1
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Fish M, McCartney MM, Earp BD. Children's Sexual Development and Privacy: A Call for Evidence-Based Ethical Policy. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2024; 63:447-450. [PMID: 37345302 DOI: 10.1177/00099228231180998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Max Fish
- Independent Researcher, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Margaret M McCartney
- Honorary Senior Lecturer, School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Brian D Earp
- Yale-Hastings Program in Ethics and Health Policy, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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2
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Toomey J, Lewis J, Hannikainen IR, Earp BD. Advance Medical Decision-Making Differs Across First- and Third-Person Perspectives. AJOB Empir Bioeth 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38687881 DOI: 10.1080/23294515.2024.2336900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advance healthcare decision-making presumes that a prior treatment preference expressed with sufficient mental capacity ("T1 preference") should trump a contrary preference expressed after significant cognitive decline ("T2 preference"). This assumption is much debated in normative bioethics, but little is known about lay judgments in this domain. This study investigated participants' judgments about which preference should be followed, and whether these judgments differed depending on a first-person (deciding for one's future self) versus third-person (deciding for a friend or stranger) perspective. METHODS A vignette-based survey was conducted (N = 1445 US Americans; gender-balanced sample), in a 3 (relationship: self, best friend, stranger) × 2 (T1 preference: treat, do not treat) × 2 (T2 contrary preference: ambiguous, unambiguous) design. RESULTS Participants were more likely to defer to the incapacitated T2 preference of a third-party, while being more likely to insist on following their own T1 capacitated preference. Further, participants were more likely to conclude that others with substantial cognitive decline were still their "true selves," which correlated with increased deference to their T2 preferences. CONCLUSIONS These findings add to the growing evidence that lay intuitions concerning the ethical entitlement to have decisions respected are not only a function of cognition, as would be expected under many traditional bioethical accounts, but also depend on the relationship of the decision to the decision-maker's true self.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Toomey
- Elisabeth Haub School of Law, Pace University, White Plains, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Brian D Earp
- Uehiro Center for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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3
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Sandbrink JD, Johnson K, Gill M, Yaden DB, Savulescu J, Hannikainen IR, Earp BD. Strong Bipartisan Support for Controlled Psilocybin Use as Treatment or Enhancement in a Representative Sample of US Americans: Need for Caution in Public Policy Persists. AJOB Neurosci 2024; 15:82-89. [PMID: 38315212 DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2024.2303154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The psychedelic psilocybin has shown promise both as treatment for psychiatric conditions and as a means of improving well-being in healthy individuals. In some jurisdictions (e.g., Oregon, USA), psilocybin use for both purposes is or will soon be allowed and yet, public attitudes toward this shift are understudied. We asked a nationally representative sample of 795 US Americans to evaluate the moral status of psilocybin use in an appropriately licensed setting for either treatment of a psychiatric condition or well-being enhancement. Showing strong bipartisan support, participants rated the individual's decision as morally positive in both contexts. These results can inform effective policy-making decisions around supervised psilocybin use, given robust public attitudes as elicited in the context of an innovative regulatory model. We did not explore attitudes to psilocybin use in unsupervised or non-licensed community or social settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Julian Savulescu
- University of Oxford
- National University of Singapore
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute
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4
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Porsdam Mann S, Earp BD, Møller N, Suren V, Savulescu J. AUTOGEN and the Ethics of Co-Creation with Personalized LLMs-Reply to the Commentaries. Am J Bioeth 2024; 24:W6-W14. [PMID: 38346141 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2024.2308175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
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5
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Carpenter M, Kraus C, Earp BD. Reply to Hadidi. J Pediatr Urol 2024:S1477-5131(24)00095-0. [PMID: 38458922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2024.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Carpenter
- School of Public Health, Sydney Health Ethics, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Cynthia Kraus
- Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brian D Earp
- Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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6
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McMillan J, Earp BD, Kong WM, Suleman M, Shahvisi A. The wrong word for the job? The ethics of collecting data on 'race' in academic publishing. J Med Ethics 2024:jme-2024-109915. [PMID: 38365284 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2024-109915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- John McMillan
- Bioethics Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Brian D Earp
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wing May Kong
- Chair of Trustees, Institute of Medical Ethics, London, UK
| | - Mehrunisha Suleman
- Ethox Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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7
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Carpenter M, Kraus C, Earp BD. "Should we correct hypospadias during childhood?" A question of facts and values. J Pediatr Urol 2024:S1477-5131(24)00062-7. [PMID: 38355383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2024.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Carpenter
- School of Public Health, Sydney Health Ethics, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Cynthia Kraus
- Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brian D Earp
- Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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8
