decreased milk yield is associated with delayed milk ejection. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6477-6484. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Wisnieski L, Norby B, Pierce SJ, Becker T, Gandy JC, Sordillo LM. Cohort-level disease prediction by extrapolation of individual-level predictions in transition dairy cattle. Prev Vet Med 2019; 169:104692. [PMID: 31311636 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cattle experience metabolic stress during the transition from late gestation to early lactation resulting in higher risk for several economically important diseases (e.g. mastitis, metritis, and ketosis). Metabolic stress is described as a physiological state composed of 3 processes: nutrient metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Current strategies for monitoring transition cow nutrient metabolism include assessment of plasma non-esterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations around the time of calving. Although this method is effective at identifying cows with higher disease risk, there is often not enough time to implement intervention strategies to prevent health disorders from occurring around the time of calving. Previously, we published predictive models for early lactation diseases at the individual cow level at dry-off. However, it is unknown if predictive probabilities from individual-level models can be aggregated to the cohort level to predict cohort-level incidence. Therefore, our objective was to test different data aggregation methods using previously published models that represented the 3 components of metabolic stress (nutrient metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation). We included 277 cows from five Michigan dairy herds for this prospective cohort study. On each farm, two to four calving cohorts were formed, totaling 18 cohorts. We measured biomarker data at dry-off and followed the cows until 30 days post-parturition for cohort disease incidence, which was defined as the number of cows: 1) having one or more clinical transition disease outcome, and/or 2) having an adverse health event (abortion or death of calf or cow) within each cohort. We tested three different aggregation methods that we refer to as the p-central, p-dispersion, and p-count methods. For the p-central method, we calculated the averaged predicted probability within each cohort. For the p-dispersion method, we calculated the standard deviation of the predicted probabilities within a cohort. For the p-count method, we counted the number of cows above a specified threshold of predicted probability within each cohort. We built four sets of models: one for each aggregation method and one that included all three aggregation methods (p-combined method). We found that the p-dispersion method was the only method that produced viable predictive models. However, these models tended to overestimate incidence in cohorts with low observed counts and underestimate risk in cohorts with high observed counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wisnieski
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - B Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - S J Pierce
- Center for Statistical Training and Consulting, Michigan State University, 293 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - T Becker
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - J C Gandy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - L M Sordillo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Moore-Foster R, Norby B, Schewe R, Thomson R, Bartlett P, Erskine R. Herd-level variables associated with premilking stimulation time in Michigan dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:2544-2550. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Moore-Foster R, Norby B, Schewe R, Thomson R, Bartlett P, Erskine R. Herd-level variables associated with delayed milk ejection in Michigan dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:696-705. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wisnieski L, Norby B, Pierce SJ, Becker T, Gandy JC, Sordillo LM. Predictive models for early lactation diseases in transition dairy cattle at dry-off. Prev Vet Med 2018; 163:68-78. [PMID: 30670188 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During the transition period, dairy cattle undergo tremendous metabolic and physiological changes to prepare for milk synthesis and secretion. Failure to sufficiently regulate these changes may lead to metabolic stress, which increases risk of transition diseases. Metabolic stress is defined as a physiological state consisting of 3 components: aberrant nutrient metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Current monitoring methods to detect cows experiencing metabolic stress involve measuring biomarkers for nutrient metabolism. However, these biomarkers, including non-esterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and calcium are typically measured a few weeks before to a few days after calving. This is a retroactive approach, because there is little time to integrate interventions that remediate metabolic stress in the current cohort. Our objective was to determine if biomarkers of metabolic stress measured at dry-off are predictive of transition disease risk. We designed a prospective cohort study carried out on 5 Michigan dairy farms (N = 277 cows). We followed cows from dry-off to 30 days post-calving. Diseases and adverse outcomes were grouped in an aggregate outcome that included mastitis, metritis, retained placenta, ketosis, lameness, pneumonia, milk fever, displaced abomasum, abortion, and death of the calf or the cow. We used best subsets selection to select candidate models for four different sets of models: one set for each component of metabolic stress (nutrient metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation), and a combined model that included all 3 components. We used model averaging to obtain averaged predicted probabilities across each model set. We hypothesized that the averaged predictions from the combined model set with all 3 components of metabolic stress would be more effective at predicting disease than each individual component model set. The area under the curve estimated using receiver operator characteristic curves for the combined model set (0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.90-0.96) was significantly higher compared with averaged predictions from the inflammation (0.87; 95% CI = 0.83-0.91), oxidative stress (0.78; 95% CI = 0.72-0.84), and nutrient metabolism (0.73; 95% CI = 0.67-0.79) model sets (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that it may be possible to detect cattle at risk for some transition diseases as early as dry-off. This has important implications for disease prevention, as earlier identification of cows at risk of health disorders will allow for earlier implementation of intervention strategies. A limitation of the current study is that we did not perform external validation. Future validation studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wisnieski
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - B Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - S J Pierce
- Center for Statistical Training and Consulting, Michigan State University, 293 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - T Becker
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, 48824, MI, USA.
