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Browning H, Veit W. Animal welfare science, performance metrics, and proxy failure. Behav Brain Sci 2024; 47:e70. [PMID: 38738354 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x2300300x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
In their target article, John et al. make a convincing case that there is a unified phenomenon behind the common finding that measures become worse targets over time. Here, we will apply their framework to the domain of animal welfare science and present a pragmatic solution to reduce its impact that might also be applicable in other domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Browning
- Department of Philosophy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UKhttps://www.heatherbrowning.net/
| | - Walter Veit
- Department of Philosophy, University of Reading, Reading, UK , https://walterveit.com/
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2
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Anomaly J, Browning H, Fleischman D, Veit W. Flesh Without Blood: The Public Health Benefits of Lab-Grown Meat. J Bioeth Inq 2024; 21:167-175. [PMID: 37656382 PMCID: PMC11052809 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-023-10254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic meat made from animal cells will transform how we eat. It will reduce suffering by eliminating the need to raise and slaughter animals. But it will also have big public health benefits if it becomes widely consumed. In this paper, we discuss how "clean meat" can reduce the risks associated with intensive animal farming, including antibiotic resistance, environmental pollution, and zoonotic viral diseases like influenza and coronavirus. Since the most common objection to clean meat is that some people find it "disgusting" or "unnatural," we explore the psychology of disgust to find possible counter-measures. We argue that the public health benefits of clean meat give us strong moral reasons to promote its development and consumption in a way that the public is likely to support. We end by depicting the change from farmed animals to clean meat as a collective action problem and suggest that social norms rather than coercive laws should be employed to solve the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Anomaly
- Centro de Estudios de Filosofía, Política y Economía, Quito, Ecuador
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3
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Veit W, Browning H. Neural networks, AI, and the goals of modeling. Behav Brain Sci 2023; 46:e411. [PMID: 38054344 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x23001681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Deep neural networks (DNNs) have found many useful applications in recent years. Of particular interest have been those instances where their successes imitate human cognition and many consider artificial intelligences to offer a lens for understanding human intelligence. Here, we criticize the underlying conflation between the predictive and explanatory power of DNNs by examining the goals of modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Veit
- Department of Philosophy, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK https://walterveit.com/
| | - Heather Browning
- Department of Philosophy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK https://www.heatherbrowning.net/
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Veit W, Browning H. Evolutionary mismatch and anomalies in the memory system. Behav Brain Sci 2023; 46:e381. [PMID: 37961816 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x23000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand involuntary autobiographical memories and déjà vu experiences, we argue that it is important to take an evolutionary medicine perspective. Here, we propose that these memory anomalies can be understood as the outcomes of an inevitable design trade-off between type I and type II errors in memory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Veit
- Department of Philosophy, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK https://walterveit.com/
| | - Heather Browning
- Department of Philosophy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK https://www.heatherbrowning.net
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Veit W, Browning H. Puritanical morality and the scaffolded evolution of self-control. Behav Brain Sci 2023; 46:e319. [PMID: 37789534 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x23000535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a puzzle in reconciling the widespread presence of puritanical norms condemning harmless pleasures with the theory that morality evolved to reap the benefits of cooperation. Here, we draw on the work of several philosophers to support the argument by Fitouchi et al. that these norms evolved to facilitate and scaffold self-control for the sake of cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Veit
- Department of Philosophy, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK ; https://walterveit.com/
| | - Heather Browning
- Department of Philosophy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK ; https://www.heatherbrowning.net/
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Veit W, Browning H. The design space of human communication and the nonevolution of ideography. Behav Brain Sci 2023; 46:e255. [PMID: 37779304 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x23000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the once-common idea that a universal ideography would have numerous advantages, attempts to develop such ideographies have failed. Here, we make use of the biological idea of fitness landscapes to help us understand the nonevolution of such a universal ideographic code as well as how we might reach this potential global fitness peak in the design space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Veit
- Department of Philosophy, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK ; https://walterveit.com/
| | - Heather Browning
- Department of Philosophy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK ; https://www.heatherbrowning.net/
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Veit W, Browning H. Developmental Programming, Evolution, and Animal Welfare: A Case for Evolutionary Veterinary Science. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2023; 26:552-564. [PMID: 34913795 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2021.2014838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The conditions animals experience during the early developmental stages of their lives can have critical ongoing effects on their future health, welfare, and proper development. In this paper we draw on evolutionary theory to improve our understanding of the processes of developmental programming, particularly Predictive Adaptive Responses (PAR) that serve to match offspring phenotype with predicted future environmental conditions. When these predictions fail, a mismatch occurs between offspring phenotype and the environment, which can have long-lasting health and welfare effects. Examples include metabolic diseases resulting from maternal nutrition and behavioral changes from maternal stress. An understanding of these processes and their evolutionary origins will help in identifying and providing appropriate developmental conditions to optimize offspring welfare. This serves as an example of the benefits of using evolutionary thinking within veterinary science and we suggest that in the same way that evolutionary medicine has helped our understanding of human health, the implementation of evolutionary veterinary science (EvoVetSci) could be a useful way forward for research in animal health and welfare.