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Zohny H, Porsdam Mann S, Earp BD, McMillan J. Generative AI and medical ethics: the state of play. J Med Ethics 2024; 50:75-76. [PMID: 38262665 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2023-109834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Zohny
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Brian D Earp
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John McMillan
- Bioethics Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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9
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Allen JW, Earp BD, Koplin J, Wilkinson D. Consent-GPT: is it ethical to delegate procedural consent to conversational AI? J Med Ethics 2024; 50:77-83. [PMID: 37898550 PMCID: PMC10850653 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2023-109347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining informed consent from patients prior to a medical or surgical procedure is a fundamental part of safe and ethical clinical practice. Currently, it is routine for a significant part of the consent process to be delegated to members of the clinical team not performing the procedure (eg, junior doctors). However, it is common for consent-taking delegates to lack sufficient time and clinical knowledge to adequately promote patient autonomy and informed decision-making. Such problems might be addressed in a number of ways. One possible solution to this clinical dilemma is through the use of conversational artificial intelligence using large language models (LLMs). There is considerable interest in the potential benefits of such models in medicine. For delegated procedural consent, LLM could improve patients' access to the relevant procedural information and therefore enhance informed decision-making.In this paper, we first outline a hypothetical example of delegation of consent to LLMs prior to surgery. We then discuss existing clinical guidelines for consent delegation and some of the ways in which current practice may fail to meet the ethical purposes of informed consent. We outline and discuss the ethical implications of delegating consent to LLMs in medicine concluding that at least in certain clinical situations, the benefits of LLMs potentially far outweigh those of current practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemima Winifred Allen
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Brian D Earp
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julian Koplin
- Monash Bioethics Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dominic Wilkinson
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Newborn Care, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Earp BD, Porsdam Mann S, Allen J, Salloch S, Suren V, Jongsma K, Braun M, Wilkinson D, Sinnott-Armstrong W, Rid A, Wendler D, Savulescu J. A Personalized Patient Preference Predictor for Substituted Judgments in Healthcare: Technically Feasible and Ethically Desirable. Am J Bioeth 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38226965 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2023.2296402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
When making substituted judgments for incapacitated patients, surrogates often struggle to guess what the patient would want if they had capacity. Surrogates may also agonize over having the (sole) responsibility of making such a determination. To address such concerns, a Patient Preference Predictor (PPP) has been proposed that would use an algorithm to infer the treatment preferences of individual patients from population-level data about the known preferences of people with similar demographic characteristics. However, critics have suggested that even if such a PPP were more accurate, on average, than human surrogates in identifying patient preferences, the proposed algorithm would nevertheless fail to respect the patient's (former) autonomy since it draws on the 'wrong' kind of data: namely, data that are not specific to the individual patient and which therefore may not reflect their actual values, or their reasons for having the preferences they do. Taking such criticisms on board, we here propose a new approach: the Personalized Patient Preference Predictor (P4). The P4 is based on recent advances in machine learning, which allow technologies including large language models to be more cheaply and efficiently 'fine-tuned' on person-specific data. The P4, unlike the PPP, would be able to infer an individual patient's preferences from material (e.g., prior treatment decisions) that is in fact specific to them. Thus, we argue, in addition to being potentially more accurate at the individual level than the previously proposed PPP, the predictions of a P4 would also more directly reflect each patient's own reasons and values. In this article, we review recent discoveries in artificial intelligence research that suggest a P4 is technically feasible, and argue that, if it is developed and appropriately deployed, it should assuage some of the main autonomy-based concerns of critics of the original PPP. We then consider various objections to our proposal and offer some tentative replies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Earp
- University of Oxford
- National University of Singapore
- Yale University and The Hastings Center
| | | | | | | | | | - Karin Jongsma
- Julius Center of the University Medical Center Utrecht
| | | | - Dominic Wilkinson
- University of Oxford
- National University of Singapore
- John Radcliffe Hospital
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute
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11
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Cheung K, Earp BD, Yaden DB. Valuing the Acute Subjective Experience. Perspect Biol Med 2024; 67:155-165. [PMID: 38662070 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2024.a919717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Psychedelics, including psilocybin, and other consciousness-altering compounds such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), currently are being scientifically investigated for their potential therapeutic uses, with a primary focus on measurable outcomes: for example, alleviation of symptoms or increases in self-reported well-being. Accordingly, much recent discussion about the possible value of these substances has turned on estimates of the magnitude and duration of persisting positive effects in comparison to harms. However, many have described the value of a psychedelic experience with little or no reference to such therapeutic benefits, instead seeming to find the experience valuable in its own right. How can we make sense of such testimony? Could a psychedelic experience be valuable even if there were no persisting beneficial effects? If so, how? Using the concept of psychological richness, combined with insights from the philosophy of aesthetics and the enhancement literature, this essay explores potential sources of value in the acute subjective experience, apart from the value derived from persisting beneficial effects.