| | - J C Gandy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - L M Sordillo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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LaDronka RM, Ainsworth S, Wilkins MJ, Norby B, Byrem TM, Bartlett PC. Prevalence of Bovine Leukemia Virus Antibodies in US Dairy Cattle. Vet Med Int 2018; 2018:5831278. [PMID: 30534354 PMCID: PMC6252197 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5831278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate current US herd-level and animal-level prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in dairy cows and characterize epidemiologic features. DESIGN Cross-sectional observational study design and survey. ANIMALS 4120 dairy cows from 103 commercial dairy herds in 11 states across the US. PROCEDURES Milk samples were collected from dairy cows through routine commercial sampling and tested for anti-BLV antibodies by antibody capture ELISA. Based on the ELISA results of a sample of an average of 40 cows per herd, within-herd apparent prevalence (AP) was estimated by a directly standardized method and by a lactation-weighted method for each herd. Within-herd AP estimates were summarized to give estimates of US herd-level and animal-level AP. Differences in AP by lactation, region, state, breed, and herd size were examined to characterize basic epidemiologic features of BLV infection. RESULTS 94.2% of herds had at least one BLV antibody positive cow detected. The average within-herd standardized AP was 46.5%. Lactation-specific AP increased with increasing lactation number, from 29.7% in first lactation cows to 58.9% in 4th and greater lactation cows. Significant differences were not observed based on region, state, breed, or herd size. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results are consistent with a historical trend of increasing prevalence of BLV among US dairy cattle. Given the findings of other studies on the negative impacts of BLV infection on milk production and cow longevity, these findings are clinically relevant for veterinarians counseling dairy clients on the risks of BLV to their herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. LaDronka
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Samantha Ainsworth
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Melinda J. Wilkins
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Todd M. Byrem
- North Star Cooperative, 4200 Forest Rd., Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - Paul C. Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Corriveau K, Amadio A, Norby B, Breiteneicher A, Saunders W. Effect of Proximal Abducting Ulnar Osteotomy (Paul) on Thoracic Limb Alignment in a Canine Ex Vivo Simulated Weight-Bearing Model. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1668226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Corriveau
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, United States
| | | | - Bo Norby
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Adam Breiteneicher
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - W. Saunders
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, United States
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Holcombe S, Wisnieski L, Gandy J, Norby B, Sordillo L. Reduced serum vitamin D concentrations in healthy early-lactation dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:1488-1494. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Poole TL, Callaway TR, Norman KN, Scott HM, Loneragan GH, Ison SA, Beier RC, Harhay DM, Norby B, Nisbet DJ. Transferability of antimicrobial resistance from multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from cattle in the USA to E. coli and Salmonella Newport recipients. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017; 11:123-132. [PMID: 28801276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate conjugative transfer of cephalosporin resistance among 100 strains of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (MDRE) to Salmonella enterica serotype Newport and E. coli DH5α recipients. METHODS Phenotypic and genotypic profiles were determined for MDRE as well as for Salmonella Newport (trSN) and E. coli DH5α (trDH) transconjugants. RESULTS Of 95 MDRE donor isolates, 26 (27%) and 27 (28%) transferred resistance to trSN and trDH recipients, respectively. A total of 27 MDRE (27%) were confirmed as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producers based on the double-disk synergy assay and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). WGS was performed on 25 of the ESBL-producing isolates, showing that 2 isolates carried blaCTX-M-6, 22 possessed blaCTX-M-32 and 1 was negative for blaCTX-M genes. Fourteen of the ESBLs sequenced were qnrB19. Differential transfer of IncA/C and IncN from MDRE32 was observed between trSN32 and trDH32. IncN-positive trDH32 displayed an ESBL phenotype, whereas IncA/C-positive trSN32 displayed an AmpC phenotype. The rate of ESBL transfer to trSN and trDH recipients was 11% and 96%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Twenty-seven MDRE were phenotypically identified as ESBL-producers. WGS of 25 MDRE revealed that 2 and 22 isolates carried blaCTX-M-6 and blaCTX-M-32, respectively. One multidrug-resistant isolate exhibited conversion from an AmpC phenotype to an ESBL phenotype with the transfer of only the IncN plasmid. The rate of resistance transfer to Salmonella or E. coli recipients was nearly identical. However, the ESBL phenotype was transferred with significantly greater prevalence to E. coli compared with Salmonella Newport (96% and 11%, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Poole
- USDA/ARS/SPARC, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | - T R Callaway
- USDA/ARS/SPARC, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - K N Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences (TAMU/CVM), College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - H M Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, TAMU/CVM, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - G H Loneragan
- Texas Tech University (TTU), Department of Animal and Food Science, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - S A Ison
- Texas Tech University (TTU), Department of Animal and Food Science, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - R C Beier
- USDA/ARS/SPARC, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - D M Harhay
- USDA/ARS/MARC, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - B Norby
- Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine (MSU-CVM), Large Animal Clinical Sciences, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - D J Nisbet
- USDA/ARS/SPARC, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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Ryman V, Packiriswamy N, Norby B, Schmidt S, Lock A, Sordillo L. Supplementation of linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) or α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) changes microbial agonist-induced oxylipid biosynthesis. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:1870-1887. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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27
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Breiteneicher AH, Norby B, Schulz KS, Kerwin SC, Hulse DA, Fox DB, Saunders WB. The Effect of Sliding Humeral Osteotomy (SHO) on Frontal Plane Thoracic Limb Alignment: An Ex Vivo Canine Cadaveric Study. Vet Surg 2016; 45:1095-1107. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam H. Breiteneicher
