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Figueiredo PO, Silva ATS, Oliveira JS, Marinho PE, Rocha FT, Domingos GP, Poblete PCP, Oliveira LBS, Duarte DC, Bonjardim CA, Abrahão JS, Kroon EG, Drumond BP, Oliveira DB, Trindade GS. Detection and Molecular Characterization of Yellow Fever Virus, 2017, Brazil. Ecohealth 2018; 15:864-870. [PMID: 30117000 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-018-1364-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
At the end of 2016, Brazil experienced an unprecedented yellow fever (YF) outbreak. Clinical, molecular and ecological aspects of human and non-human primate (NHP) samples collected at the beginning of the outbreak are described in this study. Spatial distribution analyses demonstrated a strong overlap between human and NHP cases. Through molecular analyses, we showed that the outbreak had a sylvatic origin, caused by the South American genotype 1 YFV, which has already been shown to circulate in Brazil. As expected, the clusters of cases were identified in regions with a low vaccination coverage. Our findings highlight the importance of the synchronization of animal surveillance and health services to identify emerging YF cases, thereby promoting a better response to the vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - A T S Silva
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - J S Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - P E Marinho
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - F T Rocha
- Centro Integrado de Pesquisa em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK - Rodovia MGT 367 - KM 583, N° 5000, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39.100-000, Brazil
| | - G P Domingos
- Centro Integrado de Pesquisa em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK - Rodovia MGT 367 - KM 583, N° 5000, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39.100-000, Brazil
| | - P C P Poblete
- Zoovet Consultoria LTDA, Avenida Amazonas, 2474, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30180-001, Brazil
| | - L B S Oliveira
- Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Rua Dom José Gaspar, 702, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30535-000, Brazil
| | - D C Duarte
- Zoovet Consultoria LTDA, Avenida Amazonas, 2474, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30180-001, Brazil
| | - C A Bonjardim
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - J S Abrahão
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - E G Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - B P Drumond
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - D B Oliveira
- Centro Integrado de Pesquisa em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK - Rodovia MGT 367 - KM 583, N° 5000, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39.100-000, Brazil
| | - G S Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil.
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Oliveira DB, Machado G, Almeida GMF, Ferreira PCP, Bonjardim CA, de Souza Trindade G, Abrahão JS, Kroon EG. First fatal case of CNS infection caused by Enterovirus A in Brazil. New Microbes New Infect 2015; 7:94-6. [PMID: 26442151 PMCID: PMC4552807 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe what is to our knowledge the first fatal case of central nervous system Enterovirus infection in Brazil. Molecular and phylogenetic characterization revealed that Enterovirus A was the aetiologic agent of this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Brazil
| | - G Machado
- Hospital Risoleta Tolentino Neves, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - G M F Almeida
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Brazil
| | - P C P Ferreira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Brazil
| | - C A Bonjardim
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Brazil
| | | | - J S Abrahão
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Brazil
| | - E G Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Brazil
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Abrahão JS, Borges IA, Mazur C, Lobato ZIP, Ferreira PCP, Bonjardim CA, Trindade GS, Kroon EG. Looking back: a genetic retrospective study of Brazilian Orf virus isolates. Vet Rec 2012; 171:476. [PMID: 23065256 DOI: 10.1136/vr.100634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV), the prototype of the genus Parapoxvirus, is the aetiological agent of contagious ecthyma (CE), a pustular dermatitis that afflicts domestic and wild small ruminants. CE is one of the most widespread poxvirus diseases in the world, causing public health impacts. Outbreaks of ORFV have been observed in all geographical regions of Brazil, affecting ovine and caprine herds. The origins, epidemiology and identity of Brazilian ORFVs are unknown, and no comparative or phylogenetic studies of these viruses have been performed. In the present study, we revisited CE outbreaks which occurred until 32 years ago, and we assessed, genetically, five viral isolates. We performed the sequencing and analysis of the three ORFV molecular markers: B2L gene, virus interferon resistance gene (VIR) and the vascular endothelial growth factor gene. Nucleotide and amino acid analysis of the analysed genes demonstrated that Brazilian ORFVs do not form a unique cluster, and presented more similarity to other worldwide ORFV samples than with each other. These data raise the questions of whether there are different worldwide ORFVs circulating in Brazil, or if all the Brazilian ORFV samples are of the same virus taken at distinct time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Abrahão