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12
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Dranseika V, Neiders I, Earp BD. Time for Bioethics to End Talk of Personhood (But Only in the Philosophers' Sense). Am J Bioeth 2024; 24:32-35. [PMID: 38236879 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2023.2278567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
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13
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Ali S, Karlsen S, Learner H, Carver N, Pantazis C, Earp BD, Hodes D. UK policy response to female genital mutilation needs urgent rethink. BMJ 2023; 383:e074751. [PMID: 37996115 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-074751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sakaria Ali
- University College London Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Hazel Learner
- University College London Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Deborah Hodes
- University College London Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
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14
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Porsdam Mann S, Earp BD, Møller N, Vynn S, Savulescu J. AUTOGEN: A Personalized Large Language Model for Academic Enhancement-Ethics and Proof of Principle. Am J Bioeth 2023; 23:28-41. [PMID: 37487183 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2023.2233356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we explore the potential of enhancing academic prose and idea generation by fine-tuning a large language model (here, GPT-3) on one's own previously published writings: AUTOGEN ("AI Unique Tailored Output GENerator"). We develop, test, and describe three distinct AUTOGEN models trained on the prior scholarly output of three of the current authors (SBM, BDE, JS), with a fourth model trained on the combined works of all three. Our AUTOGEN models demonstrate greater variance in quality than the base GPT-3 model, with many outputs outperforming the base model in format, style, overall quality, and novel idea generation. As proof of principle, we present and discuss examples of AUTOGEN-written sections of existing and hypothetical research papers. We further discuss ethical opportunities, concerns, and open questions associated with personalized academic prose and idea generators. Ethical opportunities for personalized LLMs such as AUTOGEN include increased productivity, preservation of writing styles and cultural traditions, and aiding consensus building. However, ethical concerns arise due to the potential for personalized LLMs to reduce output diversity, violate privacy and intellectual property rights, and facilitate plagiarism or fraud. The use of coauthored or multiple-source trained models further complicates issues surrounding ownership and attribution. Open questions concern a potential credit-blame asymmetry for LLM outputs, the legitimacy of licensing agreements in authorship ascription, and the ethical implications of coauthorship attribution for data contributors. Ensuring the output is sufficiently distinct from the source material is crucial to maintaining ethical standards in academic writing. These opportunities, risks, and open issues highlight the intricate ethical landscape surrounding the use of personalized LLMs in academia. We also discuss open technical questions concerning the integration of AUTOGEN-style personalized LLMs with other LLMs, such as GPT-4, for iterative refinement and improvement of generated text. In conclusion, we argue that AUTOGEN-style personalized LLMs offer significant potential benefits in terms of both prose generation and, to a lesser extent, idea generation. If associated ethical issues are appropriately addressed, AUTOGEN alone or in combination with other LLMs can be seen as a potent form of academic enhancement.