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Texas A&M University, College Station; Texas
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
| | | | - Sharon C. Kerwin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Texas A&M University, College Station; Texas
| | - Don A. Hulse
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Texas A&M University, College Station; Texas
| | - Derek B. Fox
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri
| | - W. Brian Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Texas A&M University, College Station; Texas
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Venegas-Vargas C, Henderson S, Khare A, Mosci RE, Lehnert JD, Singh P, Ouellette LM, Norby B, Funk JA, Rust S, Bartlett PC, Grooms D, Manning SD. Factors Associated with Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Shedding by Dairy and Beef Cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5049-56. [PMID: 27342555 PMCID: PMC4968536 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00829-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an important foodborne pathogen that can cause hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Cattle are the primary reservoir for STEC, and food or water contaminated with cattle feces is the most common source of infections in humans. Consequently, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 1,096 cattle in six dairy herds (n = 718 animals) and five beef herds (n = 378 animals) in the summers of 2011 and 2012 to identify epidemiological factors associated with shedding. Fecal samples were obtained from each animal and cultured for STEC. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with STEC positivity. The prevalence of STEC was higher in beef cattle (21%) than dairy cattle (13%) (odds ratio [OR], 1.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25, 2.47), with considerable variation occurring across herds (range, 6% to 54%). Dairy cattle were significantly more likely to shed STEC when the average temperature was >28.9°C 1 to 5 days prior to sampling (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.25, 4.91), during their first lactation (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1, 2.8), and when they were <30 days in milk (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 2.1, 7.2). These data suggest that the stress or the negative energy balance associated with lactation may result in increased STEC shedding frequencies in Michigan during the warm summer months. Future prevention strategies aimed at reducing stress during lactation or isolating high-risk animals could be implemented to reduce herd-level shedding levels and avoid transmission of STEC to susceptible animals and people. IMPORTANCE STEC shedding frequencies vary considerably across cattle herds in Michigan, and the shedding frequency of strains belonging to non-O157 serotypes far exceeds the shedding frequency of O157 strains, which is congruent with human infections in the state. Dairy cattle sampled at higher temperatures, in their first lactation, and early in the milk production stage were significantly more likely to shed STEC, which could be due to stress or a negative energy balance. Future studies should focus on the isolation of high-risk animals to decrease herd shedding levels and the potential for contamination of the food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Venegas-Vargas
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Scott Henderson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Akanksha Khare
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Rebekah E Mosci
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan D Lehnert
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Pallavi Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Lindsey M Ouellette
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Julie A Funk
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven Rust
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Paul C Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel Grooms
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Shannon D Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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29
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Norby B, Bartlett PC, Fitzgerald SD, Granger LM, Bruning-Fann CS, Whipple DL, Payeur JB. The Sensitivity of Gross Necropsy, Caudal Fold and Comparative Cervical Tests for the Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 16:126-31. [PMID: 15053363 DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTb) was diagnosed in 22 cattle herds in the northeast corner of Michigan's lower peninsula. Of these 22 herds, 494 animals in 7 herds were examined by gross necropsy, histopathologic exam, mycobacterial culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay performed only on samples that were histologically compatible for bTb. Results of culture and PCR assay interpreted in parallel were used as the reference test for calculation of the sensitivity of 1) the caudal fold test (CFT), 2) the caudal fold and comparative cervical skin tests used in series (CFTCCTSER), and 3) gross necropsy. Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from 43 animals. Using all 7 herds, the sensitivities of the CFT, the CFTCCTSER, and gross necropsy were 93.02%, 88.37%, and 86.05%, respectively. When the data were stratified by low- and moderate-prevalence herds, the sensitivities were 83.33%, 75.0%, and 83.33% in low-prevalence herds and 96.77%, 93.55%, and 87.10% in moderate-prevalence herds. The sensitivities of the 2 skin tests were slightly higher when 2 or more gross lesions were present, and the sensitivity of gross necropsy was significantly higher ( P = 0.049). The sensitivity of the CFT was found to be notably higher than most estimates in other studies; however, a direct comparison was not possible because the amount of purified protein derivative and the reference methods were different in this study compared with other published studies. Although the sensitivities are high, 2 of the 7 herds (29%) would have had 1 or more positive animals left in the herd if a test-and-removal program had been used. This suggests that when positive herds are identified, selective culling of skin test reactors is a less acceptable disease control strategy than is complete depopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Norby
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Bingham GM, Larrieu E, Uchiumi L, Mercapide C, Mujica G, Del Carpio M, Hererro E, Salvitti JC, Norby B, Budke CM. The Economic Impact of Cystic Echinococcosis in Rio Negro Province, Argentina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:615-25. [PMID: 26787144 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a parasitic zoonosis with substantial human health and economic consequences, is highly endemic in Rio Negro Province, Argentina. The objective of this study was to estimate the direct and indirect human and livestock-associated monetary losses attributable to CE, in Rio Negro Province, for the year 2010. Human costs were estimated using data obtained from hospital chart reviews, patient interviews, and government reports. Livestock-associated losses were estimated using data from government reports and scientific publications. Spreadsheet models were developed utilizing Latin Hypercube sampling to account for uncertainty in the input parameters. In 2010, the estimated total cost of CE, in Rio Negro Province, ranged from US$4,234,000 (95% credible interval [CI]: US$2,709,000-US$6,226,000) to US$5,897,000 (95% CI: US$3,452,000-US$9,105,000), with livestock-associated losses representing between 80% and 94% of the total losses, depending on whether non-healthcare-seeking human cases were included and if livestock slaughter values were adjusted to account for underreporting. These estimates suggest that CE is responsible for considerable human and livestock-associated monetary losses in Rio Negro Province. Stakeholders and policymakers can use these data to better allocate public health and agricultural resources for this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda M Bingham