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Veit W, Browning H. Polygenic scores and social science. Behav Brain Sci 2023; 46:e229. [PMID: 37695016 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x22002345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
It is a hotly contested issue whether polygenic scores should play a major role in the social sciences. Here, we defend a methodologically pluralist stance in which sociogenomics should abandon its hype and recognize that it suffers from all the methodological difficulties of the social sciences, yet nevertheless maintain an optimistic stance toward a more cautious use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Veit
- School of History and Philosophy of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; https://walterveit.com/
| | - Heather Browning
- Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK ; https://www.heatherbrowning.net/
- Department of Philosophy, University of Southampton, Avenue Campus, Southampton, UK
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Browning H, Veit W. Optimism about Measuring Animal Feelings. Asian Bioeth Rev 2023; 15:351-355. [PMID: 37396677 PMCID: PMC10313588 DOI: 10.1007/s41649-023-00244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
While animal sentience research has flourished in the last decade, scepticism about our ability to accurately measure animal feelings has unfortunately remained fairly common. Here, we argue that evolutionary considerations about the functions of feelings will give us more reason for optimism and outline a method for how this might be achieved.
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Veit W, Browning H. Hominin life history, pathological complexity, and the evolution of anxiety. Behav Brain Sci 2023; 46:e79. [PMID: 37154358 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x22001923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to address why the number of patients suffering from anxiety and depression are seemingly exploding in Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) countries, it is sensible to look at the evolution of human fearfulness responses. Here, we draw on Veit's pathological complexity framework to advance Grossmann's goal of re-characterizing human fearfulness as an adaptive trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Veit
- School of History and Philosophy of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia WC2A 2AE, UK ; https://walterveit.com/
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Heather Browning
- London School of Economics and Political Science, Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK ; https://www.heatherbrowning.net/
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Veit W, Browning H. Social robots and the intentional stance. Behav Brain Sci 2023; 46:e47. [PMID: 37017065 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x22001595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Why is it that people simultaneously treat social robots as mere designed artefacts, yet show willingness to interact with them as if they were real agents? Here, we argue that Dennett's distinction between the intentional stance and the design stance can help us to resolve this puzzle, allowing us to further our understanding of social robots as interactive depictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Veit
- School of History and Philosophy of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia ; https://walterveit.com/
| | - Heather Browning
- London School of Economics and Political Science, Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK ; https://www.heatherbrowning.net/
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Browning H, Veit W. Regulating Possibly Sentient Human Cerebral Organoids. AJOB Neurosci 2023; 14:197-199. [PMID: 37097857 DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2023.2188293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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Veit W, Browning H. Defending Sentientism. AJOB Neurosci 2023; 14:168-170. [PMID: 37097856 DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2023.2188292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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Browning H, Veit W. Positive Wild Animal Welfare. Biol Philos 2023; 38:14. [PMID: 36926384 PMCID: PMC10008771 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-023-09901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With increasing attention given to wild animal welfare and ethics, it has become common to depict animals in the wild as existing in a state dominated by suffering. This assumption is now taken on board by many and frames much of the current discussion; but needs a more critical assessment, both theoretically and empirically. In this paper, we challenge the primary lines of evidence employed in support of wild animal suffering, to provide an alternative picture in which wild animals may often have lives that are far more positive than is commonly assumed. Nevertheless, while it is useful to have an alternative model to challenge unexamined assumptions, our real emphasis in this paper is the need for the development of effective methods for applying animal welfare science in the wild, including new means of data collection, the ability to determine the extent and scope of welfare challenges and opportunities, and their effects on welfare. Until such methods are developed, discussions of wild animal welfare cannot go beyond trading of intuitions, which as we show here can just as easily go in either direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Browning