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Boa Esperança, Seropedica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Mota BEF, Trindade GS, Diniz TC, da Silva-Nunes M, Braga EM, Urbano-Ferreira M, Rodrigues GOL, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PCP, Kroon EG. Seroprevalence of orthopoxvirus in an Amazonian rural village, Acre, Brazil. Arch Virol 2010; 155:1139-44. [PMID: 20428903 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus strains from the family Poxviridae have been frequently isolated in Brazil and associated with outbreaks of exanthematic disease affecting cows and humans. An ELISA IgG was applied to evaluate the seroprevalence of orthopoxviruses in a community located in a rural settlement in the Amazon region, where no orthopoxvirus outbreaks have yet been reported. An overall seroprevalence of 27.89% was found, and it was 23.38% in the non-vaccinated population (smallpox vaccination). These results strongly suggest that orthopoxviruses circulate in this population, and it is the first finding of seropositivity for orthopoxviruses in a population without any previously reported outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E F Mota
- Laboratorio de Virus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
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Martins ML, Soares BC, Ribas JG, Thorun GW, Johnson J, Kroon EG, Carneiro-Prioetti AB, Bonjardim CA. Frequency of p12K and p12R alleles of HTLV Type 1 in HAM/TSP patients and in asymptomatic HTLV type 1 carriers. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002; 18:899-902. [PMID: 12230932 DOI: 10.1089/088922202760265560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 has a complex genome, and contains four open reading frames (ORFs) in the 3' region encoding viral and cellular regulatory proteins. p12 is a small, ORF I-encoded hydrophobic protein, the function of which is not well understood. It has been shown that p12 enhances the E5-transforming ability of bovine papillomavirus; and binds to the 16-kDa subunit of the vacuolar ATPase pump, immature forms of the beta and gamma(c) chains of the interleukin 2 receptor, and the free chain of MHC I. p12 carrying a lysine residue (p12K) at position 88 of its sequence may be rapidly degraded in the cell via proteasome, whereas p12 with an arginine residue (p12R) at the same position is severalfold more stable. These alleles are found in proviral DNA of HTLV-1-infected individuals and it was previously observed that the p12K allele was more frequent in HAM/TSP (HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis) patients and was not found at all in asymptomatic carriers, whereas patients with adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) carry the p12R allele. To extend these observations and verify whether the p12K mutation could be used as a marker of progression to HAM/TSP, we analyzed 37 HAM/TSP patients and 40 asymptomatic carriers at different stages of infection. In our cohort, only one HAM/TSP patient carried the p12K phenotype, which accounted for a frequency of 2.7% (1 of 37). We also found, among the 40 asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers, one who presented the p12K phenotype, contrasting with previous publications. Thus, p12K does not seem to be universally diagnostic for HTLV-1-associated neurological disease. Further screening of HTLV-1-infected individuals in other populations may elucidate this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Martins
- Fundação Hemominas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil 30130
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Marques JT, Trindade GD, Da Fonseca FG, Dos Santos JR, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG. Characterization of ATI, TK and IFN-alpha/betaR genes in the genome of the BeAn 58058 virus, a naturally attenuated wild Orthopoxvirus. Virus Genes 2001; 23:291-301. [PMID: 11778697 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012521322845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The lack of knowledge about the natural host of Vaccinia virus (VV) along with the description of human infections caused by poxviruses after smallpox eradication has increased the need to characterize poxviruses isolated from the wild. Moreover, in the past years poxviruses have been widely studied as potential vaccination tools, with the discovery of several genes implicated in the evasion of the host immune response involved in virus