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Ministry of Health, Viedma, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; National University of La Pampa, General Pico, La Pampa Province, Argentina; Artemides Zatti Hospital, Viedma, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Rogelio Cortizo Hospital, Ingeniero Jacobacci, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Ramon Carrillo Hospital, Bariloche, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Edmundo Larrieu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Ministry of Health, Viedma, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; National University of La Pampa, General Pico, La Pampa Province, Argentina; Artemides Zatti Hospital, Viedma, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Rogelio Cortizo Hospital, Ingeniero Jacobacci, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Ramon Carrillo Hospital, Bariloche, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Leonardo Uchiumi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Ministry of Health, Viedma, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; National University of La Pampa, General Pico, La Pampa Province, Argentina; Artemides Zatti Hospital, Viedma, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Rogelio Cortizo Hospital, Ingeniero Jacobacci, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Ramon Carrillo Hospital, Bariloche, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Carlos Mercapide
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Ministry of Health, Viedma, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; National University of La Pampa, General Pico, La Pampa Province, Argentina; Artemides Zatti Hospital, Viedma, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Rogelio Cortizo Hospital, Ingeniero Jacobacci, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Ramon Carrillo Hospital, Bariloche, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Guillermo Mujica
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Ministry of Health, Viedma, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; National University of La Pampa, General Pico, La Pampa Province, Argentina; Artemides Zatti Hospital, Viedma, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Rogelio Cortizo Hospital, Ingeniero Jacobacci, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Ramon Carrillo Hospital, Bariloche, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Mario Del Carpio
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Ministry of Health, Viedma, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; National University of La Pampa, General Pico, La Pampa Province, Argentina; Artemides Zatti Hospital, Viedma, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Rogelio Cortizo Hospital, Ingeniero Jacobacci, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Ramon Carrillo Hospital, Bariloche, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Eduardo Hererro
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Ministry of Health, Viedma, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; National University of La Pampa, General Pico, La Pampa Province, Argentina; Artemides Zatti Hospital, Viedma, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Rogelio Cortizo Hospital, Ingeniero Jacobacci, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Ramon Carrillo Hospital, Bariloche, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Juan Carlos Salvitti
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Ministry of Health, Viedma, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; National University of La Pampa, General Pico, La Pampa Province, Argentina; Artemides Zatti Hospital, Viedma, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Rogelio Cortizo Hospital, Ingeniero Jacobacci, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Ramon Carrillo Hospital, Bariloche, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Ministry of Health, Viedma, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; National University of La Pampa, General Pico, La Pampa Province, Argentina; Artemides Zatti Hospital, Viedma, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Rogelio Cortizo Hospital, Ingeniero Jacobacci, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Ramon Carrillo Hospital, Bariloche, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Christine M Budke
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Ministry of Health, Viedma, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; National University of La Pampa, General Pico, La Pampa Province, Argentina; Artemides Zatti Hospital, Viedma, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Rogelio Cortizo Hospital, Ingeniero Jacobacci, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Ramon Carrillo Hospital, Bariloche, Rio Negro Province, Argentina; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Norby B, Bartlett PC, Byrem TM, Erskine RJ. Effect of infection with bovine leukemia virus on milk production in Michigan dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:2043-2052. [PMID: 26723124 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the association between individual cow-level milk production and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection as measured by milk BLV-ELISA. Dairy Herd Improvement technicians collected milk samples from 10 cows from each of first, second, third, and 4+ parity cows in 105 Holstein herds with ≥ 120 milking cows. Milk samples were tested for the presence of anti-BLV antibodies by ELISA. Additional data regarding the cows and the herds were collected by farm survey and Dairy Herd Improvement records. A set of mixed-effect models using all cows and only 2+ parity cows were used to investigate the association between BLV ELISA-corrected optical density and 305-d mature equivalents of individual cows. The BLV milk positivity was associated with decreased 305-d mature-equivalent yields, especially among the older cows. Additionally, increasing milk ELISA-corrected optical density was associated with increasing loss of milk production at the cow level. In summary, our results provide evidence that BLV infection is associated with decreased milk production in Michigan dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
| | - P C Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - T M Byrem
- Antel BioSystems Inc., Lansing, MI 48909
| | - R J Erskine