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15
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Prinzing M, Earp BD, Knobe J. Why do evaluative judgments affect emotion attributions? The roles of judgments about fittingness and the true self. Cognition 2023; 239:105579. [PMID: 37523828 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Past research has found that the value of a person's activities can affect observers' judgments about whether that person is experiencing certain emotions (e.g., people consider morally good agents happier than morally bad agents). One proposed explanation for this effect is that emotion attributions are influenced by judgments about fittingness (whether the emotion is merited). Another hypothesis is that emotion attributions are influenced by judgments about the agent's true self (whether the emotion reflects how the agent feels "deep down"). We tested these hypotheses in six studies. After finding that people think a wide range of emotions can be fitting and reflect a person's true self (Study 1), we tested the predictions of these two hypotheses for attributions of happiness, love, sadness, and hatred. We manipulated the emotions' fittingness (Studies 2a-b and 4) and whether the emotions reflected an agent's true self (Studies 3 and 5), measuring emotion attributions as well as fittingness judgments and true self judgments. The fittingness manipulation only impacted emotion attributions in the cases where it also impacted true self judgments, whereas the true self manipulation impacted emotion attribution in all cases, including those where it did not impact fittingness judgments. These results cast serious doubt on the fittingness hypothesis and offer some support for the true self hypothesis, which could be developed further in future work.
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16
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Earp BD, Bruce L. Medical necessity and consent for intimate procedures. J Med Ethics 2023; 49:591-593. [PMID: 37648289 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2023-109465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Earp
- Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, Oxford, UK
| | - Lori Bruce
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioethics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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17
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Cheung K, Patch K, Earp BD, Yaden DB. Psychedelics, Meaningfulness, and the "Proper Scope" of Medicine: Continuing the Conversation. Camb Q Healthc Ethics 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37366110 DOI: 10.1017/s0963180123000270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Psychedelics such as psilocybin reliably produce significantly altered states of consciousness with a variety of subjectively experienced effects. These include certain changes to perception, cognition, and affect,1 which we refer to here as the acute subjective effects of psychedelics. In recent years, psychedelics such as psilocybin have also shown considerable promise as therapeutic agents when combined with talk therapy, for example, in the treatment of major depression or substance use disorder.2 However, it is currently unclear whether the aforementioned acute subjective effects are necessary to bring about the observed therapeutic effects of psilocybin and other psychedelics. This uncertainty has sparked a lively-though still largely hypothetical-debate on whether psychedelics without subjective effects ("nonsubjective psychedelics" or "non-hallucinogenic psychedelics") could still have the same therapeutic impact, or whether the acute subjective effects are in fact necessary for this impact to be fully realized.3,4,5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle Patch
- Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian D Earp
- Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David B Yaden
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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18
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Earp BD, Abdulcadir J, Liao LM. Child genital cutting and surgery across cultures, sex, and gender. Part 2: assessing consent and medical necessity in "endosex" modifications. Int J Impot Res 2023; 35:1-6. [PMID: 37085735 DOI: 10.1038/s41443-023-00698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Earp
- Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Jasmine Abdulcadir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals of Geneva (UHG), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Jacobs E, Yaden DB, Earp BD. Toward a Broader Psychedelic Bioethics. AJOB Neurosci 2023; 14:126-129. [PMID: 37097876 DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2023.2188281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Carpenter
- Health Ethics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katharine B Dalke
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian D Earp
- Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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21
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Murphy J, Mesquida C, Caldwell AR, Earp BD, Warne JP. Proposal of a Selection Protocol for Replication of Studies in Sports and Exercise Science. Sports Med 2023; 53:281-291. [PMID: 36066754 PMCID: PMC9807474 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01749-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To improve the rigor of science, experimental evidence for scientific claims ideally needs to be replicated repeatedly with comparable analyses and new data to increase the collective confidence in the veracity of those claims. Large replication projects in psychology and cancer biology have evaluated the replicability of their fields but no collaborative effort has been undertaken in sports and exercise science. We propose to undertake such an effort here. As this is the first large replication project in this field, there is no agreed-upon protocol for selecting studies to replicate. Criticism of previous selection protocols include claims they were non-randomised and non-representative. Any selection protocol in sports and exercise science must be representative to provide an accurate estimate of replicability of the field. Our aim is to produce a protocol for selecting studies to replicate for inclusion in a large replication project in sports and exercise science. METHODS The proposed selection protocol uses multiple inclusion and exclusion criteria for replication study selection, including: the year of publication and citation rankings, research disciplines, study types, the research question and key dependent variable, study methods and feasibility. Studies selected for replication will be stratified into pools based on instrumentation and expertise required, and will then be allocated to volunteer laboratories for replication. Replication outcomes will be assessed using a multiple inferential strategy and descriptive information will be reported regarding the final number of included and excluded studies, and original author responses to requests for raw data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Murphy
