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Ilfeld BM, Smith CR, Turan A, Mariano ER, Miller ME, Fisher RL, Trescot AM, Cohen SP, Eisenach JC, Sessler DI, Prologo JD, Mascha EJ, Liu L, Gabriel RA. Smallest Clinically Meaningful Improvement in Amputation-Related Pain and Brief Pain Inventory Scores as Defined by Patient Reports of Global Improvement After Cryoneurolysis: a Retrospective Analysis of a Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Anesth Analg 2024:00000539-990000000-00707. [PMID: 38478876 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The smallest meaningful improvement in pain scores (minimal clinically important difference [MCID]) after an analgesic intervention is essential information when both interpreting published data and designing a clinical trial. However, limited information is available for patients with chronic pain conditions, and what is published is derived from studies involving pharmacologic and psychological interventions. We here calculate these values based on data collected from 144 participants of a previously published multicenter clinical trial investigating the effects of a single treatment with percutaneous cryoneurolysis. METHODS In the original trial, we enrolled patients with a lower-limb amputation and established phantom pain. Each received a single-injection femoral and sciatic nerve block with lidocaine and was subsequently randomized to receive either ultrasound-guided percutaneous cryoneurolysis or sham treatment at these same locations. Investigators, participants, and clinical staff were masked to treatment group assignment with the exception of the treating physician performing the cryoneurolysis, who had no subsequent participant interaction. At both baseline and 4 months (primary end point), participants rated their phantom limb pain based on a numeric rating scale (NRS) and their interference of pain on physical and emotional functioning as measured with the Brief Pain Inventory's interference subscale. They subsequently qualitatively defined the change using the 7-point ordinal Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC). The smallest clinically meaningful improvements in phantom limb pain and Brief Pain Inventory scores were calculated using an anchor-based method based on the PGIC. RESULTS The median (interquartile range [IQR]) phantom pain NRS (0-10) improvements at 4 months considered small, medium, and large were 1 [1-1], 3 [3-4], and 4 [3-6], respectively. The median improvements in the Brief Pain Inventory interference subscale (0-70) associated with a small, medium, and large analgesic changes were 16 [6-18], 24 [22-31], and 34 [22-46]. The proportions of patients that experienced PGIC ≥5 were 33% and 36% in the active and placebo groups, respectively. The relative risk of a patient experiencing PGIC ≥5 in the active group compared to the sham group with 95% confidence interval was 0.9 (0.6-1.4), P = .667. CONCLUSIONS Amputees with phantom limb pain treated with percutaneous cryoneurolysis rate analgesic improvements as clinically meaningful similar to pharmacologic treatments, although their MCID for the Brief Pain Inventory was somewhat larger than previously published values. This information on patient-defined clinically meaningful improvements will facilitate interpretation of available studies and guide future trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Ilfeld
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Cameron R Smith
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; ‡Departments of General Anesthesia and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alparslan Turan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Health System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Edward R Mariano
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Matthew E Miller
- Department of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Rick L Fisher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California
| | | | - Steven P Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James C Eisenach
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Daniel I Sessler
- Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Edward J Mascha
- Departments of Quantitative Health Sciences and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Liu Liu
- Departments of Quantitative Health Sciences and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Rodney A Gabriel
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
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Ilfeld BM, Finneran JJ, Alexander B, Abramson WB, Sztain JF, Ball ST, Gonzales FB, Abdullah B, Cha BJ, Said ET. Percutaneous auricular neuromodulation (nerve stimulation) for the treatment of pain following total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, double-masked, sham-controlled pilot study. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2024:rapm-2023-105028. [PMID: 38388019 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2023-105028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Percutaneous auricular nerve stimulation (neuromodulation) is an analgesic technique involving the percutaneous implantation of multiple leads at various points on/around the ear followed by the delivery of electric current using an external pulse generator. A device is currently available within the USA cleared to treat symptoms from opioid withdrawal, and multiple reports suggest a possible postoperative analgesic effect. The current randomized, controlled pilot study was undertaken to (1) determine the feasibility and optimize the protocol for a subsequent definitive clinical trial and (2) estimate the treatment effect of auricular neuromodulation on postoperative pain and opioid consumption following total knee arthroplasty. METHODS Within the recovery room following primary, unilateral, total knee arthroplasty, an auricular neuromodulation device (NSS-2 Bridge, Masimo, Irvine, California, USA) was applied using three percutaneous leads and one ground electrode. Participants were randomized to 5 days of either electrical stimulation or sham stimulation in a double-masked fashion. Participants were discharged with the stimulator in situ and removed the disposable devices at home. The dual primary treatment effect outcome measures were the cumulative opioid use (oral oxycodone) and the mean of the "average" daily pain measured with the Numeric Rating Scale for the first 5 postoperative days. RESULTS During the first five postoperative days, oxycodone consumption in participants given active stimulation (n=15) was a median (IQR) of 4 mg (2-12) vs 13 mg (5-23) in patients given sham (n=15) treatment (p=0.039). During this same period, the average pain intensity in patients given active stimulation was a median (IQR) of 2.5 (1.5-3.3) vs 4.0 (3.6-4.8) in those given sham (p=0.014). Awakenings due to pain over all eight postoperative nights in participants given active stimulation was a median (IQR) of 5 (3-8) vs 11 (4-14) in those given sham (p<0.001). No device-related localized cutaneous irritation, systemic side effects, or other adverse events were identified. CONCLUSIONS Percutaneous auricular neuromodulation reduced pain scores and opioid requirements during the initial week after total knee arthroplasty. Given the ease of application as well as the lack of systemic side effects and reported complications, a definitive clinical trial appears warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05521516.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - John J Finneran
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Brenton Alexander
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wendy B Abramson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jacklynn F Sztain
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Scott T Ball
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Francis B Gonzales
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Baharin Abdullah
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brannon J Cha
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Engy T Said
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Ilfeld BM, Cha BJ, Qian AS, Finneran JJ, Said ET, Abdullah B. Treating intractable postamputation pain with wearable, non-invasive, non-thermal, pulsed shortwave (radiofrequency) therapy: a randomized, double-masked, sham-controlled, crossover pilot study. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2024:rapm-2023-105154. [PMID: 38388013 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2023-105154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Ilfeld
- Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Brannon J Cha
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Andrew S Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John J Finneran
- Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Engy T Said
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Baharin Abdullah
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Ilfeld BM, Abramson WB, Alexander B, Sztain JF, Said ET, Broderick RC, Sandler BJ, Doucet JJ, Adams LM, Abdullah B, Cha BJ, Finneran JJ. Percutaneous auricular neuromodulation (nerve stimulation) for the treatment of pain following cholecystectomy and hernia repair: a randomized, double-masked, sham-controlled pilot study. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2024:rapm-2024-105283. [PMID: 38388014 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2024-105283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Percutaneous auricular nerve stimulation (neuromodulation) involves implanting electrodes around the ear and administering an electric current. A device is currently available within the USA cleared to treat symptoms from opioid withdrawal, and multiple reports suggest a possible postoperative analgesic effect. The current randomized controlled pilot study was undertaken to (1) determine the feasibility and optimize the protocol for a subsequent definitive clinical trial; and (2) estimate the treatment effect of auricular neuromodulation on postoperative pain and opioid consumption following two ambulatory surgical procedures. METHODS Within the recovery room following cholecystectomy or hernia repair, an auricular neuromodulation device (NSS-2 Bridge, Masimo, Irvine, California, USA) was applied. Participants were randomized to 5 days of either electrical stimulation or sham in a double-blinded fashion. RESULTS In the first 5 days, the median (IQR) pain level for active stimulation (n=15) was 0.6 (0.3-2.4) vs 2.6 (1.1-3.7) for the sham group (n=15) (p=0.041). Concurrently, the median oxycodone use for the active stimulation group was 0 mg (0-1), compared with 0 mg (0-3) for the sham group (p=0.524). Regarding the highest pain level experienced over the entire 8-day study period, only one participant (7%) who received active stimulation experienced severe pain, versus seven (47%) in those given sham (p=0.031). CONCLUSIONS Percutaneous auricular neuromodulation reduced pain scores but not opioid requirements during the initial week after cholecystectomy and hernia repair. Given the ease of application as well as a lack of systemic side effects and reported complications, a definitive clinical trial appears warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05521516.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Ilfeld
- Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Wendy B Abramson
- Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brenton Alexander
- Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jacklynn F Sztain
- Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Engy T Said
- Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ryan C Broderick
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Bryan J Sandler
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jay J Doucet
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Laura M Adams
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Baharin Abdullah
- Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brannon J Cha
- Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John J Finneran
- Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Finneran JJ, Schwartz AK, Girard PJ, Kent WT, Al-Nouri O, Trescot A, Ilfeld BM. Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Cryoneurolysis for Perioperative Analgesia Following Major Lower Extremity Amputation: A Randomized, Participant- and Observer-Masked, Sham-Controlled Pilot Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e53563. [PMID: 38445120 PMCID: PMC10914084 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extremity amputations are associated with pain in both the residual limb and the phantom limb. This pain, which is often debilitating, may be prevented by excellent perioperative pain control. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous cryoneurolysis is an analgesic modality offering pain control for weeks or months following surgery. This treatment has not been compared to the sham procedure for large nerves (e.g., femoral and sciatic) to provide preoperative analgesia. We therefore conducted a randomized, controlled pilot study to evaluate the use of this modality for the treatment of pain following amputation to (1) determine the feasibility of and optimize the study protocol for a subsequent definitive clinical trial; and (2) estimate analgesia and opioid reduction within the first postoperative weeks. METHODS A convenience sample of seven patients undergoing lower extremity amputation were randomized to receive either active cryoneurolysis or a sham procedure targeting the sciatic and femoral nerves in a participant-masked fashion. This was a pilot study with a relatively small number of participants, and therefore the resulting data were not analyzed statistically. RESULTS Compared to the participants who received sham treatment (n=3), those who underwent active cryoneurolysis (n=4) reported lower pain scores and decreased opioid consumption at nearly all time points between days one and 21 following amputation. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound-guided percutaneous cryoneurolysis of the femoral and sciatic nerves prior to lower extremity amputation appears feasible and potentially effective. The data from this pilot study may be used to power a definitive randomized clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Finneran
- Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | | | - Paul J Girard
- Orthopedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - William T Kent
- Orthopedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Omar Al-Nouri
- Vascular Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | | | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
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6