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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Olson K, Levy J, Norby B, Crandall M, Broadhurst J, Jacks S, Barton R, Zimmerman M. Inconsistent identification of pit bull-type dogs by shelter staff. Vet J 2015; 206:197-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Corbett EM, Norby B, Halbert LW, Henderson ST, Grooms DL, Manning SD, Kaneene JB. Effect of feeding a direct-fed microbial on total and antimicrobial-resistant fecal coliform counts in preweaned dairy calves. Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:780-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.9.780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kullmann A, Weber PS, Bishop JB, Roux TM, Norby B, Burns TA, McCutcheon LJ, Belknap JK, Geor RJ. Equine insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor expression in digital lamellar tissue and insulin target tissues. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:626-32. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Kullmann
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Michigan State University; East Lansing USA
| | - P. S. Weber
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Michigan State University; East Lansing USA
| | - J. B. Bishop
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Michigan State University; East Lansing USA
| | - T. M. Roux
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Michigan State University; East Lansing USA
| | - B. Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Michigan State University; East Lansing USA
| | - T. A. Burns
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Ohio State University; Columbus USA
| | - L. J. McCutcheon
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation; Michigan State University; East Lansing USA
| | - J. K. Belknap
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Ohio State University; Columbus USA
| | - R. J. Geor
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Michigan State University; East Lansing USA
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Grooms DL, Norby B, Grooms KE, Jagodzinski EN, Erskine RJ, Halbert LW, Coetzee JF, Wulf L, Rice JA. Short communication: use of the BetaStar Plus assay for detection of ceftiofur antimicrobial residues in milk from individual cows following intramammary treatment for mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:6270-7. [PMID: 26188576 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Development and use of on-farm assays to detect antimicrobial residues in milk is important to reduce the risk of violative residues in marketed milk. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a lateral-flow immunodiagnostic assay (BetaStar Plus, Neogen Corp., Lansing, MI) in detecting ceftiofur residues in milk from individual cows treated for mastitis. This assay is currently approved by the US Federal Drug Administration (FDA) for detecting β-lactam residues in commingled milk. Forty-five dairy cows with clinical mastitis from 4 dairy farms were enrolled and treated intramammary with 125 mg of ceftiofur hydrochloride (Spectramast LC, Zoetis, Madison, NJ) according to the manufacturer's label recommendation. Composite milk samples were collected (A) before first intramammary antimicrobial treatment, (B) before the last intramammary antimicrobial treatment, (C) the last milking of the product-labeled milk withhold, (D) the first milking after the product-labeled milk withhold had been met, and (E) 72 h after the product-labeled milk withhold had been met. Samples were tested using the BetaStar Plus assay within 48 h of collection. Parallel samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and for somatic cell count and milk components. The BetaStar Plus assay identified 6.7, 60.0, 46.7, 22.2, and 6.7% positive samples at each of the respective time points. The assay had sensitivity and specificity of 100 and 84.7%, respectively, compared with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis using FDA published residue tolerance levels for ceftiofur (or ceftiofur metabolites) as a threshold. The BetaStar Plus assay could be useful for detecting ceftiofur residues in milk from individual cows following intramammary treatment for mastitis before the milk is shipped for processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Grooms
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48895.
| | - B Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48895
| | - K E Grooms
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48895
| | - E N Jagodzinski
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48895
| | - R J Erskine
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48895
| | - L W Halbert
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48895
| | - J F Coetzee
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - L Wulf
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - J A Rice
- Neogen Corporation, Lansing, MI 48912
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Agga GE, Scott HM, Vinasco J, Nagaraja TG, Amachawadi RG, Bai J, Norby B, Renter DG, Dritz SS, Nelssen JL, Tokach MD. Effects of chlortetracycline and copper supplementation on the prevalence, distribution, and quantity of antimicrobial resistance genes in the fecal metagenome of weaned pigs. Prev Vet Med 2015; 119:179-89. [PMID: 25745868 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Use of in-feed antibiotics such as chlortetracycline (CTC) in food animals is fiercely debated as a cause of antimicrobial resistance in human pathogens; as a result, alternatives to antibiotics such as heavy metals have been proposed. We used a total community DNA approach to experimentally investigate the effects of CTC and copper supplementation on the presence and quantity of antimicrobial resistance elements in the gut microbial ecology of pigs. Total community DNA was extracted from 569 fecal samples collected weekly over a 6-week period from groups of 5 pigs housed in 32 pens that were randomized to receive either control, CTC, copper, or copper plus CTC regimens. Qualitative and quantitative PCR were used to detect the presence of 14 tetracycline resistance (tet) genes and to quantify gene copies of tetA, tetB, blaCMY-2 (a 3rd generation cephalosporin resistance gene), and pcoD (a copper resistance gene), respectively. The detection of tetA and tetB decreased over the subsequent sampling periods, whereas the prevalence of tetC and tetP increased. CTC and copper plus CTC supplementation increased both the prevalence and gene copy numbers of tetA, while decreasing both the prevalence and gene copies of tetB. In summary, tet gene presence was initially very diverse in the gut bacterial community of weaned pigs; thereafter, copper and CTC supplementation differentially impacted the prevalence and quantity of the various tetracycline, ceftiofur and copper resistance genes resulting in a less diverse gene population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getahun E Agga
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - H Morgan Scott
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Javier Vinasco
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - T G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Raghavendra G Amachawadi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1413, USA
| | - David G Renter
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Steve S Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jim L Nelssen