pathogenesis. Among them, an Interferon (IFN)-binding protein was identified in the supernatant of VV strain WR infected cells coded by the B18R gene. It was shown that many other Orthopoxviruses also encode and express this soluble receptor although some VV strains such as Lister and modified Ankara, which were less reactogenic vaccines, do not. The BeAn 58058 virus (BAV) has been recently characterized and proposed to be an Orthopoxvirus. BAV was also shown to be less virulent in animal models than VV Lister. Here we report the identification of an IFN-alpha/betaR gene in the BAV genome with 99% of sequence identity with the VVWR B18R gene. The identified gene encodes a B18R-like IFN binding protein as demonstrated by its capacity to inhibit the IFN-mediated protection of VERO cells against EMC virus. In order to better characterize the virus we have searched for the A type inclusion body (ATI) gene currently used in the classification of Orthopoxviruses but did not detect it in the BAV genome. We have also sequenced the BAV thymidine kinase (TK) gene, a poxvirus-conserved gene, which, as expected, showed high homology with the TK gene of other poxviruses. Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on sequences of the IFN-alpha/betaR and TK genes from several poxviruses and in both cases BAV was placed in the same cluster as other VV strains. These observations strengthened the hypothesis that this virus is a variant of the VV vaccine used in Brazil. However the explanation for the BAV lack of virulence remains to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Marques
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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de Magalhães JC, Andrade AA, Silva PN, Sousa LP, Ropert C, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG, Gazzinelli RT, Bonjardim CA. A mitogenic signal triggered at an early stage of vaccinia virus infection: implication of MEK/ERK and protein kinase A in virus multiplication. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:38353-60. [PMID: 11459835 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m100183200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VV) triggers a mitogenic signal at an early stage of infection. VV-induced proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA with kinetics paralleling that stimulated by serum. The VV virokine, or vaccinia virus growth factor (VGF), was not crucial for c-fos induction because it was observed upon infection with the virokine-minus mutant VV (VGF(-)). Furthermore, c-fos expression did not require infectious virus particles, as it occurred even with UV-inactivated VV and was equally induced by the different multiplicities of infection, i.e. 1.0, 5.0, and 25.0. c-fos expression was preceded by VV-induced DNA binding activity and was mediated via the cis-acting elements serum response element (SRE), activating protein-1 (AP-1), and cAMP-response element (CRE). VV activated the protein kinases p42MAPK/ERK2 and p44MAPK/ERK1 and the transcription factor ATF1 in a time-dependent manner with kinetics that paralleled those of VV-stimulated DNA-protein complex formation. The mitogenic signal transmission pathways leading to c-fos activation upon VV infection were apparently mediated by the protein kinases MEK, ERK, and PKA. This assumption was based on the findings that: 1) c-fos transcript was down-regulated; 2) the SRE, AP-1, and CRE binding activities were significantly reduced; and 3) the activation of p42MAPK/ERK2, p44MAPK/ERK1, and ATF1 were drastically affected when the viral infections were carried out in the presence of specific protein kinase inhibitor. Moreover, the mutant VV (VGF(-)) was also able to activate ERK1/2. It is noteworthy that virus multiplication was equally affected by the same kinase inhibitors. Taken together, our data provide evidence that the early mitogenic signal triggered upon VV infection relies upon the activation of the protein kinases MEK, ERK, and PKA, which are needed for both signal transduction and virus multiplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C de Magalhães
- Laboratório de Virus-Grupo de Transdução de Sinal, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Nogueira ML, Siqueira RC, Freitas N, Amorim JB, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Oréfice F, Kroon EG. Detection of herpesvirus DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in vitreous samples from patients with necrotising retinitis. J Clin Pathol 2001; 54:103-6. [PMID: 11215276 PMCID: PMC1731349 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.54.2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Viral uveitis and retinitis, usually caused by herpesviruses, are common in immunosuppressed patients. The diagnosis of viral anterior uveitis and retinitis is usually clinical. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used for the diagnosis of some viral infections, especially those caused by herpesviruses. This paper reports the use of PCR in the diagnosis of viral retinitis in vitreous samples from Brazilian patients. METHODS PCR was used for the diagnosis of necrotising retinitis in vitreous samples from patients from the Hospital São Geraldo, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil. The vitreous samples were collected by paracentesis and stored until analysis. Samples were analysed by PCR using specific primers designed to amplify herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), varicella zoster virus (VZV), or human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). In a case of anterior uveitis, PCR was performed with a sample from the anterior chamber. RESULTS Herpesvirus DNA was amplified in 11 of 17 samples. HCVM DNA was detected in nine samples but DNA from HSV-1 and VZV were detected only once each. CONCLUSION These results strongly suggest that PCR could be used for a rapid complementary diagnosis of viral uveitis and retinitis. A prospective study to evaluate the PCR results, clinical evolution, and treatment is imperative to corroborate the real value of PCR in diagnosis and how it could help the clinicians' approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Nogueira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Nogueira ML, Amorim JB, Oliveira JG, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG. Comparison of virus isolation and various polymerase chain reaction methods in the diagnosis of mucocutaneous herpesvirus infection. Acta Virol 2000; 44:61-5. [PMID: 10989695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
We compared two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays (simple and multiplex) and viral isolation to detect herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in 15 clinical specimens from 13 patients with mucocutaneous herpetic infections. HSV-1 or VZV DNA was detected in 13 specimens by simple PCRs (HSV-1 or VZV PCR) and in 12 specimens by multiplex PCR. On the other hand, viral isolation was positive for 9 specimens only. The PCR protocols used in this study are not only more sensitive and faster than the traditional viral isolation and conventional PCR protocols but also can distinguish rapidly HSV-1 from VZV. We propose the PCRs described here for rapid and precise identification of etiological agents of mucocutaneous herpetic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Nogueira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Waléria-Aleixo A, Kroon EG, Campos MA, Margutti-Pinto ME, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC. Heteroduplex mobility assay for rapid, sensitive and specific detection of mycobacteria. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2000; 36:225-35. [PMID: 10764964 DOI: 10.1016/s0732-8893(00)00112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report an improved method for the detection and identification of mycobacteria using PCR and the heteroduplex mobility shift assay (HMA). The HMA for detection of mycobacteria was based on the microheterogeneity within the DNA coding sequences for 16S rRNA. A remarkable shift between single-stranded, heteroduplex and homoduplex bands in PAGE was observed among the Mycobacterium spp. tested. The Mycobacteria HMA (MHMA) of amplified PCR products from mycobacteria DNA coding for 16S rDNA derived from culture showed a specific heteroduplexes formed among different Mycobacterium species. Other bacterium species were distinguished from Mycobaterium due to slow migrating heteroduplexes mobility bands observed when M. bovis (BCG), M. avium, or M. fortuitum were used as a standard. The specific heteroduplexes were detected when as little as 1 etag of DNA template was used, although better results were obtained with 5 etag and when PCR products of sample test and mycobacterium standard were mixed at a ratio of 1.8. To correctly evaluate the feasibility of using MHMA to detect and identify mycobacteria, 15 clinical sample patients were tested. All MTB-positive clinical samples were identified by MHMA as well as the negative samples. In addition, MHMA will, in principle, be applicable to the detection and classification of any microorganism showing differences within the 16S rRNA as well as to the identification of new and unrecognized bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Waléria-Aleixo
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Cerávolo IP, Chaves AC, Bonjardim CA, Sibley D, Romanha AJ, Gazzinelli RT. Replication of Toxoplasma gondii, but not Trypanosoma cruzi, is regulated in human fibroblasts activated with gamma interferon: requirement of a functional JAK/STAT pathway. Infect Immun 1999; 67:2233-40. [PMID: 10225879 PMCID: PMC115962 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.5.2233-2240.