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El-Boghdadly K, Albrecht E, Wolmarans M, Mariano ER, Kopp S, Perlas A, Thottungal A, Gadsden J, Tulgar S, Adhikary S, Aguirre J, Agur AMR, Altıparmak B, Barrington MJ, Bedforth N, Blanco R, Bloc S, Boretsky K, Bowness J, Breebaart M, Burckett-St Laurent D, Carvalho B, Chelly JE, Chin KJ, Chuan A, Coppens S, Costache I, Dam M, Desmet M, Dhir S, Egeler C, Elsharkawy H, Bendtsen TF, Fox B, Franco CD, Gautier PE, Grant SA, Grape S, Guheen C, Harbell MW, Hebbard P, Hernandez N, Hogg RMG, Holtz M, Ihnatsenka B, Ilfeld BM, Ip VHY, Johnson RL, Kalagara H, Kessler P, Kwofie MK, Le-Wendling L, Lirk P, Lobo C, Ludwin D, Macfarlane AJR, Makris A, McCartney C, McDonnell J, McLeod GA, Memtsoudis SG, Merjavy P, Moran EML, Nader A, Neal JM, Niazi AU, Njathi-Ori C, O'Donnell BD, Oldman M, Orebaugh SL, Parras T, Pawa A, Peng P, Porter S, Pulos BP, Sala-Blanch X, Saporito A, Sauter AR, Schwenk ES, Sebastian MP, Sidhu N, Sinha SK, Soffin EM, Stimpson J, Tang R, Tsui BCH, Turbitt L, Uppal V, van Geffen GJ, Vermeylen K, Vlassakov K, Volk T, Xu JL, Elkassabany NM. Standardizing nomenclature in regional anesthesia: an ASRA-ESRA Delphi consensus study of upper and lower limb nerve blocks. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2023:rapm-2023-104884. [PMID: 38050174 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2023-104884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inconsistent nomenclature and anatomical descriptions of regional anesthetic techniques hinder scientific communication and engender confusion; this in turn has implications for research, education and clinical implementation of regional anesthesia. Having produced standardized nomenclature for abdominal wall, paraspinal and chest wall regional anesthetic techniques, we aimed to similarly do so for upper and lower limb peripheral nerve blocks. METHODS We performed a three-round Delphi international consensus study to generate standardized names and anatomical descriptions of upper and lower limb regional anesthetic techniques. A long list of names and anatomical description of blocks of upper and lower extremities was produced by the members of the steering committee. Subsequently, two rounds of anonymized voting and commenting were followed by a third virtual round table to secure consensus for items that remained outstanding after the first and second rounds. As with previous methodology, strong consensus was defined as ≥75% agreement and weak consensus as 50%-74% agreement. RESULTS A total of 94, 91 and 65 collaborators participated in the first, second and third rounds, respectively. We achieved strong consensus for 38 names and 33 anatomical descriptions, and weak consensus for five anatomical descriptions. We agreed on a template for naming peripheral nerve blocks based on the name of the nerve and the anatomical location of the blockade and identified several areas for future research. CONCLUSIONS We achieved consensus on nomenclature and anatomical descriptions of regional anesthetic techniques for upper and lower limb nerve blocks, and recommend using this framework in clinical and academic practice. This should improve research, teaching and learning of regional anesthesia to eventually improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Albrecht
- Department of Anaesthesia, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University Hospital of Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Morné Wolmarans
- Anaesthesiology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Edward R Mariano
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care Service, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sandra Kopp
- Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anahi Perlas
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jeff Gadsden
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Sanjib Adhikary
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jose Aguirre
- Ambulatory Center Europaallee, City Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne M R Agur
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Nigel Bedforth
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rafael Blanco
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Corniche Hospital, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sébastien Bloc
- Anesthesiology Department, Clinique Drouot Sport, Paris, France
| | - Karen Boretsky
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston's Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Bowness
- Department of Anesthesia, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Department of Anaesthesia, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Newport, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Margaretha Breebaart
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Anesthesia, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jacques E Chelly
- Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ki Jinn Chin
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alwin Chuan
- Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
- University of New South Wales, South West Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Steve Coppens
- Anesthesiology, KU Leuven University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ioana Costache
- Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mette Dam
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital Hvidore, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Shalini Dhir
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Ben Fox
- Anaesthesia, Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust, King's Lynn, UK
| | - Carlo D Franco
- Anesthesiology, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook Country, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Stuart Alan Grant
- Anesthesiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sina Grape
- Anesthesia, Hôpital du Valais, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Carrie Guheen
- Anesthesia, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Peter Hebbard
- Department of Anesthesia Northeast Health, Ultrasound Education Group, The University of Melbourne Rural Health Academic Centre, Wangaratta, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadia Hernandez
- Anesthesiology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rosemary M G Hogg
- Department of Anaesthesia, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Margaret Holtz
- Anesthesia, WellStar Health System, Marietta, Georgia, USA
| | - Barys Ihnatsenka
- Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Anesthesia, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA
- Anesthesia, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Vivian H Y Ip
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rebecca L Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hari Kalagara
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville Campus, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Paul Kessler
- Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M Kwesi Kwofie
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Managaement, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Linda Le-Wendling
- Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Philipp Lirk
- Dept. of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clara Lobo
- Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | | | | | - Colin McCartney
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Graeme A McLeod
- Department of Anaesthesia, NHS Tayside, Dundee, UK
- Instittute of Academic Anaesthesia, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Stavros G Memtsoudis
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Management, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - E M Louise Moran
- Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Letterkenny University Hospital, Letterkenny, Ireland
| | - Antoun Nader
- Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joseph M Neal
- Anesthesiology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ahtsham U Niazi
- Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Njathi-Ori
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Matt Oldman
- University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK
| | - Steven L Orebaugh
- Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center-Southside, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Teresa Parras
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Hospital Quironsalud, Malaga, Spain
| | - Amit Pawa
- Department of Anaesthesia, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's college London, London, UK
| | - Philip Peng
- Anesthesia, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Bridget P Pulos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xavier Sala-Blanch
- Anesthesiology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona Faculty of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Saporito
- Anesthesia, Ospedale Regionale di Bellinzona e Valli Bellinzona, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Axel R Sauter
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric S Schwenk
- Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Navdeep Sidhu
- Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, North shore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sanjay Kumar Sinha
- Anesthesiology, Woodland Anesthesiology Associates, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ellen M Soffin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Management, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - James Stimpson
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust, King's Lynn, UK
| | - Raymond Tang
- Anesthesia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ban C H Tsui
- Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Lloyd Turbitt
- Department of Anesthesia, Belfast Health and Social Care trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Vishal Uppal
- Anesthesia, Dalhousie University - Faculty of Health Professions, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Kris Vermeylen
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Turnhout Campus Sint Elisabeth, Turnhout, Belgium
| | - Kamen Vlassakov
- Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Volk
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Hospital and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jeff L Xu
- Anesthesiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Anesthesiology, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Nabil M Elkassabany
- Anesthesiology & Critical Care, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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7
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Finneran JJ, Ilfeld BM. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks for analgesia following painful ambulatory surgery: a review with focus on recent developments in infusion technology. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2023; 36:525-532. [PMID: 37552018 DOI: 10.1097/aco.0000000000001284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Continuous peripheral nerve blocks (cPNB) decrease pain scores and opioid consumption while improving patient satisfaction following ambulatory surgery. This review focuses on the history and evolution of ambulatory cPNBs, recent developments in infusion technology that may prolong the duration of analgesia, optimal choice of cPNB for various surgical procedures, and novel analgesic modalities that may prove to be alternatives or supplements to cPNBs. RECENT FINDINGS The primary factor limiting the duration of an ambulatory cPNB is the size of the local anesthetic reservoir. Recent evidence suggests the use of automated boluses, as opposed to continuous infusions, may decrease the rate of consumption of local anesthetic and, thereby, prolong the duration of analgesia. Utilizing a long-acting local anesthetic (e.g. ropivacaine) for initial block placement and an infusion start-delay timer may further increase this duration. SUMMARY Patients undergoing painful ambulatory surgery are likely to have less pain and require fewer opioid analgesics when receiving a cPNB for postoperative analgesia. Advances in electronic pumps used for cPNBs may increase the duration of these benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Finneran
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Ilfeld BM, Khatibi B, Maheshwari K, Madison S, Ali Sakr Esa W, Mariano ER, Kent M, Hanling S, Sessler DI, Eisenach JC, Cohen SP, Mascha E, Li S, Turan A. Patient-centered results from a multicenter study of continuous peripheral nerve blocks and postamputation phantom and residual limb pain: secondary outcomes from a randomized, clinical trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2023; 48:471-477. [PMID: 36894197 PMCID: PMC10423523 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2023-104389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We previously reported that a 6-day continuous peripheral nerve block reduces established postamputation phantom pain. To provide patients and providers with the information to best inform treatment decisions, here we reanalyze the data and present the results in a more patient-centered format. We also provide information on patient-defined clinically relevant benefits to facilitate evaluation of available studies and guide future trial design. METHODS The original trial enrolled participants with a limb amputation and phantom pain who were randomized to receive a 6-day continuous peripheral nerve block(s) of either ropivacaine (n=71) or saline (n=73) in a double-masked fashion. Here we calculate the percentage of each treatment group that experienced a clinically relevant improvement as defined by previous studies as well as present what the participants of our study defined as small, medium, and large analgesic improvements using the 7-point ordinal Patient Global Impression of Change scale. RESULTS Among patients who were given a 6-day ropivacaine infusion, 57% experienced at least a 2-point improvement on the 11-point numeric rating scale in their average and worst phantom pain 4 weeks postbaseline as compared with 26% (p<0.001) for average and 25% (p<0.001) for worst pain in patients given a placebo infusion. At 4 weeks, the percentage of participants rating their pain as improved was 53% for the active vs 30% for the placebo groups (95% CI 1.7 (1.1, 2.7), p=0.008). For all patients combined, the median (IQR) phantom pain Numeric Rating Scale improvements at 4 weeks considered small, medium, and large were 2 (0-2), 3 (2-5), and 5 (3-7), respectively. The median improvements in the Brief Pain Inventory interference subscale (0-70) associated with small, medium, and large analgesic changes were 8 (1-18), 22 (14-31), and 39 (26-47). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with postamputation phantom pain, a continuous peripheral nerve block more than doubles the chance of a clinically relevant improvement in pain intensity. Amputees with phantom and/or residual limb pain rate analgesic improvements as clinically relevant similarly to other chronic pain etiologies, although their smallest relevant improvement in the Brief Pain Inventory was significantly larger than previously published values. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01824082.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- The Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Bahareh Khatibi
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- The Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kamal Maheshwari
- The Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of General Anesthesia, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarah Madison
- Department of Anesthesiology, Long Beach VA Medical Center, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Wael Ali Sakr Esa
- Department of General Anesthesia, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Edward R Mariano
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, Stanford, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Michael Kent
