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Berenguer J, Calvo-Alcántara MJ, Alvaro-Meca A, Estévez JC, Basanta M, Ruiz S, Matáix ÁL, Bienzóbas C, Cosano L, Silva AP, Salas P, Gullón P, Franco M, Arribas JR, Molero JM, Hernán MA. Three Years of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in a European Region: A Population-Based Longitudinal Assessment in Madrid Between 2020 and 2022. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofad635. [PMID: 38173846 PMCID: PMC10763997 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Our objective was to assess the health impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during 2020-2022 in the Madrid region. Methods We included all individuals registered in the Madrid Health System Registry as of 31 December 2019, and followed them until 31 December 2022. Using a unique personal identifier, we linked the databases of primary care, hospitals, pharmacies, certified laboratories performing diagnostic tests, vaccines, and mortality. Results Of 6 833 423 individuals, 21.4% had a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis, and 1.5% had a COVID-19 hospitalization (primary diagnosis). Thirty-day mortality was 1.6% for confirmed COVID-19 (from 11.4% in first semester 2020 to 0.4% in first semester 2022). Thirty-day mortality was 10.8% for COVID-19 hospitalizations (from 14.0% in first semester 2020 to 6.0% in second semester 2022). There were 24 073 deaths within 30 days of a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis. Advanced age, male sex, higher socioeconomic deprivation, and comorbidities were associated with higher mortality. Conclusions By linking administrative and clinical databases, we characterized the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic in Madrid over 3 years. Our analysis proposes a high-level framework for comparisons of the burden of COVID-19 across areas worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Berenguer
- Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Alvaro-Meca
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
- Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - José C Estévez
- Gerencia Asistencial de Atención Primaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Basanta
- Dirección General de Sistemas de Información y Equipamientos Sanitarios, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Ruiz
- Gerencia Asistencial de Atención Primaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel L Matáix
- Subdirección General de Farmacia y Productos Sanitarios, Madrid, Spain
| | - César Bienzóbas
- Dirección General de Inspección y Ordenación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Cosano
- Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aura P Silva
- Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Salas
- Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Gullón
- Departamento de Cirugía, Ciencias Médicas y Sociales, Grupo de Investigación en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Franco
- Departamento de Cirugía, Ciencias Médicas y Sociales, Grupo de Investigación en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - José R Arribas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
- Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel A Hernán
- CAUSALab, Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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