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the role of tryptophan degradation by indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (INDO) in the control of Trypanosoma cruzi or Toxoplasma gondii replication, we used human fibroblasts and a fibrosarcoma cell line (2C4). The cells were cultured in the presence or absence of recombinant gamma interferon (rIFN-gamma) and/or recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha (rTNF-alpha) for 24 h and were then infected with either T. cruzi or T. gondii. Intracellular parasite replication was evaluated 24 or 48 h after infection. Treatment with rIFN-gamma and/or rTNF-alpha had no inhibitory effect on T. cruzi replication. In contrast, 54, 73, or 30% inhibition of T. gondii replication was observed in the cells treated with rIFN-gamma alone, rIFN-gamma plus rTNF-alpha, or TNF-alpha alone, respectively. The replication of T. gondii tachyzoites in cytokine-activated cells was restored by the addition of extra tryptophan to the culture medium. Similarly, T. gondii tachyzoites transfected with bacterial tryptophan synthase were not sensitive to the microbiostatic effect of rIFN-gamma. We also investigated the basis of the cytokine effect on parasite replication by using the three mutant cell lines B3, B9, and B10 derived from 2C4 and expressing defective STAT1alpha (signal transducer and activator of transcription), JAK2 (Janus family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases), or JAK1, respectively, three important elements of a signaling pathway triggered by rIFN-gamma. We found that rTNF-alpha was able to induce low levels expression of INDO mRNA in the parental cell line, as well as the cell line lacking functional JAK2. In contrast to the parental cell line (2C4), rIFN-gamma was not able to induce the expression of INDO mRNA or microbiostatic activity in any of the mutant cell lines. These findings indicate the essential requirement of the JAK/STAT pathway for the induction of high levels of INDO mRNA, tryptophan degradation, and the anti-Toxoplasma activity inside human nonprofessional phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Cerávolo
- Cellular and Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Abstract
In order to characterize further the human amniotic membrane interferon (IFN-AM), an interferon antigenically unrelated to human IFN-alpha, -beta, and -gamma or TNF, we analysed its biological activities. Here, we present direct evidence of its ability to affect cell growth and to induce the IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) 6-16 and 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS), in addition to its crossed anti-viral activity. The cellular growth arrest effect of IFN-AM was dose-dependent and paralleled that of IFN-beta. IFN-AM was also able to inhibit thymidine incorporation into DNA, similar to IFN-beta. The mRNA induction of 6-16 gene with IFN-AM treatment reached its highest level at 500 IU/ml and remained constant up to 2000 IU/ml. Conversely, 2'-5' OAS mRNA induction was dose-dependent, with the maximum level detected at 2000 IU/ml of IFN-AM treatment. The time course of mRNA accumulation by ISGs with IFN-AM (500 IU/ml) stimulation was also investigated. Gene induction reached a maximum at 16 h after IFN treatment for 2'-5' OAS and at 48 h for the 6-16 gene. IFN-AM and human IFN-alpha induced similar levels of the OAS enzyme. IFN-AM also showed small but significant activity in bovine cells. In conclusion, the amniotic membrane IFN here studied showed both anti-cellular activity and the ability to stimulate ISG-transcriptional activation in a similar manner to IFN-beta. In addition, IFN-AM was also as able to induce the expression of the enzyme 2'-5' OAS, as did IFN-alpha. Lastly, amniotic IFN showed a significant cross-species anti-viral activity, which was different from both human IFN-alpha and -beta. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that IFN-AM is a novel sub-type I IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Franco
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Abstract
Mutant cell lines B3 and B10, which are unresponsive to both interferon (IFN)-alpha and IFN-gamma, and line B9, which does not respond to IFN-gamma stimulation, are described. The mutants were submitted to fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from a cellular pool, which was obtained from the parental cell line 2C4 after several rounds of mutagenesis. The unresponsiveness to IFN stimulation was observed both in terms of expression of cell surface markers (CD2, class I and II HLAs) and mRNA expression of IFN-stimulated genes (2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS), 9-27, and guanylate binding protein (GBP)). Genetic crossing of B3, B9 and B10 with U3 (STAT1-), gamma 2a (JAK2-) and U4 (JAK1-) mutants, respectively, did not restore IFN responsiveness to the hybrid cell lines. However, when these cell lines were crossed with the same mutants, but using the pairwise crosses B3 x U4, B9 x U3 and B10 x U3, the cell hybrids recovered full IFN responsiveness. The present genetic experiments permitted us to assign the mutant cell lines B3, B9 and B10 to the U3, gamma 2 and U4 complementation groups, respectively. These conclusions were supported by the analysis of IFN-stimulated genes in the mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Bonjardim
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil.