- Department of Anesthesiology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven Hanling
- Department of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Daniel I Sessler
- The Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - James C Eisenach
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven P Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward Mascha
- The Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Departments of Quantitative Health Sciences and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Shuyi Li
- The Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Departments of Quantitative Health Sciences and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Alparslan Turan
- The Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Departments of General Anesthesia & Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Said ET, Marsh-Armstrong BP, Fischer SJ, Suresh PJ, Swisher MW, Trescot AM, Prologo JD, Abdullah B, Ilfeld BM. Relative Effects of Various Factors on Ice Ball Formation and Ablation Zone Size During Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Cryoneurolysis: A Laboratory Investigation to Inform Clinical Practice and Future Research. Pain Ther 2023; 12:771-783. [PMID: 37000371 PMCID: PMC10199980 DOI: 10.1007/s40122-023-00497-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ultrasound-guided percutaneous cryoneurolysis provides analgesia using cold temperatures to reversibly ablate peripheral nerves. Cryoneurolysis probes pass a gas through a small internal annulus, rapidly lowering the pressure and temperature, forming an ice ball to envelope the target nerve. Analgesia is compromised if a nerve is inadequately frozen, and laboratory studies suggest that pain may be paradoxically induced with a magnitude and duration in proportion with the incomplete ablation. We therefore investigated the relative effects of various factors that may contribute to the size of the ice ball and the effective cryoneurolysis zone. METHODS A cryoprobe was inserted into a piece of meat, a gas was passed through for 2 min, and the resulting ice ball width (cross-section) and length (axis parallel to the probe) were measured using ultrasound, with the temperature evaluated in nine concentric locations concurrently. RESULTS The factor with the greatest influence on ice ball size was probe gauge: in all probe types, a change from 18 to 14 increased ice ball width, length, and volume by up to 70%, 113%, and 512% respectively, with minimum internal temperature decreasing as much as from -5 to -32 °C. In contrast, alternating the type of meat (chicken, beef, pork) and the shape of the probe tip (straight, coudé) affected ice ball dimensions to a negligible degree. The ice ball dimensions and the zone of adequate temperature drop were not always correlated, and, even within a visualized ice ball, the temperature was often inadequate to induce Wallerian degeneration. CONCLUSIONS Percutaneous probe design can significantly influence the effective cryoneurolysis zone; visualizing a nerve fully encompassed in an ice ball does not guarantee adequate treatment to induce the desired Wallerian degeneration because ice forms at temperatures between 0 and -20 °C, whereas only temperatures below -20 °C induce Wallerian degeneration. The correlation between temperatures in isolated pieces of meat and perfused human tissue remains unknown, and further research to evaluate these findings in situ appears highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engy T Said
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0898, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0898, USA
| | | | - Seth J Fischer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0898, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0898, USA
| | - Preetham J Suresh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0898, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0898, USA
| | - Matthew W Swisher
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0898, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0898, USA
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Baharin Abdullah
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0898, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0898, USA
| | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0898, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0898, USA.
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Coblentz IJ, Ilfeld BM, Finneran IV JJ. Thoracic Epidural as a Rescue Analgesic in a Patient with a Continuous Erector Spinae Plane Block for Rib Fractures: A Case Report. Am J Case Rep 2023; 24:e938875. [PMID: 37069804 PMCID: PMC10120608 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.938875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rib fractures are a common traumatic injury with significant morbidity and mortality resulting from respiratory compromise. Regional anesthetic techniques have demonstrated efficacy in reducing morbidity and mortality from rib fractures, but there is limited evidence comparing various techniques, and in complex trauma patients various factors may preclude the use of neuraxial and other techniques. CASE REPORT We report the case of a 72-year-old man who presented with left 4th-11th rib fractures. He was initially managed with a continuous erector spinae plane catheter, which resulted in improved pain and incentive spirometry. Unfortunately, he continued to decline and ultimately was rescued from impending respiratory failure by placement of a T6-T7 epidural catheter and epidural infusion of bupivacaine. CONCLUSIONS This case report suggests that a continuous erector spinae plane block may be a useful regional anesthesia technique in the management of rib fractures through its potential to improve pain control and increase incentive spirometry volumes. It also suggests that there may be limitations to its utility given the continued decline of the patient, who was eventually rescued from respiratory failure by placement of a thoracic epidural. Unique to erector spinae plane blocks are the ability to be managed in the outpatient setting, improved safety profile, ease of placement, and potential to be placed in patients with coagulopathy and on anticoagulation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Coblentz
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, USA
| | - Brian M. Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, USA
| | - John J. Finneran IV
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, USA
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Ilfeld BM, Smith CR, Turan A, Mariano ER, Miller ME, Fisher RL, Trescot AM, Cohen SP, Eisenach JC, Sessler DI, Prologo JD, Mascha EJ, Liu L, Gabriel RA. Ultrasound-guided Percutaneous Cryoneurolysis to Treat Chronic Postamputation Phantom Limb Pain: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesiology 2023; 138:82-97. [PMID: 36512721 PMCID: PMC10374196 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000004429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postamputation phantom pain is notoriously persistent with few validated treatments. Cryoneurolysis involves the application of low temperatures to reversibly ablate peripheral nerves. The authors tested the hypothesis that a single cryoneurolysis treatment would decrease phantom pain 4 months later. METHODS The authors enrolled patients with a lower-limb amputation and established phantom pain. Each received a single-injection femoral and sciatic nerve block with lidocaine and was subsequently randomized to receive either ultrasound-guided percutaneous cryoneurolysis or sham treatment at these same locations. The primary outcome was the change in average phantom pain intensity between baseline and 4 months as measured with a numeric rating scale (0 to 10), after which an optional crossover treatment was offered. Investigators, participants, and clinical staff were masked to treatment group assignment with the exception of the treating physician performing the cryoneurolysis, who had no subsequent participant interaction. RESULTS Pretreatment phantom pain scores were similar in both groups, with a median [quartiles] of 5.0 [4.0, 6.0] for active treatment and 5.0 [4.0, 7.0] for sham. After 4 months, pain intensity decreased by 0.5 [-0.5, 3.0] in patients given cryoneurolysis (n = 71) versus 0 [0, 3] in patients given sham (n = 73), with an estimated difference (95% CI) of -0.1 (-1.0 to 0.7), P = 0.759. Following their statistical gatekeeping protocol, the authors did not make inferences or draw conclusions on secondary endpoints. One serious adverse event occurred after a protocol deviation in which a femoral nerve cryolesion was induced just below the inguinal ligament-instead of the sensory-only saphenous nerve-which resulted in quadriceps weakness, and possibly a fall and clavicle fracture. CONCLUSIONS Percutaneous cryoneurolysis did not decrease chronic lower extremity phantom limb pain 4 months after treatment. However, these results were based upon the authors' specific study protocol, and since the optimal cryoneurolysis treatment parameters such as freeze duration and anatomic treatment location remain unknown, further research is warranted. EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Outcomes Research Consortium
| | | | - Alparslan Turan
- Departments of General Anesthesia and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Outcomes Research Consortium
| | - Edward R. Mariano
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, California
| | - Matthew E. Miller
- Department of Anesthesiology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rick L. Fisher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Andrea M. Trescot
- Florida Pain Relief Group, Florida Pain Relief Group, Tampa, Florida
| | - Steven P. Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland; Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James C. Eisenach
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Daniel I. Sessler
- Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Outcomes Research Consortium
| | | | - Edward J. Mascha
- Departments of Quantitative Health Sciences and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Outcomes Research Consortium
| | - Liu Liu
- Departments of Quantitative Health Sciences and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Outcomes Research Consortium
| | - Rodney A. Gabriel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Outcomes Research Consortium
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Ilfeld BM, Said ET, Gabriel RA, Curran BP, Swisher MW, Jacobsen GR, Wallace AM, Doucet J, Adams LM, Ventro GJ, Abdullah B, Finneran JJ. Wearable, noninvasive, pulsed shortwave (radiofrequency) therapy for analgesia and opioid sparing following outpatient surgery: A proof-of-concept case series. Pain Pract 2022. [PMID: 36463434 DOI: 10.1111/papr.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is often difficult to concurrently provide adequate analgesia while minimizing opioid requirements following ambulatory surgery. Nonthermal, pulsed shortwave (radiofrequency) fields are a noninvasive treatment used as an adjunct analgesic and wound healing therapy. The devices may be placed by nursing staff in less than a minute, are relatively inexpensive and readily available, theoretically provide analgesia for nearly any anatomic location, and have no systemic side effects-patients cannot detect any sensations from the devices-or significant risks. Here we present a case series to demonstrate the use of pulsed, electromagnetic field devices for outpatient herniorrhaphy and breast surgery. CASE REPORT Following moderately painful ambulatory umbilical (n = 3) and inguinal (n = 2) hernia repair as well as bilateral breast surgery (n = 2), patients had taped over their surgical incision(s) 1 or 2 noninvasive, wearable, disposable, pulsed shortwave therapy devices (RecoveryRx, BioElectronics Corporation, Frederick, Maryland) which functioned continuously for 30 days. Average resting pain scores measured on the 0-10 numeric rating scale were a median of 0 during the entire treatment period. Six patients avoided opioid use entirely, while the remaining individual required only 5 mg of oxycodone during the first postoperative day. CONCLUSIONS These cases demonstrate that the ambulatory use of pulsed shortwave devices is feasible and may be an effective analgesic, possibly obviating opioid requirements following outpatient herniorrhaphy and breast surgery. Considering the lack of any side effects, adverse events, and misuse/dependence/diversion potential, further study with a randomized, controlled trial appears warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of California San Diego, California, USA.,Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Engy T Said
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of California San Diego, California, USA
| | - Rodney A Gabriel
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of California San Diego, California, USA.,Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian P Curran
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of California San Diego, California, USA
| | - Matthew W Swisher
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of California San Diego, California, USA.,Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Garth R Jacobsen
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, California, USA
| | - Anne M Wallace
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jay Doucet
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, California, USA
| | - Laura M Adams
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, California, USA
| | - George J Ventro
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, California, USA
| | - Baharin Abdullah
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of California San Diego, California, USA
| | - John J Finneran
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of California San Diego, California, USA.,Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Gabriel RA, Ilfeld BM. Extending Perioperative Analgesia with Ultrasound-Guided, Percutaneous Cryoneurolysis, and Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (Neuromodulation). Anesthesiol Clin 2022; 40:469-479. [PMID: 36049875 DOI: 10.1016/j.anclin.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of regional anesthesia is key to a successful approach to improving postoperative analgesia, which involves local anesthetic deposition either around peripheral nerves or within a fascial plane. Unfortunately, the realistic duration even with continuous peripheral nerve blocks usually does not match the duration of surgical pain, comprising a major limitation. Here, the use of 2 interventional modalities-ultrasound-guided percutaneous cryoneurolysis and peripheral nerve stimulation-is discussed, both of which may be used to treat acute and subacute pain and may therefore have a positive impact on the incidence and severity of chronic pain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Gabriel
- Division of Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, California 92103-8990, USA
| | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Division of Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, California 92103-8990, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0898, La Jolla, CA 92093-0898, USA.
