OPEN STOMATA1 phosphorylates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELs to trigger Ca2+ signaling for ABA-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis

Multiple cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs) are abscisic acid (ABA)-activated Ca2+ channels in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) guard cells. In particular, CNGC5, CNGC6, CNGC9, and CNGC12 are essential for ABA-specific cytosolic Ca2+ signaling and stomatal movements. However, the mechanisms underlying ABA-mediated regulation of CNGCs and Ca2+ signaling are still unknown. In this study, we identified the Ca2+-independent protein kinase OPEN STOMATA1 (OST1) as a CNGC activator in Arabidopsis. OST1-targeted phosphorylation sites were identified in CNGC5, CNGC6, CNGC9 and CNGC12. These CNGCs were strongly inhibited by Ser-to-Ala mutations and fully activated by Ser-to-Asp mutations at the OST1-targeted sites. The overexpression of individual inactive CNGCs (iCNGCs) under the UBIQUITIN10 promoter in wild-type Arabidopsis conferred a strong dominant-negative-like ABA-insensitive stomatal closure phenotype. In contrast, expressing active CNGCs (aCNGCs) under their respective native promoters in the cngc5-1 cngc6-2 cngc9-1 cngc12-1 quadruple mutant fully restored ABA-activated cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations and Ca2+ currents in guard cells, and rescued the ABA-insensitive stomatal movement mutant phenotypes. Thus, we uncovered that ABA elicits cytosolic Ca2+ signaling via an OST1-CNGC module, in which OST1 functions as a convergence point of the Ca2+-dependent and -independent pathways in Arabidopsis guard cells.

[Early antiviral treatment response in HBeAg-positive chronic HBV infected-patients with high viral load and normal ALT]

The diagnosis and treatment rates of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in China in 2020 were 22.1% and 15.0%, respectively, according to the Polaris Observatory HBV Collaborators report. This is still far below the World Health Organization's 2030 hepatitis B elimination target (90% and 80%, respectively, for the diagnosis and treatment rates). Although China has promulgated and implemented a series of policies to eliminate the hepatitis B virus, there are still many HBV infected patients who need to be detected and treated. It has been contoversial whether HBeAg-positive chronic HBV infected-patients with high viral load and normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT), also known as the "immune-tolerant phase," should receive anti-HBV therapy. Hepatologists should pay attention to the patient population known as "immune tolerant," as well as the continuous accumulation of evidence-based medical evidence for early antiviral therapy response. The current focus is on discussing the pros and cons of receiving and recommending anti-HBV therapy at this time for the management of these patients.

[The interaction of some active and immunological factors in blood in the development of chronic cor pulmonale]

Fourteen experimental indices were determined in 26 patients of chronic cor pulmonale due to COPD and in 32 healthy nonsmokers. It was found that elastase, TXB2, ATII, 5-HT, IgE, CTC and Ach were significantly higher whereas 6-keto -PGF1 alpha, C4 and cAMP lower in the blood from the patients. The roles played by these factors in the development of chronic cor pulmonale were discussed.

[The effects of passive smoking on health]

Our experiments were conducted on rabbits. In order to study the effects of passive smoking on the health, smokers were exposed to cigarette smoke for 30 days. Cigarette dosimetry is equivalent to two packs per day in man. The experimental results as follows. 1. There is a significant amount of Cotinine (0.69 microgram/ml) in the blood of passive smoking rabbits. 2. There is a lot of Benzpyrene (0.59 microgram/ml) in the BALF of passive smoking rabbits. 3. The level of histamine in BALF increased more than that of control group. 4. The level of TXB2 increased and the level of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha decreased in the blood of passive smoking rabbits more than that of the control group. 5. The level of elastase in the blood and the O2- production of alveolar macrophages of passive smoking rabbits are more than that of the control group. These results showed that passive smoking may increase the occurrence and development of COPD and cardiovascular disease as well.

[Effects of smoking on human health]

In this study, 30 cases of male smokers aged 35.7 +/- 5.2 years mean and 30 male nonsmokers aged 36.6 +/- 6.8 years were selected from a factory. Before the assay, everyone smoked one pack of cigarette in a day, after that these tests were done. The experimental results as follows. 1. Comparing with control group, the levels of IgG and IgM in serum of smoking group are lower. It was shown that smoking has an inhibitive effect on phagocytosis and bactericidal of AM, so smoking has a damaging and prohibitive effect on the immunity of the body. 2. Smoking increases the level of serum IgE. 3. The increase of the level of CIC in serum in smoking individuals suggested that the defensive function decreases and the infectious susceptibility increases. So we should pay greatest attention to the occurrence of allergic disease of type III. 4. Smoking increases the level of serum elastase. 5. The level of TXB2 in human plasma of smokers increases. The result suggested that smoke plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases. 6. The decrease of the level of cAMP in the plasma of smokers may be related to the release of some mediators. 7. The increase of the level of vWF in the plasma of smokers may suggest that there are lesions in the endothelium of pulmonary blood vessels.