- Centre of Applied Science for Health, Technological University Dublin, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Cristian Mesquida
- Centre of Applied Science for Health, Technological University Dublin, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Brian D Earp
- Yale-Hastings Program in Ethics & Health Policy, Yale University and The Hastings Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joe P Warne
- Centre of Applied Science for Health, Technological University Dublin, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
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22
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Auckland C, Blumenthal-Barby J, Boyd K, Earp BD, Frith L, Fritz Z, McMillan J, Shahvisi A, Suleman M. Medical ethics and the climate change emergency. J Med Ethics 2022; 48:939-940. [PMID: 36442972 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2022-108738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cressida Auckland
- Law, The London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | | | - Kenneth Boyd
- Biomedical Teaching Organisation, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Brian D Earp
- Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucy Frith
- Centre for Social Ethics & Policy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Zoë Fritz
- THIS institute (The Healthcare Improvement Studies Institute), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- Acute Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - John McMillan
- Bioethics Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Arianne Shahvisi
- Ethics, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, East Sussex, UK
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Earp BD, Demaree-Cotton J, Savulescu J. Against Externalism in Capacity Assessment-Why Apparently Harmful Treatment Refusals Should Not Be Decisive for Finding Patients Incompetent. Am J Bioeth 2022; 22:65-70. [PMID: 36170073 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2022.2112462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) condemns all medically unnecessary female genital cutting (FGC) that is primarily associated with people of color and the Global South, claiming that such FGC violates the human right to bodily integrity regardless of harm-level, degree of medicalization, or consent. However, the WHO does not condemn medically unnecessary FGC that is primarily associated with Western culture, such as elective labiaplasty or genital piercing, even when performed by non-medical practitioners (e.g., body artists) or on adolescent girls. Nor does it campaign against any form of medically unnecessary intersex genital cutting (IGC) or male genital cutting (MGC), including forms that are non-consensual or comparably harmful to some types of FGC. These and other apparent inconsistencies risk undermining the perceived authority of the WHO to pronounce on human rights. This paper considers whether the WHO could justify its selective condemnation of non-Western-associated FGC by appealing to the distinctive role of such practices in upholding patriarchal gender systems and furthering sex-based discrimination against women and girls. The paper argues that such a justification would not succeed. To the contrary, dismantling patriarchal power structures and reducing sex-based discrimination in FGC-practicing societies requires principled opposition to medically unnecessary, non-consensual genital cutting of all vulnerable persons, including insufficiently autonomous children, irrespective of their sex traits or socially assigned gender. This conclusion is based, in part, on an assessment of the overlapping and often mutually reinforcing roles of different types of child genital cutting—FGC, MGC, and IGC—in reproducing oppressive gender systems. These systems, in turn, tend to subordinate women and girls as well as non-dominant males and sexual and gender minorities. The selective efforts of the WHO to eliminate only non-Western-associated FGC exposes the organization to credible accusations of racism and cultural imperialism and paradoxically undermines its own stated goals: namely, securing the long-term interests and equal rights of women and girls in FGC-practicing societies.
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Zohny H, Earp BD, Savulescu J. Enhancing Gender. J Bioeth Inq 2022; 19:225-237. [PMID: 35129785 PMCID: PMC9233637 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-021-10163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Transgender healthcare faces a dilemma. On the one hand, access to certain medical interventions, including hormone treatments or surgeries, where desired, may be beneficial or even vital for some gender dysphoric trans people. But on the other hand, access to medical interventions typically requires a diagnosis, which, in turn, seems to imply the existence of a pathological state-something that many transgender people reject as a false and stigmatizing characterization of their experience or identity. In this paper we argue that developments from the human enhancement debate can help clarify or resolve some of the conceptual and ethical entanglements arising from the apparent conflict between seeking medicine while not necessarily suffering from a pathology or disorder. Specifically, we focus on the welfarist account of human enhancement and argue it can provide a useful conceptual framework for thinking about some of the more contentious disagreements about access to transgender healthcare services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Zohny
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, 16-17 Saint Ebbe's St, Oxford, OX1 1PT, UK.