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14
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Swisher MW, Ball ST, Gonzales FB, Cidambi KR, Trescot AM, Ilfeld BM. A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study Using Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Cryoneurolysis of the Infrapatellar Branch of the Saphenous Nerve for Analgesia Following Total Knee Arthroplasty. Pain Ther 2022; 11:1299-1307. [PMID: 36018541 PMCID: PMC9633886 DOI: 10.1007/s40122-022-00427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is frequently associated with severe, prolonged postsurgical pain, and therefore local anesthetic-based peripheral nerve blocks are commonly used for postoperative analgesia. Cryoneurolysis involves the use of freezing temperatures to provide a reversible sensory (and motor) block with a duration measured in weeks and months, more commensurate with the typical period of post-TKA pain. We therefore conducted a randomized controlled pilot study to evaluate the use of this modality for the treatment of pain following TKA to (1) determine the feasibility of and optimize the study protocol for a subsequent definitive clinical trial; and (2) estimate analgesia and opioid reduction within the first 3 postoperative weeks. METHODS A convenience sample of 16 patients undergoing primary TKA with a single-injection and/or continuous adductor canal nerve block were randomized to receive either active cryoneurolysis or a sham procedure targeting the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve, in a participant-masked fashion. This was a pilot study with a relatively small number of participants, and therefore resulting data were not analyzed statistically. RESULTS Compared with participants receiving sham, the active treatment group reported slightly lower average and worst pain scores as well as opioid consumption and sleep disturbances due to pain at a majority of postoperative time points between postoperative days (POD) 4-21. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative ultrasound-guided cryoneurolysis of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve is feasible and may provide analgesic benefits for multiple weeks following TKA. A definitive randomized controlled trial appears warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Swisher
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. .,Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,UC San Diego Health, 9300 Campus Point Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Scott T Ball
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Francis B Gonzales
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Krishna R Cidambi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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15
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Ilfeld BM, Said ET, Abdullah B, Finneran IV JJ. Treating Intractable Postamputation Pain with Noninvasive, Wearable, Nonthermal, Pulsed Shortwave (Radiofrequency) Therapy: A 12-Patient Case Series. Am J Case Rep 2022; 23:e937549. [PMID: 35976802 PMCID: PMC9394547 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.937549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Case series
Patients:—
Final Diagnosis: Post-amputation phantom limb pain
Symptoms: Phantom limb pain
Medication: —
Clinical Procedure: —
Specialty: Anesthesiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, USA, CA
| | - Engy T. Said
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, USA, CA
| | - Baharin Abdullah
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, USA, CA
| | - John J. Finneran IV
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, USA, CA
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16
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Ilfeld BM. Why science is less scientific than we think (and what to do about it): The 2022 Gaston Labat Award Lecture. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2022; 47:395-400. [PMID: 35365548 PMCID: PMC9132860 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2021-103331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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17
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Ilfeld BM, Finneran Iv JJ, Dalstrom D, Wallace AM, Abdullah B, Said ET. Percutaneous auricular nerve stimulation (neuromodulation) for the treatment of pain following outpatient surgery: a proof-of-concept case series. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2022; 47:rapm-2022-103777. [PMID: 35715011 PMCID: PMC9340022 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2022-103777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following outpatient surgery, it is often difficult to provide adequate analgesia while concurrently minimizing opioid requirements. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation has been proposed as an analgesic, but requires physician-level skills, advanced equipment, up to an hour to administer, and is frequently cost prohibitive. In contrast, percutaneous auricular neuromodulation may be placed by nursing staff in a few minutes without additional equipment, theoretically provides analgesia for nearly any anatomic location, lacks systemic side effects, and has no significant risks. We now present a case report to demonstrate proof of concept for the off-label use of an auricular neuromodulation device-originally developed to treat symptoms associated with opioid withdrawal-to instead provide analgesia following outpatient surgery. CASE PRESENTATION Following moderately painful ambulatory orthopedic and breast surgery, seven patients had an auricular neuromodulation device (NSS-2 Bridge, Masimo, Irvine, California, USA) affixed within the recovery room in approximately 5 min and discharged home. Average resting and dynamic pain scores measured on the 0-10 Numeric Rating Scale were a median of 1 over the first 2 days, subsequently falling to 0. Five patients avoided opioid use entirely, while the remaining two each consumed 5 mg of oxycodone during the first 1-2 postoperative days. After 5 days, the devices were removed at home and discarded. CONCLUSIONS These cases demonstrate that ambulatory percutaneous auricular neuromodulation is feasible and may be an effective analgesic and decreasing or even negating opioid requirements following outpatient surgery. Considering the lack of systemic side effects, serious adverse events, and misuse/dependence/diversion potential, further study with a randomized, controlled trial appears warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John J Finneran Iv
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David Dalstrom
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anne M Wallace
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Baharin Abdullah
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Engy T Said
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Ali J, Antonelli M, Bastian L, Becker W, Brandt CA, Burgess DJ, Burns A, Cohen SP, Davis AF, Dearth CL, Dziura J, Edwards R, Erdos J, Farrokhi S, Fritz J, Geda M, George SZ, Goertz C, Goodie J, Hastings SN, Heapy A, Ilfeld BM, Katsovich L, Kerns RD, Kyriakides TC, Lee A, Long CR, Luther SL, Martino S, Matheny ME, McGeary D, Midboe A, Pasquina P, Peduzzi P, Raffanello M, Rhon D, Rosen M, Esposito ER, Scarton D, Hastings SN, Seal K, Silliker N, Taylor S, Taylor SL, Tsui M, Wright FS, Zeliadt S. Optimizing the Impact of Pragmatic Clinical Trials for Veteran and Military Populations: Lessons From the Pain Management Collaboratory. Mil Med 2021; 187:179-185. [PMID: 34791412 PMCID: PMC9389906 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pragmatic clinical trials (PCTs) are well-suited to address unmet healthcare needs, such as those arising from the dual public health crises of chronic pain and opioid misuse, recently exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. These overlapping epidemics have complex, multifactorial etiologies, and PCTs can be used to investigate the effectiveness of integrated therapies that are currently available but underused. Yet individual pragmatic studies can be limited in their reach because of existing structural and cultural barriers to dissemination and implementation. The National Institutes of Health, Department of Defense, and Department of Veterans Affairs formed an interagency research partnership, the Pain Management Collaboratory. The partnership combines pragmatic trial design with collaborative tools and relationship building within a large network to advance the science and impact of nonpharmacological approaches and integrated models of care for the management of pain and common co-occurring conditions. The Pain Management Collaboratory team supports 11 large-scale, multisite PCTs in veteran and military health systems with a focus on team science with the shared aim that the "whole is greater than the sum of the parts." Herein, we describe this integrated approach and lessons learned, including incentivizing all parties; proactively offering frequent opportunities for problem-solving; engaging stakeholders during all stages of research; and navigating competing research priorities. We also articulate several specific strategies and their practical implications for advancing pain management in active clinical, "real-world," settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ali
- Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Margaret Antonelli
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lori Bastian
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - William Becker
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Cynthia A Brandt
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Diana J Burgess
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA,University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Amy Burns
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Steven P Cohen
- Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Clarksville, MD 21029, USA0
| | - Alison F Davis
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Christopher L Dearth
- DoD-VA Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jim Dziura
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rob Edwards
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Joe Erdos
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Shawn Farrokhi
- Naval Medical Center San Diego, Department of Physical Therapy, San Diego, CA 92134, USA
| | - Julie Fritz
- University of Utah, College of Health, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Mary Geda
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Steven Z George
- Duke Clinical Research Institute and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27715, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Goodie
- School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Susan N Hastings
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Alicia Heapy
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, LaJolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lily Katsovich
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Robert D Kerns
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tassos C Kyriakides
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Allison Lee
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Cynthia R Long
- Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research, Davenport, IA 52803, USA
| | - Stephen L Luther
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA,University of South Florida College of Public Health, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Steve Martino
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Michael E Matheny
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Don McGeary
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Amanda Midboe
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Paul Pasquina
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA,Department of Rehabilitation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Peter Peduzzi
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Daniel Rhon
- Brooke Army Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Marc Rosen
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Dylan Scarton
- Henry Jackson Foundation, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Susan N Hastings
- Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Karen Seal
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA,San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Norman Silliker
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sakasha Taylor
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Stephanie L Taylor
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA,University of California Los Angeles Department of Medicine and Department of Health Policy and Management, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Megan Tsui