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Delgado AH, Norby B, Scott HM, Dean W, McIntosh WA, Bush E. Distribution of cow-calf producers' beliefs regarding gathering and holding their cattle and observing animal movement restrictions during an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease. Prev Vet Med 2014; 117:518-32. [PMID: 25315760 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The voluntary cooperation of producers with disease control measures such as movement restrictions and gathering cattle for testing, vaccination, or depopulation is critical to the success of many disease control programs. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Texas in order to determine the distribution of key beliefs about obeying movement restrictions and gathering and holding cattle for disease control purposes. Two questionnaires were developed and distributed to separate representative samples of Texas cow-calf producers, respectively. The context for each behavior was provided through the use of scenarios in the questionnaire. Belief strength was measured using a 7-point Likert-like scale. Producers surveyed were unsure about the possible negative consequences of gathering and holding their cattle when requested by authorities, suggesting a key need for communication in this area during an outbreak. Respondents identified a lack of manpower and/or financial resources to gather and hold cattle as barriers to their cooperation with orders to gather and hold cattle. Producers also expressed uncertainty about the efficacy of movement restrictions to prevent the spread of foot-and-mouth disease and concern about possible feed shortages or animal suffering. However, there are emotional benefits to complying with movement restrictions and strong social expectations of cooperation with any movement bans put in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy H Delgado
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - H Morgan Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Wesley Dean
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - W Alex McIntosh
- Department of Sociology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Eric Bush
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Delgado AH, Norby B, Scott HM, Dean W, McIntosh WA, Bush E. Distribution of cow-calf producers' beliefs about reporting cattle with clinical signs of foot-and-mouth disease to a veterinarian before or during a hypothetical outbreak. Prev Vet Med 2014; 117:505-17. [PMID: 25449736 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the prevalence of cattle producers' beliefs regarding disease reporting can help officials improve surveillance programs with passive data collection. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Texas in 2008 and 2009 to determine beliefs about reporting cattle with clinical signs consistent with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) either prior to (scenario 1) or during an on-going outbreak of FMD (scenario 2). Two questionnaires were developed and distributed to Texas cow-calf producers in order to evaluate their behavioral, control, and normative beliefs related to disease reporting. The context for each behavior was provided through the use of scenarios, and belief strength was measured using a 7-point Likert-like scale. Beliefs were compared across scenarios and demographic categories, and the effect of scenario on belief examined using ordinal logistic regression. Respondents agreed that reporting clinically suspect cases would have positive economic and emotional consequences; however, when an outbreak was known to be present, producers were less likely to agree with many of the positive outcomes of reporting. Important barriers to disease reporting indicated by producers included a lack of knowledge related to clinical signs of highly contagious cattle diseases and which cattle are at risk of contracting FMD. In general, beliefs about barriers to reporting did not differ based on scenario. Veterinarians and regulatory authorities were the groups perceived to most strongly expect disease reporting, regardless of the scenario. Risk education for producers related to clinical signs of reportable livestock diseases, post-reporting procedures, and an understanding of FMD introduction and spread may improve the reporting of cattle with clinical signs consistent with FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy H Delgado
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - H Morgan Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Wesley Dean
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - W Alex McIntosh
- Department of Sociology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Eric Bush
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Bartlett PC, Sordillo LM, Byrem TM, Norby B, Grooms DL, Swenson CL, Zalucha J, Erskine RJ. Options for the control of bovine leukemia virus in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244:914-22. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.244.8.914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Agga GE, Scott HM, Amachawadi RG, Nagaraja TG, Vinasco J, Bai J, Norby B, Renter DG, Dritz SS, Nelssen JL, Tokach MD. Effects of chlortetracycline and copper supplementation on antimicrobial resistance of fecal Escherichia coli from weaned pigs. Prev Vet Med 2014; 114:231-46. [PMID: 24655578 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Feed-grade chlortetracycline (CTC) and copper are both widely utilized in U.S. pig production. Cluster randomized experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of CTC and copper supplementation in weaned pigs on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among fecal Escherichia coli. Four treatment groups: control, copper, CTC, or copper plus CTC were randomly allocated to 32 pens with five pigs per pen. Fecal samples were collected weekly from three pigs per pen for six weeks. Two E. coli isolates per fecal sample were tested for phenotypic and genotypic resistance against antibiotics and copper. Data were analyzed with multilevel mixed effects logistic regression, multivariate probit analysis and discrete time survival analysis. CTC-supplementation was significantly (99% [95% CI=98-100%]) associated with increased tetracycline resistance compared to the control group (95% [95% CI=94-97%]). Copper supplementation was associated with decreased resistance to most of the antibiotics tested, including cephalosporins, over the treatment period. Overall, 91% of the E. coli isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) (resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes). tetA and blaCMY-2 genes were positively associated (P<0.05) with MDR categorization, while tetB and pcoD were negatively associated with MDR. tetA and blaCMY-2 were positively associated with each other and in turn, these were negatively associated with both tetB and pcoD genes; which were also positively associated with one another. Copper minimum inhibitory concentration was not affected by copper supplementation or by pcoD gene carriage. CTC supplementation was significantly associated with increased susceptibilities of E. coli to copper (HR=7 [95% CI=2.5-19.5]) during treatment period. In conclusion, E. coli isolates from the nursery pigs exhibited high levels of antibiotic resistance, with diverse multi-resistant phenotypic profiles. The roles of copper supplementation in pig production, and pco-mediated copper resistance among E. coli in particular, need to be further explored since a strong negative association of pco with both tetA and blaCMY-2 points to opportunities for selecting a more innocuous resistance profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Agga
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5705, USA
| | - H M Scott
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5705, USA.