| | - Brian D Earp
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, 16-17 Saint Ebbe's St, Oxford, OX1 1PT, UK
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, 16-17 Saint Ebbe's St, Oxford, OX1 1PT, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Earp
- Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
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Abstract
Testimony from hundreds of medical students and numerous physicians and scholars suggests that unconsented intimate exams (UIEs) are unlikely to be rare, isolated incidents. However, much is unknown about the frequency of these exams and the circumstances in which they take place. The Community Bioethics Forum, founded and chaired by one of the authors of this commentary, is a consultative group of diverse community members who provide insights on law and policy to policy-makers and medical associations. Connecticut legislators asked the CBF to provide their views on proposed "explicit consent" legislation, and during those discussions, concerning narratives emerged about members' (and their loved ones') personal experiences with UIEs. To gain greater clarity on the demographic patterns and frequency of UIEs, we conducted the first national survey on UIEs. Data from this survey suggest that UIEs may occur under a broader range of circumstances than addressed by most law and policy. The survey resulted in nearly the exact same rate of affirmative responses between males and females in answer to whether they had received a UIE within the past five years. The survey results also showed evidence of racial disparity. Additional research is needed to understand the nature of UIEs.
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Brown RCH, de Barra M, Earp BD. Broad Medical Uncertainty and the ethical obligation for openness. Synthese 2022; 200:121. [PMID: 35431349 PMCID: PMC8994926 DOI: 10.1007/s11229-022-03666-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper argues that there exists a collective epistemic state of 'Broad Medical Uncertainty' (BMU) regarding the effectiveness of many medical interventions. We outline the features of BMU, and describe some of the main contributing factors. These include flaws in medical research methodologies, bias in publication practices, financial and other conflicts of interest, and features of how evidence is translated into practice. These result in a significant degree of uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of many medical treatments and unduly optimistic beliefs about the benefit/harm profiles of such treatments. We argue for an ethical presumption in favour of openness regarding BMU as part of a 'Corrective Response'. We then consider some objections to this position (the 'Anti-Corrective Response'), including concerns that public honesty about flaws in medical research could undermine trust in healthcare institutions. We suggest that, as it stands, the Anti-Corrective Response is unconvincing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mícheál de Barra
- Centre for Culture and Evolution, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Brian D. Earp
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Abdulcadir J, Manin E, Earp BD, Ferguson EMN, O’Dey DM, Johnson-Agbakwu CE. Rethinking Reconstruction: Ethical Standards and Practice Guidelines as a Prerequisite to Clitoral Reconstruction Following Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting. Aesthet Surg J 2022; 42:NP137-NP139. [PMID: 34726752 PMCID: PMC8756079 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjab383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Abdulcadir
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emily Manin
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian D Earp
- Yale-Hastings Program in Ethics and Health Policy, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth M N Ferguson
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Valleywise Health Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Dan mon O’Dey
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Luisenhospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Fish
- The VMMC Experience Project, Oakland, US
| | - Arianne Shahvisi
- Department of Ethics, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
| | - Tatenda Gwaambuka
- School of Law, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, SA
- High Court of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Godfrey B Tangwa
- Department of Philosophy, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Brian D Earp
- Yale-Hastings Program in Ethics and Health Policy, Yale University, New Haven, US
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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33
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Veit W, Earp BD, Browning H, Savulescu J. Evaluating Tradeoffs between Autonomy and Wellbeing in Supported Decision Making. Am J Bioeth 2021; 21:21-24. [PMID: 34710010 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2021.1980134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Veit
- University of Sydney
- London School of Economics
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Earp BD, McLoughlin KL, Monrad JT, Clark MS, Crockett MJ. Author Correction: How social relationships shape moral wrongness judgments. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6257. [PMID: 34702831 PMCID: PMC8548493 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26493-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Earp
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | | - Joshua T Monrad
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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35
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Abstract