- Henry Jackson Foundation, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Fred S Wright
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Steven Zeliadt
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA,University of Washington, School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Gabriel RA, Ilfeld BM. In reply to 'serratus blocks: clinical applications ought to be based on sensory coverage'. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2021; 47:204. [PMID: 34711659 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2021-103252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Gabriel
- Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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20
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Finneran Iv JJ, Baskin P, Kent WT, Hentzen ER, Schwartz AK, Ilfeld BM. Automated Boluses and Delayed-Start Timers Prolong Perineural Local Anesthetic Infusions and Analgesia Following Ankle and Wrist Orthopedic Surgery: A Case-Control Series. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e933190. [PMID: 34580272 PMCID: PMC8485699 DOI: 10.12659/msm.933190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Continuous peripheral nerve blocks can be administered as continuous infusion, patient-controlled boluses, automated boluses, or a combination of these modalities. Material/Methods Ten patients undergoing either ankle (5) or distal radius (5) open reduction and internal fixation received single-injection ropivacaine sciatic nerve block or infraclavicular brachial plexus block and catheter. Infusion pumps were set to begin administering additional ropivacaine 6 h following the initial block as automated boluses supplemented with patient-controlled boluses. Results Patients had similar pain scores when compared to previously published controls; however, local anesthetic consumption was lower in the patients, resulting in increased infusion and analgesia duration by 1 or more days in each group. Conclusions For infraclavicular and popliteal sciatic catheters, automated boluses may provide a longer duration of analgesia than continuous infusions following painful hand and ankle surgeries, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Finneran Iv
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Paola Baskin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - William T Kent
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eric R Hentzen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra K Schwartz
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
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21
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Ilfeld BM, Plunkett A, Vijjeswarapu AM, Hackworth R, Dhanjal S, Turan A, Cohen SP, Eisenach JC, Griffith S, Hanling S, Sessler DI, Mascha EJ, Han Y, Boggs JW, Wongsarnpigoon A, Gelfand H. Percutaneous Neuromodulation of the Brachial Plexus and Sciatic Nerve for the Treatment of Acute Pain Following Surgery: Secondary Outcomes From a Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study. Neuromodulation 2021; 26:638-649. [PMID: 34343394 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We recently reported that percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS or "neuromodulation") decreased pain and opioid consumption within the first two weeks following ambulatory surgery. However, the anatomic lead locations were combined for the analysis, and benefits for each location remain unknown. We therefore now report the effects of percutaneous PNS for brachial plexus and sciatic nerve leads separately. MATERIALS AND METHODS Before surgery, leads were implanted percutaneously to target the brachial plexus (N = 21) for rotator cuff repair or sciatic nerve (N = 40) for foot/ankle surgery, followed by a single injection of local anesthetic. Postoperatively, subjects were randomized in a double masked fashion to 14 days of electrical stimulation (N = 30) or sham/placebo (N = 31) using an external pulse generator. The primary outcome of interest was opioid consumption and pain scores evaluated jointly. Thus, stimulation was deemed effective if superior on either outcome and at least noninferior on the other. RESULTS For brachial plexus leads, during the first seven postoperative days pain measured with the numeric rating scale in participants given active stimulation was a median [interquartile range ] of 0.8 [0.5, 1.6] versus 3.2 [2.7, 3.5] in patients given sham (p < 0.001). For this same group, opioid consumption in participants given active stimulation was 10 mg [5, 20] versus 71 mg [35, 125] in patients given sham (p = 0.043). For sciatic nerve leads, pain scores for the active treatment group were 0.7 [0, 1.4] versus 2.8 [1.6, 4.6] in patients given sham (p < 0.001). During this same period, participants given active stimulation consumed 5 mg [0, 30] of opioids versus 40 mg [20, 105] in patients given sham (p = 0.004). Treatment effects did not differ statistically between the two locations. CONCLUSIONS Ambulatory percutaneous PNS of both the brachial plexus and sciatic nerve is an effective treatment for acute pain free of systemic side-effects following painful orthopedic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anthony Plunkett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Womack Army Medical Center, Fayetteville, NC, USA
| | | | - Robert Hackworth
- Department of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sandeep Dhanjal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alparslan Turan
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Departments of General Anesthesiology and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Steven P Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James C Eisenach
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Scott Griffith
- Department of Anesthesiology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven Hanling
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Columbia Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Daniel I Sessler
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Edward J Mascha
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Departments of Quantitative Health Sciences and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yanyan Han
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Departments of Quantitative Health Sciences and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Harold Gelfand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
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22
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Finneran Iv JJ, Schaar AN, Swisher MW, Godat LN, Lee JG, Higginson SM, Ilfeld BM. Percutaneous cryoneurolysis of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve for analgesia following skin grafting: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2021; 47:60-61. [PMID: 34341017 PMCID: PMC8639942 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2021-102931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J Finneran Iv
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Adam N Schaar
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Matthew W Swisher
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Laura N Godat
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jeanne G Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sara M Higginson
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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23
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Ilfeld BM, Khatibi B, Maheshwari K, Madison SJ, Ali Sakr Esa W, Mariano ER, Kent ML, Hanling S, Sessler DI, Eisenach JC, Cohen SP, Mascha EJ, Yang D, Padwal JA, Turan A. Immediate Effects of a Continuous Peripheral Nerve Block on Postamputation Phantom and Residual Limb Pain: Secondary Outcomes From a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Anesth Analg 2021; 133:1019-1027. [PMID: 34314392 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently reported that a 6-day continuous peripheral nerve block reduced established postamputation phantom pain 3 weeks after treatment ended. However, the immediate effects of perineural infusion (secondary outcomes) have yet to be reported. METHODS Participants from 5 enrolling academic centers with an upper or lower limb amputation and established phantom pain received a single-injection ropivacaine peripheral nerve block(s) and perineural catheter insertion(s). They were subsequently randomized to receive a 6-day ambulatory perineural infusion of either ropivacaine 0.5% or normal saline in a double-masked fashion. Participants were contacted by telephone 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after the infusion started, with pain measured using the Numeric Rating Scale. Treatment effects were assessed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test at each time point. Adjusting for 4 time points (days 1, 7, 14, and 21), P < .0125 was deemed statistically significant. Significance at 28 days was reported using methods from the original, previously published article. RESULTS Pretreatment average phantom and residual pain scores were balanced between the groups. The day after infusion initiation (day 1), average phantom, and residual limb pain intensity was lower in patients receiving local anesthetic (n = 71) versus placebo (n = 73): median [quartiles] of 0 [0-2.5] vs 3.3 [0-5.0], median difference (98.75% confidence interval [CI]) of -1.0 (-3.0 to 0) for phantom pain (P = .001) and 0 [0-0] vs 0 [0-4.3], and median difference 0.0 (-2.0 to 0.0) for residual limb pain (P < .001). Pain's interference with physical and emotional functioning as measured with the interference domain of the Brief Pain Inventory improved during the infusion on day 1 for patients receiving local anesthetic versus placebo: 0 [0-10] vs 10 [0-40], median difference (98.75% CI) of 0.0 (-16.0 to 0.0), P = .002. Following infusion discontinuation (day 6), a few differences were found between the active and placebo treatment groups between days 7 and 21. In general, sample medians for average phantom and residual limb pain scores gradually increased after catheter removal for both treatments, but to a greater degree in the control group until day 28, at which time the differences between the groups returned to statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS This secondary analysis suggests that a continuous peripheral nerve block decreases phantom and residual limb pain during the infusion, although few improvements were again detected until day 28, 3 weeks following catheter removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Ilfeld
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Bahareh Khatibi
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Kamal Maheshwari
- Departments of General Anesthesia and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Departments of General Anesthesia and Outcomes Research, The Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sarah J Madison
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Wael Ali Sakr Esa
- Departments of General Anesthesia and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Departments of General Anesthesia and Outcomes Research, The Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Edward R Mariano
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, California
| | - Michael L Kent
- Department of Anesthesiology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven Hanling
- Department of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Daniel I Sessler
- Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Outcomes Research, The Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - James C Eisenach
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Steven P Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Edward J Mascha
- Departments of Quantitative Health Sciences and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Departments of Quantitative Health Sciences and Outcomes Research, The Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Dongsheng Yang
- Departments of Quantitative Health Sciences and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jennifer A Padwal
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Alparslan Turan
- Departments of General Anesthesia and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Departments of General Anesthesia and Outcomes Research, The Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio
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24