| | - R G Amachawadi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5705, USA
| | - T G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5705, USA
| | - J Vinasco
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5705, USA
| | - J Bai
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5705, USA
| | - B Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1413, USA
| | - D G Renter
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5705, USA
| | - S S Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5705, USA
| | - J L Nelssen
- Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5705, USA
| | - M D Tokach
- Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5705, USA
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Goodrich ZJ, Norby B, Eichelberger BM, Friedeck WO, Callis HN, Hulse DA, Kerwin SC, Fox DB, Saunders WB. Thoracic limb alignment in healthy labrador retrievers: evaluation of standing versus recumbent frontal plane radiography. Vet Surg 2014; 43:791-803. [PMID: 24467231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report thoracic limb alignment values in healthy dogs; to determine if limb alignment values are significantly different when obtained from standing versus recumbent radiographic projections. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cross-sectional study. ANIMALS Labrador Retrievers (n = 45) >15 months of age. METHODS Standing and recumbent radiographs were obtained and limb montages were randomized before analysis by a single investigator blinded to dog, limb, and limb position. Twelve limb alignment values were determined using the CORA methodology. Measurements were performed in triplicate and intra-observer variability was evaluated by intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Limb alignment values were reported as mean ± SD and 95% confidence intervals. Linear mixed models were used to determine if significant associations existed between limb alignment values and limb, limb position, gender, age, weight, and body condition score. RESULTS There were significant differences in standing and recumbent limb alignment values for all values except elbow mechanical axis deviation (eMAD). Limb, gender, age, body weight, and body condition score had no effect. ICC values ranged from 0.522 to 0.758, indicating moderate to substantial agreement for repeated measurements by a single investigator. CONCLUSIONS Limb alignment values are significantly different when determined from standing versus recumbent radiographs in healthy Labrador Retrievers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Goodrich
- Department of Veterinary Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas
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Muraru D, Piasentini E, Mihaila S, Naso P, Casablanca S, Peluso D, Denas G, Ucci L, Iliceto S, Badano L, Abdel Moneim SS, Kirby B, Mendrick E, Norby B, Hagen M, Basu A, Mulvagh S, Chelliah R, Whyte G, Sharma S, Pantazis A, Senior R, Grishenkov D, Kothapalli S, Gonon A, Janerot-Sjoberg B, Gianstefani S, Maccarthy P, Rogers T, Sen A, Delithanasis I, Reiken J, Charangwa L, Douiri A, Monaghan M, Bombardini T, Sicari R, Gherardi S, Ciampi Q, Pratali L, Salvadori S, Picano E, Shivalkar B, Belkova P, Wouters K, Van De Heyning C, De Maeyer C, Van Herck P, Vrints C, Voilliot D, Magne J, Dulgheru R, Henri C, Kou S, Laaraibi S, Sprynger M, Andre B, Pierard L, Lancellotti P, Federspiel M, Oger E, Fournet M, Daudin M, Thebault C, Donal E, Bombardini T, Arpesella G, Bernazzali S, Potena L, Serra W, Del Bene R, Picano E. Moderated Posters session * Insights into the use of contrast stress echocardiography and 3D strain: 14/12/2013, 08:30-12:30 * Location: Moderated Poster area. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jet212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Norman KN, Scott HM, Harvey RB, Norby B, Hume ME. Comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility among Clostridium difficile isolated from an integrated human and swine population in Texas. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 11:257-64. [PMID: 24320797 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile can be a major problem in hospitals because the bacterium primarily affects individuals with an altered intestinal flora; this largely occurs through prolonged antibiotic use. Proposed sources of increased community-acquired infections are food animals and retail meats. The objective of this study was to compare the antimicrobial resistance patterns of C. difficile isolated from a closed, integrated population of humans and swine to increase understanding of the bacterium in these populations. Swine fecal samples were collected from a vertically flowing swine population consisting of farrowing, nursery, breeding, and grower/finisher production groups. Human wastewater samples were collected from swine worker and nonworker occupational group cohorts. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 523 C. difficile strains from the population using the commercially available agar diffusion Epsilometer test (Etest(®)) for 11 different antimicrobials. All of the swine and human strains were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, piperacillin/tazobactam, and vancomycin. In addition, all of the human strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol. The majority of the human and swine strains were resistant to cefoxitin and ciprofloxacin. Statistically significant differences in antimicrobial susceptibility were found among the swine production groups for ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and clindamycin. No significant differences in antimicrobial susceptibility were found across human occupational group cohorts. We found that 8.3% of the swine strains and 13.3% of the human strains exhibited resistance to metronidazole. The finding of differences in susceptibility patterns between human and swine strains of C. difficile provides evidence that transmission between host species in this integrated population is unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri N Norman
- 1 Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
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Kanwar N, Scott HM, Norby B, Loneragan GH, Vinasco J, McGowan M, Cottell JL, Chengappa MM, Bai J, Boerlin P. Effects of ceftiofur and chlortetracycline treatment strategies on antimicrobial susceptibility and on tet(A), tet(B), and bla CMY-2 resistance genes among E. coli isolated from the feces of feedlot cattle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80575. [PMID: 24260423 PMCID: PMC3834275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A randomized controlled field trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of two sets of treatment strategies on ceftiofur and tetracycline resistance in feedlot cattle. The strategies consisted of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (CCFA) administered to either one or all of the steers within a pen, followed by feeding or not feeding a therapeutic dose of chlortetracycline (CTC). Eighty-eight steers were randomly allocated to eight pens of 11 steers each. Both treatment regimens were randomly assigned to the pens in a two-way full factorial design. Non-type-specific (NTS) E. coli (n = 1,050) were isolated from fecal samples gathered on Days 0, 4, 12, and 26. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined using a microbroth dilution technique. PCR was used to detect tet(A), tet(B), and bla CMY-2 genes within each isolate. Chlortetracycline administration greatly exacerbated the already increased levels of both phenotypic and genotypic ceftiofur resistance conferred by prior CCFA treatment (P<0.05). The four treatment regimens also influenced the phenotypic multidrug resistance count of NTS E. coli populations. Chlortetracycline treatment alone was associated with an increased probability of selecting isolates that harbored tet(B) versus tet(A) (P<0.05); meanwhile, there was an inverse association between finding tet(A) versus tet(B) genes for any given regimen (P<0.05). The presence of a tet(A) gene was associated with an isolate exhibiting reduced phenotypic susceptibility to a higher median number of antimicrobials (n = 289, median = 6; 95% CI = 4-8) compared with the tet(B) gene (n = 208, median = 3; 95% CI = 3-4). Results indicate that CTC can exacerbate ceftiofur resistance following CCFA therapy and therefore should be avoided, especially when considering their use in sequence. Further studies are required to establish the animal-level effects of co-housing antimicrobial-treated and non-treated animals together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neena Kanwar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - H. Morgan Scott