- University of Southampton, Southampton, England
- Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, England
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Veit W. Correction to: Experimental philosophy of medicine and the concepts of health and disease. Theor Med Bioeth 2023; 44:99-100. [PMID: 35006481 PMCID: PMC9943991 DOI: 10.1007/s11017-021-09556-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Veit
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Veit W. Health, consciousness, and the evolution of subjects. Synthese 2023; 201:3. [PMID: 36570034 PMCID: PMC9763143 DOI: 10.1007/s11229-022-03998-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this programmatic paper is to highlight a close connection between the core problem in the philosophy of medicine, i.e. the concept of health, and the core problem of the philosophy of mind, i.e. the concept of consciousness. I show when we look at these phenomena together, taking the evolutionary perspective of modern state-based behavioural and life-history theory used as the teleonomic tool to Darwinize the agent- and subject-side of organisms, we will be in a better position to make sense of them both as natural phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Veit
- Department of Philosophy, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Munich Center for Mathematical Philosophy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
One of the primary concerns in animal research is ensuring the welfare of laboratory animals. Modern views on animal welfare emphasize the role of animal sentience, i.e. the capacity to experience subjective states such as pleasure or suffering, as a central component of welfare. The increasing official recognition of animal sentience has had large effects on laboratory animal research. The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness (Low et al., University of Cambridge, 2012) marked an official scientific recognition of the presence of sentience in mammals, birds, and cephalopods. Animal sentience has furthermore been recognized in legislation in the European Union, UK, New Zealand and parts of Australia, with discussions underway in other parts of the world to follow suit. In this paper, we analyze this shift towards recognition of sentience in the regulation and practice in the treatment of laboratory animals and its effects on animal welfare and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Browning
- London School of Economics, Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science, London, UK
| | - Walter Veit
- School of History and Philosophy of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Veit W. Confidence Levels or Degrees of Sentience? Asian Bioeth Rev 2022; 15:93-97. [PMID: 36618953 PMCID: PMC9816360 DOI: 10.1007/s41649-022-00230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
I applaud recent improvements upon previous guidelines for the assessment of pain in non-human species and the application of their framework towards decapod crustaceans. Rather than constituting a mere intermediate solution between the scientific difficulty of settling questions of animal consciousness and the need for a framework for the purposes of animal welfare legislation, I will argue that the longer lists of criteria for animal sentience should make us realize that animal sentience is a multi-dimensional phenomenon that must be studied with a plethora of methods in order to assess its diversity across the tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Veit
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Browning
- London School of Economics and Political Science, Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science, London, UK
| | - Walter Veit
- University of Sydney, School of History and Philosophy of Science, Sydney, Australia
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Veit W. Does birth matter? J Med Ethics 2022; 48:194-195. [PMID: 33593870 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2020-107034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper is a response to a recent paper by Bobier and Omelianchuk in which they argue that the critics of Giubilini and Minerva's defence of infanticide fail to adequately justify a moral difference at birth. They argue that such arguments would lead to an intuitively less plausible position: that late-term abortions are permissible, thus creating a dilemma for those who seek to argue that birth matters. I argue that the only way to resolve this dilemma, is to bite the naturalist bullet and accept that the intuitively plausible idea that birth constitutes a morally relevant event is simply mistaken and biologically misinformed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Veit
- School of History and Philosophy of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Veit W. Integrating evolution into the study of animal sentience. Animal Sentience 2022. [DOI: 10.51291/2377-7478.1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Veit W, Browning H. Has the Socio-Political Role of Neuroethics Been Neglected? AJOB Neurosci 2022; 13:23-25. [PMID: 34931945 DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2021.2001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter Veit
- London School of Economics and Political Science.,University of Sydney
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter Veit
- London School of Economics and Political Science