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Gabriel RA, Swisher MW, Sztain JF, Curran BP, Said ET, Abramson WB, Khatibi B, Alexander BS, Finneran JJ, Wallace AM, Armani A, Blair S, Dobke M, Suliman A, Reid C, Donohue MC, Ilfeld BM. Serratus anterior plane versus paravertebral nerve blocks for postoperative analgesia after non-mastectomy breast surgery: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2021; 46:773-778. [PMID: 34158376 PMCID: PMC8380889 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2021-102785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Paravertebral and serratus plane blocks are both used to treat pain following breast surgery. However, it remains unknown if the newer serratus block provides comparable analgesia to the decades-old paravertebral technique. Methods Subjects undergoing unilateral or bilateral non-mastectomy breast surgery were randomized to a single-injection serratus or paravertebral block in a subject-masked fashion (ropivacaine 0.5%; 20 mL unilateral; 16 mL/side bilateral). We hypothesized that (1) analgesia would be non-inferior in the recovery room with serratus blocks (measurement: Numeric Rating Scale), and (2) opioid consumption would be non-inferior with serratus blocks in the operating and recovery rooms. In order to claim that serratus blocks are non-inferior to paravertebral blocks, both hypotheses must be at least non-inferior. Results Within the recovery room, pain scores for participants with serratus blocks (n=49) had a median (IQR) of 4.0 (0–5.5) vs 0 (0–3.0) for those with paravertebral blocks (n=51): 0.95% CI −3.00 to −0.00; p=0.001. However, the difference in morphine equivalents did not reach statistical significance for superiority with the serratus group consuming 14 mg (10–19) vs 10 mg (10–16) for the paravertebral group: 95% CI −4.50 to 0.00, p=0.123. Since the 95% CI lower limit of −4.5 was less than our prespecified margin of −2.0, we failed to conclude non-inferiority of the serratus block with regard to opioid consumption. Conclusions Serratus blocks provided inferior analgesia compared with paravertebral blocks. Without a dramatic improvement in safety profile for serratus blocks, it appears that paravertebral blocks are superior to serratus blocks for postoperative analgesia after non-mastectomy breast surgery. Trial registration number NCT03860974.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Gabriel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Regional Anesthesia, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA .,Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Matthew W Swisher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Regional Anesthesia, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jacklynn F Sztain
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Regional Anesthesia, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brian P Curran
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Regional Anesthesia, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Engy T Said
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Regional Anesthesia, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wendy B Abramson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Regional Anesthesia, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Bahareh Khatibi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Regional Anesthesia, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brenton S Alexander
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Regional Anesthesia, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John J Finneran
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Regional Anesthesia, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anne M Wallace
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ava Armani
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sarah Blair
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marek Dobke
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ahmed Suliman
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christopher Reid
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael C Donohue
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Regional Anesthesia, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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25
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Abstract
Introduction: Conventional nerve blocks utilize local anesthetic drugs to provide pain relief for hours or days following surgery or trauma. However, postoperative and trauma pain can last weeks or months. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous cryoneurolysis is an anesthetic modality that offers substantially longer pain relief compared to local anesthetic-based nerve blocks.Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the history, mechanism of action, and use of ultrasound-guided percutaneous cryoneurolysis by anesthesiologists in the setting of acute pain management.Expert opinion: Ultrasound-guided percutaneous cryoneurolysis offers the potential to provide weeks or months of pain relief following surgery or trauma. Compared to continuous local anesthetic-based peripheral nerve blocks, currently the gold standard for providing long duration postoperative analgesia, cryoneurolysis has benefits that include: 1) longer duration measured in weeks or months rather than days; 2) no external reservoir of local anesthetic to be carried by the patient; 3) no risk of infection; and 4) no risk of catheter dislodgement. However, cryoneurolysis can induce a prolonged motor block in addition to the sensory block, decreasing the appropriate indications to those in which potential sensory and motor deficits are acceptable. Additionally, cryoneurolysis of multiple nerves can have a substantial time requirement relative to conventional nerve blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Finneran Iv
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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Ilfeld BM, Gelfand H, Dhanjal S, Hackworth R, Plunkett A, Turan A, Vijjeswarapu AM, Cohen SP, Eisenach JC, Griffith S, Hanling S, Mascha EJ, Sessler DI. Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation: A Pragmatic Effectiveness Trial of a Nonpharmacologic Alternative for the Treatment of Postoperative Pain. Pain Med 2021; 21:S53-S61. [PMID: 33313729 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnaa332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) is an analgesic modality involving the insertion of a lead through an introducer needle followed by the delivery of electric current after needle withdrawal. This modality has been used extensively to treat chronic pain, but only small series have been published involving postoperative pain. The ultimate objective of this study is to determine the postoperative effects of percutaneous PNS following moderately to severely painful ambulatory surgery within a real-world clinical practice setting. The primary hypothesis is that surgical pain and opioid consumption during the initial 7 days after surgery will be reduced by percutaneous PNS compared with usual and customary analgesia (dual primary outcome measures). DESIGN A multicenter pragmatic effectiveness trial. We are randomizing participants having painful orthopedic surgical procedures of the upper and lower extremity to receive 14 days of either 1) electrical stimulation or 2) sham in a double-masked fashion. End points are being assessed at various time points over 12 postoperative months. SUMMARY The postoperative experience will be much improved if percutaneous PNS provides potent analgesia while concurrently decreasing opioid requirements following painful surgery. Because this modality can be administered for up to 60 days at home, it may provide postoperative analgesia that outlasts surgical pain yet has relatively few risks and, unlike opioids, has no systemic side effects or potential for abuse, addiction, and overdose. Percutaneous PNS has the potential to revolutionize postoperative analgesia as it has been practiced for the past century. This study will inform key stakeholders regarding an evidence-based nonpharmacologic approach to the management of postoperative pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Harold Gelfand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sandeep Dhanjal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Robert Hackworth
- Department of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Anthony Plunkett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, Fayetteville, North Carolina
| | - Alparslan Turan
- Department of General Anesthesiology and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alice M Vijjeswarapu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Steven P Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James C Eisenach
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Scott Griffith
- Department of Anesthesiology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven Hanling
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Columbia Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Edward J Mascha
- Department of Anesthesiology and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Daniel I Sessler
- Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Finneran JJ, Furnish T, Ilfeld BM. In Response. A A Pract 2021; 15:e01442. [PMID: 33793427 DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000001442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J Finneran
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio,
| | - Timothy Furnish
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio
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Finneran JJ, Cozart B, Ilfeld BM, Said ET. Comparison of thoracic epidural hematoma visualized by computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging. Can J Anaesth 2021; 68:918-920. [PMID: 33725317 PMCID: PMC8163669 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-021-01963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John J Finneran
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Bryan Cozart
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Engy T Said
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Ilfeld BM, Khatibi B, Maheshwari K, Madison SJ, Esa WAS, Mariano ER, Kent ML, Hanling S, Sessler DI, Eisenach JC, Cohen SP, Mascha EJ, Ma C, Padwal JA, Turan A. Ambulatory continuous peripheral nerve blocks to treat postamputation phantom limb pain: a multicenter, randomized, quadruple-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Pain 2021; 162:938-955. [PMID: 33021563 PMCID: PMC7920494 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Phantom limb pain is thought to be sustained by reentrant neural pathways, which provoke dysfunctional reorganization in the somatosensory cortex. We hypothesized that disrupting reentrant pathways with a 6-day-long continuous peripheral nerve block reduces phantom pain 4 weeks after treatment. We enrolled patients who had an upper- or lower-limb amputation and established phantom pain. Each was randomized to receive a 6-day perineural infusion of either ropivacaine or normal saline. The primary outcome was the average phantom pain severity as measured with a Numeric Rating Scale (0-10) at 4 weeks, after which an optional crossover treatment was offered within the following 0 to 12 weeks. Pretreatment pain scores were similar in both groups, with a median (interquartile range) of 5.0 (4.0, 7.0) for each. After 4 weeks, average phantom limb pain intensity was a mean (SD) of 3.0 (2.9) in patients given local anesthetic vs 4.5 (2.6) in those given placebo (difference [95% confidence interval] 1.3 [0.4, 2.2], P = 0.003). Patients given local anesthetic had improved global impression of change and less pain-induced physical and emotional dysfunction, but did not differ on depression scores. For subjects who received only the first infusion (no self-selected crossover), the median decrease in phantom limb pain at 6 months for treated subjects was 3.0 (0, 5.0) vs 1.5 (0, 5.0) for the placebo group; there seemed to be little residual benefit at 12 months. We conclude that a 6-day continuous peripheral nerve block reduces phantom limb pain as well as physical and emotional dysfunction for at least 1 month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Bahareh Khatibi
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Kamal Maheshwari
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Departments of General Anesthesia and Outcomes Research, the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sarah J. Madison
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Wael Ali Sakr Esa
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Departments of General Anesthesia and Outcomes Research, the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Edward R. Mariano
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Michael L. Kent
- Department of Anesthesiology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Steven Hanling
- Department of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Daniel I. Sessler