Judgments of whether an action is morally wrong depend on who is involved and the nature of their relationship. But how, when, and why social relationships shape moral judgments is not well understood. We provide evidence to address these questions, measuring cooperative expectations and moral wrongness judgments in the context of common social relationships such as romantic partners, housemates, and siblings. In a pre-registered study of 423 U.S. participants nationally representative for age, race, and gender, we show that people normatively expect different relationships to serve cooperative functions of care, hierarchy, reciprocity, and mating to varying degrees. In a second pre-registered study of 1,320 U.S. participants, these relationship-specific cooperative expectations (i.e., relational norms) enable highly precise out-of-sample predictions about the perceived moral wrongness of actions in the context of particular relationships. In this work, we show that this 'relational norms' model better predicts patterns of moral wrongness judgments across relationships than alternative models based on genetic relatedness, social closeness, or interdependence, demonstrating how the perceived morality of actions depends not only on the actions themselves, but also on the relational context in which those actions occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Earp
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | | - Joshua T Monrad
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Savulescu
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Brian D Earp
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Yale-Hastings Program in Ethics & Health Policy, Yale University and The Hastings Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Udo Schuklenk
- Department of Philosophy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Abstract
This paper explores an emerging sub-field of both empirical bioethics and experimental philosophy, which has been called "experimental philosophical bioethics" (bioxphi). As an empirical discipline, bioxphi adopts the methods of experimental moral psychology and cognitive science; it does so to make sense of the eliciting factors and underlying cognitive processes that shape people's moral judgments, particularly about real-world matters of bioethical concern. Yet, as a normative discipline situated within the broader field of bioethics, it also aims to contribute to substantive ethical questions about what should be done in a given context. What are some of the ways in which this aim has been pursued? In this paper, we employ a case study approach to examine and critically evaluate four strategies from the recent literature by which scholars in bioxphi have leveraged empirical data in the service of normative arguments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Earp
- Departments of Philosophy and Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
- Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Jonathan Lewis
- Centre for Social Ethics and Policy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Vilius Dranseika
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Ethics and Institute of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Earp BD. Protecting Children from Medically Unnecessary Genital Cutting Without Stigmatizing Women's Bodies: Implications for Sexual Pleasure and Pain. Arch Sex Behav 2021; 50:1875-1885. [PMID: 31965452 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Earp
- Yale-Hastings Program in Ethics and Health Policy, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- The Hastings Center, Garrison, NY, USA.
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Reardon AWT, Earp BD, Andreski P, Monrad JT, Cohen LL, Freed GL. Medical Student Assessment of Pediatric Patient Pain as a Function of Perceived Child Gender. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2113010. [PMID: 34106267 PMCID: PMC8190625 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This survey study investigates whether the perceived gender of a child is associated with how medical students assess a pediatric patient’s pain displayed and pain experienced.
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41
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Earp BD. Correction to: Zero Tolerance for Genital Mutilation: a Review of Moral Justifications. Curr Sex Health Rep 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11930-021-00306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Earp BD, Lewis J, Hart CL. Racial Justice Requires Ending the War on Drugs. Am J Bioeth 2021; 21:4-19. [PMID: 33413050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Historically, laws and policies to criminalize drug use or possession were rooted in explicit racism, and they continue to wreak havoc on certain racialized communities. We are a group of bioethicists, drug experts, legal scholars, criminal justice researchers, sociologists, psychologists, and other allied professionals who have come together in support of a policy proposal that is evidence-based and ethically recommended. We call for the immediate decriminalization of all so-called recreational drugs and, ultimately, for their timely and appropriate legal regulation. We also call for criminal convictions for nonviolent offenses pertaining to the use or possession of small quantities of such drugs to be expunged, and for those currently serving time for these offenses to be released. In effect, we call for an end to the "war on drugs."
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Abstract
The American College of Nurse-Midwives, American Society for Pain Management Nursing, American Academy of Pediatrics, and other largely US-based medical organizations have argued that at least some forms of non-therapeutic child genital cutting, including routine penile circumcision, are ethically permissible even when performed on non-consenting minors. In support of this view, these organizations have at times appealed to potential health benefits that may follow from removing sexually sensitive, non-diseased tissue from the genitals of such minors. We argue that these appeals to "health benefits" as a way of justifying medically unnecessary child genital cutting practices may have unintended consequences. For example, it may create a "loophole" through which certain forms of female genital cutting-or female genital "mutilation" as it is defined by the World Health Organization-could potentially be legitimized. Moreover, by comparing current dominant Western attitudes toward female genital "mutilation" and so-called intersex genital "normalization" surgeries (i.e. surgeries on children with certain differences of sex development), we show that the concept of health invoked in each case is inconsistent and culturally biased. It is time for Western healthcare organizations-including the American College of Nurse-Midwives, American Society for Pain Management Nursing, American Academy of Pediatrics, and World Health Organization-to adopt a more consistent concept of health and a unified ethical stance when it comes to child genital cutting practices.