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Guy H. Loneragan
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Javier Vinasco
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Matthew McGowan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Cottell
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Muckatira M. Chengappa
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Weber P, Schermerhorn K, McCutcheon L, Norby B, Burns T, Belknap J, Geor R. Adipokine, chemokine, and cytokine expression profiles in adipose tissue depots of lean and overweight ponies. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hariu CD, Saunders AB, Gordon SG, Norby B, Miller MW. Utility of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide for assessing hemodynamic significance of patent ductus arteriosus in dogs undergoing ductal repair. J Vet Cardiol 2013; 15:197-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bartlett P, Norby B, Byrem T, Parmelee A, Ledergerber J, Erskine R. Bovine leukemia virus and cow longevity in Michigan dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:1591-7. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Grützner N, Cranford SM, Norby B, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Evaluation of serum cobalamin concentrations in dogs of 164 dog breeds (2006–2010). J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:1105-14. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638712461250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered serum cobalamin concentrations have been observed in dogs with gastrointestinal disorders such as exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) or gastrointestinal inflammation. The aims of the current study were 1) to identify breeds with a higher proportion of dogs with a decreased serum cobalamin concentration, 2) to determine whether dogs with such decreased concentrations tend to have serum canine trypsin-like immunoreactivity (cTLI) concentrations diagnostic for EPI, and 3) to compare the number of submissions for serum cobalamin analysis by breed to the American Kennel Club (AKC) breed ranking list of 2009. In this retrospective study, results of 28,675 cobalamin tests were reviewed. Akitas, Chinese Shar-Peis, German Shepherd Dogs, Greyhounds, and Labrador Retrievers had increased proportions of serum cobalamin concentrations below the lower limit of the reference interval (<251 ng/l; all P < 0.0001). Akitas, Chinese Shar-Peis, German Shepherd Dogs, and Border Collies had increased proportions of serum cobalamin concentrations below the detection limit of the assay (<150 ng/l; all P < 0.0001). Akitas, Border Collies, and German Shepherd Dogs with serum cobalamin concentrations <150 ng/l were more likely to have a serum cTLI concentration considered diagnostic for EPI (≤2.5 µg/l; all P ≤ 0.001). The breed with the highest proportion of samples submitted for serum cobalamin analysis in comparison with the AKC ranking list was the Greyhound (odds ratio: 84.6; P < 0.0001). In Akitas and Border Collies, further investigations are warranted to clarify if a potentially breed-specific gastrointestinal disorder is responsible for the increased frequency of decreased serum cobalamin and cTLI concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Grützner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Shannon M. Cranford
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Bo Norby
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Harvey RB, Norman KN, Andrews K, Norby B, Hume ME, Scanlan CM, Hardin MD, Scott HM. Clostridium difficile in retail meat and processing plants in Texas. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 23:807-11. [PMID: 21908329 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711407893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and severity of disease associated with toxigenic Clostridium difficile have increased in hospitals in North America from the emergence of newer, more virulent strains. Toxigenic C. difficile has been isolated from food animals and retail meat with potential implications of transfer to human beings. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of C. difficile in pork from sausage manufacturing plants and retail meat in Texas. Twenty-three C. difficile isolates were detected from 243 meat samples (9.5%) from 3 sausage-manufacturing plants and 5 retail meat outlets from 2004 to 2009. Twenty-two isolates were positive for toxins A, B, and binary toxin, and were characterized as toxinotype V, PFGE type-NAP7, or "NAP7-variant." Susceptibilities to 11 antimicrobial agents in the current study were similar to those reported previously for toxinotype V isolates, although the results suggested somewhat reduced resistance than reported for other meat, animal, or human clinical toxinotype V isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger B Harvey
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, SPARC, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
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Farnham MW, Norby B, Goldsmith TJ, Wells SJ. Meta-analysis of field studies on bovine tuberculosis skin tests in United States cattle herds. Prev Vet Med 2011; 103:234-42. [PMID: 21920616 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to summarize information on the diagnostic accuracy, in terms of test sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp), for bovine tuberculosis (bTb) tuberculin skin tests as currently used in the United States. Meta-analyses including Se and Sp estimates from field studies of bTb tuberculin tests conducted in North American cattle were conducted to provide a distribution of estimates and central tendency for Se and Sp of the caudal fold tuberculin (CFT) and serial interpretation of the CFT and comparative cervical tuberculin (CFT-CCT) tests. In total, 12 estimates for CFT and CFT-CCT test Se and Sp were identified from seven publications matching inclusion criteria. Estimates for CFT test Se ranged from 80.4% to 93.0% and CFT test Sp from 89.2% to 95.2%. Estimates for CFT-CCT test Se ranged from 74.4% to 88.4% and CFT-CCT test Sp ranged from 97.3% to 98.6%. These distributions of test Se and Sp are intended to provide a more realistic representation for U.S. bTb skin tests than previously reported. Estimation and discussion of herd-level CFT and CFT-CCT test parameters is also included. These results should be considered at the herd and individual animal level when evaluating results from tuberculin skin test results in North American cattle herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- MacDonald W Farnham
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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