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Outcomes Research, the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - James C. Eisenach
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Steven P. Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Edward J. Mascha
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Departments of Quantitative Health Sciences and Outcomes Research, the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Chao Ma
- Departments of Quantitative Health Sciences and Outcomes Research, the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Padwal
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Alparslan Turan
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Departments of General Anesthesia and Outcomes Research, the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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30
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Gabriel RA, Ilfeld BM. Acute postoperative pain management with percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation: the SPRINT neuromodulation system. Expert Rev Med Devices 2021; 18:145-150. [PMID: 33446005 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2021.1877134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ultrasound-guided percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) may be used to treat acute postoperative pain for various types of surgeries. This modality avoids several limitations of traditional local anesthetic-based peripheral nerve blocks including avoidance of motor blockade and sensory deficits. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the use of SPRINT (SPR Therapeutics, Cleveland, OH) neuromodulation system in the setting of acute postoperative pain management. EXPERT OPINION PNS is a novel modality in regional anesthesia that has much promise in reducing overall opioid use after surgery. Placement of PNS is very similar to that of catheter-based regional anesthesia techniques. Ultrasound is used to guide the percutaneously placed introducer needle in proximity to the target nerve. There are several benefits of PNS over catheter-based approaches, including: 1) avoidance of motor or sensory blockade; 2) no medication bag required to be carried; and 3) electric leads may be kept in situ safely for up to 60 days. While several proof-of-concept studies have been published highlighting its use in various types of surgeries, large high-quality randomized controlled trials are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Gabriel
- Division of Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Medicine, Medical Director, Koman Outpatient Pavilion, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego. United States
| | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, United States
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31
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Finneran JJ, Furnish T, Curran BP, Ilfeld BM. Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation of the Brachial Plexus for Intractable Phantom Pain of the Upper Extremity: A Case Report. A A Pract 2020; 14:e01353. [DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000001353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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Finneran JJ, Bechis SK, Ilfeld BM. Thoracic Paravertebral Block for Renal Colic: A Case Report. A A Pract 2020; 14:e01250. [PMID: 32909710 DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000001250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Renal colic is a common cause of pain; however, there have been few reports of treating this pain with regional anesthesia. We report on a 49-year-old man presenting with severe left flank pain resulting from a 4-mm stone in the left ureter. The pain was minimally responsive to intravenous opioids. Left-sided paravertebral blocks were performed at T7 and T9 with 10 mL bupivacaine 0.5% with epinephrine 2.5 µg/mL to each paravertebral space. The pain resolved over the following 30 minutes, and the patient was discharged home. No further pain was experienced before and while subsequently passing the stone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seth K Bechis
- Urology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
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33
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Finneran Iv JJ, Alexander B, Bechis SK, Sur RL, Ilfeld BM. Continuous erector spinae plane blocks with automated boluses for analgesia following percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Korean J Anesthesiol 2020; 74:178-180. [PMID: 32773726 PMCID: PMC8024201 DOI: 10.4097/kja.20398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John J Finneran Iv
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brenton Alexander
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Seth K Bechis
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Roger L Sur
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Swisher
- Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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35
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Mariano ER, El-Boghdadly K, Ilfeld BM. Using postoperative pain trajectories to define the role of regional analgesia in personalised pain medicine. Anaesthesia 2020; 76:165-169. [PMID: 32368794 DOI: 10.1111/anae.15067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E R Mariano
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peri-operative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Anesthesiology and Peri-operative Care Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - K El-Boghdadly
- Department of Anaesthesia, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,King's College London, UK
| | - B M Ilfeld
- In Residence, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, USA
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36
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Ilfeld BM, Donohue MC, Swisher MW. Response to: 'erector spinae plane and paravertebral blocks have similar opioid-sparing effects following breast surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2020; 45:rapm-2020-101441. [PMID: 32220881 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2020-101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Ilfeld
- Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael C Donohue
- Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Matthew W Swisher
- Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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37
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Finneran JJ, Gabriel RA, Swisher MW, Said E, Doan CN, Hamilton JR, Ilfeld BM. Suture Catheter for Rescue Perineural Catheter Placement When Unable to Position a Conventional Through-the-Needle Catheter: A Case Report. A A Pract 2020; 13:338-341. [PMID: 31385816 DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000001075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The main purported benefit of suture-style catheters is the ability to secure the catheter at 2 sites, thereby decreasing the likelihood of catheter dislodgement. An additional benefit is the ability to precisely control the placement of the orifice to infuse local anesthetic. Here we present the case of a patient undergoing open ankle surgery for whom placement of a conventional through-the-needle popliteal sciatic perineural catheter for postoperative analgesia was attempted. Despite multiple attempts, the catheter repeatedly advanced beyond the nerve. Placement of a suture catheter was then attempted, and the catheter was successfully placed on the first attempt.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Finneran
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
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38
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Shah SB, Bremner S, Esparza M, Dorn S, Orozco E, Haghshenas C, Ilfeld BM, Gabriel RA, Ward S. Does cryoneurolysis result in persistent motor deficits? A controlled study using a rat peroneal nerve injury model. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2020; 45:287-292. [PMID: 32001625 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2019-101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryoneurolysis of peripheral nerves uses localised intense cold to induce a prolonged block over multiple weeks that has the promise of providing potent analgesia outlasting the duration of postoperative pain following surgery, as well as treat other acute and chronic pain states. However, it remains unclear whether persistent functional motor deficits remain following cryoneurolysis of mixed sensorimotor peripheral nerves, greatly limiting clinical application of this modality. To help inform future research, we used a rat peroneal nerve injury model to evaluate if cryoneurolysis results in persistent deficits in motor function. METHODS Male Lewis rats (n=30) had their common peroneal nerves exposed bilaterally at the proximal lateral margin of the knee and subsequently underwent cryoneurolysis on one limb and sham treatment on the contralateral limb. Outcomes were evaluated on days 3, 14, 30, 90 and 180. The primary end point was motor function, based on ankle dorsiflexion torque. In addition, sensory function was tested based on von Frey's filament sensitivity to the peroneal sensory distribution. A subset of animals was sacrificed following functional testing at each time point, and general tissue morphology, connective tissue deposition, and axon counts were evaluated. RESULTS Motor deficits in treated limbs were observed at 3 and 14 days but had resolved at time points beyond 1 month. Bilateral sensory deficits were also observed at 3 and 14 days, and also resolved within 1 month. Consistent with motor functional deficits, axon counts trended lower in treated nerves compared with contralateral controls at 3 days; however, axon counts were not significantly different at later time points. CONCLUSIONS When applied to a mixed sensorimotor nerve, cryoneurolysis did not result in persistent motor deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer B Shah
- Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shannon Bremner
- Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mary Esparza
- Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shanelle Dorn
- Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elisabeth Orozco
- Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Cameron Haghshenas
- Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rodney A Gabriel
- Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Samuel Ward
- Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Swisher MW, Wallace AM, Sztain JF, Said ET, Khatibi B, Abanobi M, Finneran IV JJ, Gabriel RA, Abramson W, Blair SL, Hosseini A, Dobke MK, Donohue MC, Ilfeld BM. Erector spinae plane versus paravertebral nerve blocks for postoperative analgesia after breast surgery: a randomized clinical trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2020; 45:260-266. [DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2019-101013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundParavertebral nerve blocks (PVBs) are frequently used to treat pain during and following breast surgery, but have various undesirable risks such as pneumothorax. The erector spinae plane block (ESPB) also provides perioperative breast analgesia, but is purported to be easier to administer with a favorable safety profile. However, it remains unknown if the new ESPB provides comparable analgesia as the decades-old PVB technique.MethodsSubjects undergoing unilateral or bilateral non-mastectomy breast surgery were randomized to a single-injection ESPB or PVB in a subject-blinded fashion (ropivacaine 0.5% with epinephrine; 20 mL unilateral or 16 mL/side for bilateral). We hypothesized that (1) analgesia would be non-inferior in the recovery room as measured on a Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) with ESPB, and (2) opioid consumption would be non-inferior in the operating and recovery rooms with ESPB.ResultsBoth pain scores and opioid consumption were higher in subjects with ESPBs (n=50) than PVBs (n=50; median NRS 3.0 vs 0; 95% CI −3.0 to 0; p=0.0011; and median morphine equivalents 2.0 vs 1.5 mg; 95% CI −1.2 to −0.1; p=0.0043). No block-related adverse events occurred in either group.ConclusionsPVBs provided superior analgesia and reduced opioid requirements following non-mastectomy breast surgery. To compare the relatively rare complications between the techniques will require a sample size 1–2 orders of magnitude greater than the current investigation; however, without a dramatic improvement in safety profile for ESPBs, it appears that PVBs are superior to ESPBs for postoperative analgesia after non-mastectomy breast surgery.Trial registration numberNCT03549234.