- University of Sydney
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Veit W, Earp BD, Browning H, Savulescu J. Evaluating Tradeoffs between Autonomy and Wellbeing in Supported Decision Making. Am J Bioeth 2021; 21:21-24. [PMID: 34710010 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2021.1980134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Veit
- University of Sydney
- London School of Economics
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Abstract
If one had to identify the biggest change within the philosophical tradition in the twenty-first century, it would certainly be the rapid rise of experimental philosophy to address differences in intuitions about concepts. It is, therefore, surprising that the philosophy of medicine has so far not drawn on the tools of experimental philosophy in the context of a particular conceptual debate that has overshadowed all others in the field: the long-standing dispute between so-called naturalists and normativists about the concepts of health and disease. In this paper, I defend and advocate the use of empirical methods to inform and advance this and other debates within the philosophy of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Veit
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Abstract
Since Boorse [Philos Sci 44(4):542-573, 1977] published his paper "Health as a theoretical concept" one of the most lively debates within philosophy of medicine has been on the question of whether health and disease are in some sense 'objective' and 'value-free' or 'subjective' and 'value-laden'. Due to the apparent 'failure' of pure naturalist, constructivist, or normativist accounts, much in the recent literature has appealed to more conciliatory approaches or so-called 'hybrid accounts' of health and disease. A recent paper by Matthewson and Griffiths [J Med Philos 42(4):447-466, 2017], however, may bear the seeds for the revival of purely naturalist approach to health and disease. In this paper, I defend their idea of Biological Normativity against recent criticism by Schwartz [J Med Philos Forum Bioethics Philos Med 42(4):485-502, 2017] and hope to help it flower into a revival of naturalist approaches in the philosophy of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Veit
- School of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian D Earp
- University of Oxford
- Yale University
- The Hastings Center
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Veit W, Earp BD, Faber N, Bostrom N, Caouette J, Mannino A, Caviola L, Sandberg A, Savulescu J. Recognizing the Diversity of Cognitive Enhancements. AJOB Neurosci 2020; 11:250-253. [PMID: 33196369 DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2020.1830878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Veit W, Savulescu J, Hunter D, Earp BD, Wilkinson D. Are Generational Welfare Trades Always Unjust? Am J Bioeth 2020; 20:70-72. [PMID: 32880519 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2020.1795532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Veit
- The University of Sydney School of Philosophy and History of Science
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Oxford University
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute
- Melbourne University
| | | | | | - Dominic Wilkinson
- University of Oxford, Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics
- John Radcliffe Hospital
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Abstract
One of the biggest ethical issues in animal agriculture is that of the welfare of animals at the end of their lives, during the process of slaughter. Much work in animal welfare science is focussed on finding humane ways to transport and slaughter animals, to minimise the harm done during this process. In this paper, we take a philosophical look at what it means to perform slaughter humanely, beyond simply reducing pain and suffering during the slaughter process. In particular, we will examine the issue of the harms of deprivation inflicted in ending life prematurely, as well as shape of life concerns and the ethical implications of inflicting these harms at the end of life, without the potential for future offsetting through positive experiences. We will argue that though these considerations may mean that no slaughter is in a deep sense truly 'humane', this should not undermine the importance of further research and development to ensure that while the practice continues, animal welfare harms are minimised as far as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Browning
- School of Philosophy, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Walter Veit
- School of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter Veit
- Carnegie Mellon University
- University of Sydney
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Binder D, Hromatka O, Noe CR, Hillebrand F, Veit W, Blum JE. [Thiophene as a structural element of physiologically active compounds, IV: o-Substituted 5-phenylthieno(2,3-e)(1,4)diazepines (author's transl)]. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1980; 313:587-602. [PMID: 7406668 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19803130704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Hromatka O, Binder D, Noe CR, Stanetty P, Veit W. �ber die Synthese von substituierten 5-Phenyl-1H-thieno[2,3-e]1,4-diazepin-2(3H)-onen. Monatshefte f�r Chemie 1973. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00910583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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