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Frisch M, Earp BD, Van Howe RS. Further Study Needed of the Impact of Early-Life Surgery With Associated General Anesthesia on the Risk of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Anesth Analg 2021; 132:e46-e47. [PMID: 33591104 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Frisch
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark, Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Sexological Research, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark,
| | - Brian D Earp
- Yale-Hastings Program in Ethics and Health Policy, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, The Hastings Center, Garrison, New York, Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S Van Howe
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Marquette, Michigan
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Earp BD. Male or female genital cutting: why 'health benefits' are morally irrelevant. J Med Ethics 2021; 47:medethics-2020-106782. [PMID: 33462078 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2020-106782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The WHO, American Academy of Pediatrics and other Western medical bodies currently maintain that all medically unnecessary female genital cutting of minors is categorically a human rights violation, while either tolerating or actively endorsing medically unnecessary male genital cutting of minors, especially in the form of penile circumcision. Given that some forms of female genital cutting, such as ritual pricking or nicking of the clitoral hood, are less severe than penile circumcision, yet are often performed within the same families for similar (eg, religious) reasons, it may seem that there is an unjust double standard. Against this view, it is sometimes claimed that while female genital cutting has 'no health benefits', male genital cutting has at least some. Is that really the case? And if it is the case, can it justify the disparate treatment of children with different sex characteristics when it comes to protecting their genital integrity? I argue that, even if one accepts the health claims that are sometimes raised in this context, they cannot justify such disparate treatment. Rather, children of all sexes and genders have an equal right to (future) bodily autonomy. This includes the right to decide whether their own 'private' anatomy should be exposed to surgical risk, much less permanently altered, for reasons they themselves endorse when they are sufficiently mature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Earp
- Yale-Hastings Program in Ethics and Health Policy, Yale University and The Hastings Center, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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46
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Earp BD, Mishori R, Rotta AT. Newborn Circumcision Techniques and Medical Ethics. Am Fam Physician 2021; 103:69-70. [PMID: 33448775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
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47
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Earp BD, Demaree-Cotton J, Dunn M, Dranseika V, Everett JAC, Feltz A, Geller G, Hannikainen IR, Jansen LA, Knobe J, Kolak J, Latham S, Lerner A, May J, Mercurio M, Mihailov E, Rodríguez-Arias D, Rodríguez López B, Savulescu J, Sheehan M, Strohminger N, Sugarman J, Tabb K, Tobia K. Experimental Philosophical Bioethics. AJOB Empir Bioeth 2021; 11:30-33. [PMID: 32096728 DOI: 10.1080/23294515.2020.1714792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Earp
- Department of Philosophy, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale-Hastings Program in Ethics and Health Policy, The Hastings Center, Garrison, New York, USA.,Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Michael Dunn
- The Ethox Centre and Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vilius Dranseika
- Institute of Philosophy, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Faculty of Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jim A C Everett
- Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Adam Feltz
- Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Gail Geller
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ivar R Hannikainen
- Department of Law, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lynn A Jansen
- Center for Ethics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Joshua Knobe
- Department of Philosophy, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Julia Kolak
- Department of Philosophy, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen Latham
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioethics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Adam Lerner
- Center for Bioethics, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Joshua May
- Department of Philosophy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mark Mercurio
- Program for Biomedical Ethics, Yale Medical School, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Emilian Mihailov
- Faculty of Philosophy, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.,Institute of Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Julian Savulescu
- Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark Sheehan
- The Ethox Centre and Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nina Strohminger
- Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeremy Sugarman
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn Tabb
- Department of Philosophy, Bard College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Tobia
- Department of Philosophy, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale Law School, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Earp
- Philosophy, Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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49
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian D Earp
- University of Oxford
- Yale University
- The Hastings Center
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50
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Veit W, Earp BD, Faber N, Bostrom N, Caouette J, Mannino A, Caviola L, Sandberg A, Savulescu J. Recognizing the Diversity of Cognitive Enhancements. AJOB Neurosci 2020; 11:250-253. [PMID: 33196369 DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2020.1830878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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