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40
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Finneran JJ, Ilfeld BM. Letter Regarding “Repeated Intercostal Nerve Blocks With Liposomal Bupivacaine for Chronic Chest Pain: A Case Report”. A A Pract 2020; 14:67. [DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000001149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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41
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Finneran JJ, Swisher MW, Gabriel RA, Fiallo A, Hamilton JR, Lee JG, Ilfeld BM. Ultrasound-Guided Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Cryoneurolysis for Analgesia in Patients With Burns. J Burn Care Res 2019; 41:224-227. [DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irz192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Autologous skin grafting from the thigh is frequently required for treatment of burns and is associated with intense pain at the donor site. Local anesthetic–based (LA) nerve blocks of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) have been demonstrated to provide analgesia when the graft is taken from the lateral thigh. However, the duration of these single injection blocks has been reported to average only 9 hours, whereas the pain from the procedure lasts days or weeks. Continuous LA nerve blocks can also be used to provide analgesia during serial debridement of burns, although this requires placement of a perineural catheter which may increase infection risk in a population with an increased susceptibility to infection. Cryoneurolysis of the LFCN can potentially provide analgesia of the lateral thigh for skin graft harvesting or serial burn debridement that lasts far longer than conventional LA nerve blocks. Here, we present a series of three patients who received a combination of a LA nerve block and cryoneurolysis nerve block of the LFCN for analgesia of the lateral thigh. Two of these patients had the blocks placed before harvesting a split thickness skin graft. The third received the blocks for outpatient wound care of a burn to the lateral thigh. In all cases, the resulting analgesia lasted more than 1 week. A single cryoneurolysis block of the LFCN successfully provided extended duration analgesia of the lateral thigh for autologous skin graft donor site or wound care of a burn in three patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Finneran
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego
| | | | - Rodney A Gabriel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego
| | - Alfredo Fiallo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego
| | | | - Jeanne G Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego
| | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego
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42
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Gilmore CA, Ilfeld BM, Rosenow JM, Li S, Desai MJ, Hunter CW, Rauck RL, Nader A, Mak J, Cohen SP, Crosby ND, Boggs JW. Percutaneous 60-day peripheral nerve stimulation implant provides sustained relief of chronic pain following amputation: 12-month follow-up of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2019; 45:rapm-2019-100937. [PMID: 31740443 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2019-100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) has historically been used to treat chronic pain, but generally requires implantation of a permanent system for sustained relief. A recent study found that a 60-day PNS treatment decreases post-amputation pain, and the current work investigates longer-term outcomes out to 12 months in the same cohort. METHODS As previously reported, 28 traumatic lower extremity amputees with residual and/or phantom limb pain were randomized to receive 8 weeks of PNS (group 1) or 4 weeks of placebo followed by a crossover 4 weeks of PNS (group 2). Percutaneous leads were implanted under ultrasound guidance targeting the femoral and sciatic nerves. During follow-up, changes in average pain and pain interference were assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form and comparing with baseline. RESULTS Significantly more participants in group 1 reported ≥50% reductions in average weekly pain at 12 months (67%, 6/9) compared with group 2 at the end of the placebo period (0%, 0/14, p=0.001). Similarly, 56% (5/9) of participants in group 1 reported ≥50% reductions in pain interference at 12 months, compared with 2/13 (15%, p=0.074) in group 2 at crossover. Reductions in depression were also statistically significantly greater at 12 months in group 1 compared with group 2 at crossover. CONCLUSIONS This work suggests that percutaneous PNS delivered over a 60-day period may provide significant carry-over effects including pain relief, potentially avoiding the need for a permanently implanted system while enabling improved function in patients with chronic pain. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01996254.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joshua M Rosenow
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sean Li
- Premier Pain Centers, Shrewsbury, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mehul J Desai
- International Spine, Pain, and Performance Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Corey W Hunter
- Ainsworth Institute of Pain Management, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Richard L Rauck
- Center for Clinical Research, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Antoun Nader
- Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John Mak
- Premier Pain Centers, Shrewsbury, New Jersey, USA
| | - Steven P Cohen
- Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Finneran Iv JJ, Gabriel RA, Swisher MW, Berndtson AE, Godat LN, Costantini TW, Ilfeld BM. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous intercostal nerve cryoneurolysis for analgesia following traumatic rib fracture -a case series. Korean J Anesthesiol 2019; 73:455-459. [PMID: 31684715 PMCID: PMC7533180 DOI: 10.4097/kja.19395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rib fractures are a common injury in trauma patients and account for significant morbidity and mortality within this population. Local anesthetic-based nerve blocks have been demonstrated to provide significant pain relief and reduce complications. However, the analgesia provided by these blocks is limited to hours for single injection blocks or days for continuous infusions, while the duration of this pain often lasts weeks. Case This case series describes five patients with rib fractures whose pain was successfully treated with cryoneurolysis. Conclusions Ultrasound-guided percutaneous cryoneurolysis is a modality that has the potential to provide analgesia matching the duration of pain following rib fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Finneran Iv
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rodney A Gabriel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew W Swisher
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Allison E Berndtson
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura N Godat
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Todd W Costantini
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Gabriel RA, Finneran JJ, Swisher MW, Said ET, Sztain JF, Khatibi B, Wallace AM, Hosseini A, Trescot AM, Ilfeld BM. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous intercostal cryoanalgesia for multiple weeks of analgesia following mastectomy: a case series. Korean J Anesthesiol 2019; 73:163-168. [PMID: 31475505 PMCID: PMC7113157 DOI: 10.4097/kja.19332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute post-mastectomy pain is frequently challenging to adequately treat with local anesthetic-based regional anesthesia techniques due to its relatively long duration measured in multiple weeks. Case We report three cases in which preoperative ultrasound-guided percutaneous intercostal nerve cryoneurolysis was performed to treat pain following mastectomy. Across all postoperative days and all three patients, the mean pain score on the numeric rating scale was 0 for each day. Similarly, no patient required any supplemental opioid analgesics during the entire postoperative period; and, no patient reported insomnia or awakenings due to pain at any time point. This was a significant improvement over historic cohorts. Conclusions Ultrasound-guided percutaneous cryoanalgesia is a potential novel analgesic modality for acute pain management which has a duration that better-matches mastectomy than other currently-described techniques. Appropriately powered randomized, controlled clinical trials are required to demonstrate and quantify both potential benefits and risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Gabriel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John J Finneran
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew W Swisher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Engy T Said
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacklynn F Sztain
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bahareh Khatibi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anne M Wallace
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ava Hosseini
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Rosenow JM, Gilmore C, Ilfeld BM, Li S, Desai MJ, Hunter C, Rauck R, Kapural L, Nader A, Mak J, Cohen SP, Crosby N, Boggs JW. One Year Follow-up of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Neuropathic Pain Following Amputation. Neurosurgery 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyz310_144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ilfeld BM, Ball ST, Cohen SP, Hanling SR, Fowler IM, Wongsarnpigoon A, Boggs JW. Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation to Control Postoperative Pain, Decrease Opioid Use, and Accelerate Functional Recovery Following Orthopedic Trauma. Mil Med 2019; 184:557-564. [PMID: 30901395 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usy378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthopedic trauma is a significant military problem, causing several of the most disabling conditions with high rates of separation from duty and erosion of military readiness. The objective of this report is to summarize the findings of case series of a non-opioid therapy-percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) - and describe its potential for postoperative analgesia, early opioid cessation, and improved function following orthopedic trauma. Percutaneous PNS has been evaluated for the treatment of multiple types of pain, including two case series on postoperative pain following total knee replacement (n = 10 and 8, respectively) and a case series on postamputation pain (n = 9). The orthopedic trauma induced during TKR is highly representative of multiple types of orthopedic trauma sustained by Service members and frequently produces intense, prolonged postoperative pain and extended opioid use following surgery. Collectively, the results of these three clinical studies demonstrated that percutaneous PNS can provide substantial pain relief, reduce opioid use, and improve function. These outcomes suggest that there is substantial potential for the use of percutaneous PNS following orthopedic trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Ilfeld
- University of California San Diego, 200 W Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA
| | - Scott T Ball
- University of California San Diego, 200 W Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA
| | - Steven P Cohen
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD
| | - Steven R Hanling
- Medical College of Georgia, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, BIW-2144 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA
| | - Ian M Fowler
- Naval Medical Center San Diego, Department of Anesthesiology, 34800 Bob Wilson Dr, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Joseph W Boggs
- SPR Therapeutics, 22901 Millcreek Boulevard, Suite 110, Cleveland, OH
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Gabriel RA, Ilfeld BM. Peripheral nerve blocks for postoperative analgesia: From traditional unencapsulated local anesthetic to liposomes, cryoneurolysis and peripheral nerve stimulation. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2019; 33:293-302. [PMID: 31785715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) using local anesthetics either via single injection or continuous perineural catheter have been the mainstay for regional anesthesia and are a vital component of postoperative multimodal opioid-sparing pain management. There are some limitations to PNBs, however, mainly its limited duration of action, but also risk of catheter-associated infection and dislodgements. Furthermore, local anesthetic-based blocks can induce sensory deficits and motor weakness, possibly increasing the risk of falling and/or decreasing the ability to participate in postoperative rehabilitation. In this review, we first discuss various local anesthetic-based PNB techniques for major surgery and then review newer modalities, including liposome bupivacaine, cryoanalgesia, and peripheral nerve stimulation; all of which may offer advantages over single and continuous local anesthetic-based PNBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Gabriel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, 200 West Arbor Dr, MC 8770, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
| | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, 200 West Arbor Dr, MC 8770, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
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Sztain JF, Finneran JJ, Monahan AM, Khatibi B, Nguyen PL, Madison SJ, Bellars RH, Gabriel RA, Ahmed SS, Schwartz AK, Kent WT, Donohue MC, Padwal JA, Ilfeld BM. Continuous Popliteal-Sciatic Blocks for Postoperative Analgesia: Traditional Proximal Catheter Insertion Superficial to the Paraneural Sheath Versus a New Distal Insertion Site Deep to the Paraneural Sheath. Anesth Analg 2019; 128:e104-e108. [PMID: 31094804 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000003693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that during a continuous popliteal-sciatic nerve block, postoperative analgesia is improved with the catheter insertion point "deep" to the paraneural sheath immediately distal to the bifurcation between the tibial and common peroneal branches, compared with the traditional approach "superficial" to the paraneural sheath proximal to the bifurcation. The needle tip location was determined to be accurately located with a fluid bolus visualized with ultrasound; however, catheters were subsequently inserted without a similar fluid injection and visualization protocol (visualized air injection was permitted and usually implemented, but not required per protocol). The average pain (0-10 scale) the morning after surgery for subjects with a catheter inserted at the proximal subparaneural location (n = 31) was a median (interquartile) of 1.5 (0.0-3.5) vs 1.5 (0.0-4.0) for subjects with a catheter inserted at the distal supraparaneural location (n = 32; P = .927). Secondary outcomes were similarly negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacklynn F Sztain
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - John J Finneran
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, California
- OUTCOMES RESEARCH Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Amanda M Monahan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bahareh Khatibi
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Patrick L Nguyen
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Sarah J Madison
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Richard H Bellars
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Rodney A Gabriel
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, California
- OUTCOMES RESEARCH Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sonya S Ahmed
- Department of Orthopedics, University of California, San Diego, California
| | | | - William T Kent
- Department of Orthopedics, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Michael C Donohue
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer A Padwal
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Brian M Ilfeld
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, California
- OUTCOMES RESEARCH Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio
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Abstract
Peripheral nerve stimulation or peripheral neuromodulation is a modality utilized for decades to manage chronic pain. There have been recent studies published describing its use in managing acute surgical pain for orthopedic surgery. The postoperative acute pain associated with several types of surgeries often outlasts the analgesia duration provided by single and continuous peripheral nerve blocks. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation has the potential to provide much longer analgesia for acute pain while avoiding some limitations associated with local anesthetic-based peripheral nerve blocks. We summarize the current devices used in published studies to demonstrate feasibility with a focus on acute pain control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Gabriel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Regional Anesthesia & Acute Pain, Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, 200 West Arbor Dr, MC 8770, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
| | - Matthew W Swisher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Regional Anesthesia & Acute Pain, University of California, San Diego, 200 West Arbor Dr, MC 8770, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
| | - Brian M Ilfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Regional Anesthesia & Acute Pain, University of California, San Diego, 200 West Arbor Dr, MC 8770, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
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50
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Gabriel RA, Finneran JJ, Trescot AM, Ilfeld BM. Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Cryoneurolysis for Postoperative Analgesia After Limb Amputation: A Case Series. A A Pract 2019; 12:231-234. [DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000000893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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