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14
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Nogueira ML, Oliveira AF, Araujo JG, Gallo MA, Fonseca JG, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG. PCR-based diagnosis of a case of herpetic whitlow in an AIDS patient. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1998; 40:317-9. [PMID: 10030077 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46651998000500009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpetic infections are common complications in AIDS patients. The clinical features could be uncommon and antiviral chemotherapy is imperative. A rapid diagnosis could prevent incorrect approaches and treatment. The polymerase chain reaction is a rapid, specific and sensible method for DNA amplification and diagnosis of infectious diseases, especially viral diseases. This approach has some advantages compared with conventional diagnostic procedures. Recently we have reported a new PCR protocol to rapid diagnosis of herpetic infections with suppression of the DNA extraction step. In this paper we present a case of herpetic whitlow with rapid diagnosis by HSV-1 specific polymerase chain reaction using the referred protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Nogueira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
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15
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Abstract
This study investigated whether primary culture of human amniotic membrane cells (PCHAM) could be used as an in vitro model system for the study of interferon (IFN) production. PCHAM cells infected with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) produced the two antigenic types of IFN, previously shown in a amniotic membrane cells (HAM) system. PCHAM IFN was detected as early as 2 h after NDV infection and was composed by two antigenically distinct fractions, one neutralized with anti-HuIFN beta antibody and another that is not related to IFN beta, -alpha and -gamma. These fractions correspond respectively to 80 and 20 per cent of the IFN produced 4 h after virus induction, 55 and 45 per cent of the IFN produced from 4 to 12 h and 67 and 33 per cent of the IFN produced 12 h after virus induction. A cDNA library, established from PCHAM with or without NDV infection, was screened for IFN alpha and -beta using specific primers. The PCR product, amplified by IFN beta primers, was cloned, sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli M15. The sequences of several cloned cDNAs were identical to HuIFN beta gene and the antiviral activity of the expressed protein was neutralized only by antiHuIFN-beta antibody. The other IFN fraction not neutralized by polyclonal antibodies anti-IFN beta, -alpha and -gamma is now being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Carvalho
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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16
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Nogueira ML, Carvalho AF, Barbosa EF, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG. Diagnosis of mucocutaneous herpetic infections by PCR without DNA extraction. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1998; 93:213-4. [PMID: 9698896 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761998000200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M L Nogueira
- Departmento de Microbiologia, ICB/UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
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Oliveira JG, Kroon EG, Ferreira PC, Bonjardim CA. The low proliferation rates of human amniotic cells are neither associated to deregulated proto-oncogenes' expression nor to the effect of IFN alpha 2. Placenta 1997; 18:163-8. [PMID: 9089777 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(97)90088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary cultures of human amniotic membrane (PCHAM) cells display very low proliferation rates while their doubling times vary between 150 h and 210 h even after mitogenic stimuli. However, the pattern of proto-oncogenes (c-fos, c-myc and c-jun) expression in these cells, upon serum restimulation, resembled that of cell lines that display shorter population doubling times. Serum stimulation of quiescent PCHAM cells promoted a rapid and transient c-fos mRNA expression, which was detected within 10 min, reached maximal levels at 30 min and decreased to undetectable levels 2-3 h later. The levels of c-myc or c-jun mRNA increased within 10 min after serum restimulation, peaked at 3 h and decreased to intermediate levels thereafter. We also present evidence showing that IFN alpha 2 treatment of PCHAM cells had no effect on their population doubling times nor in c-fas, c-myc, or c-jun mRNA expression, under conditions in which induction of IFN-stimulated genes, such as 2'-5' oligo-adenylate synthetase (OAS) and 6-16 was observed. We conclude that the growth constraints observed with this cells are not directly associated with a negative cellular growth regulation exerted by IFN alpha 2, nor due to a deregulated proto-oncogenes' expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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18
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Abstract
A recessive mutant cell line, B7, which is partially responsive to both interferon (IFN)-alpha and IFN-gamma is described. B7 was FACS sorted from a cellular pool, which was obtained from the parental cell line 2C4, after several rounds of mutagenesis. The partial responsiveness to IFN was observed both in terms of expression of cell surface markers (CD2, class I and II HLAs) and mRNA expression of IFN-stimulated genes (9-27; 6-16; 2'-5' OAS; GBP and HLA-DR alpha). A genetic cross with the U4 mutant (JAK1-, a member of the Janus family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinase) did not restore full IFN responsiveness to B7, and JAK1 cDNA transfection into B7 restored the wild phenotype of the cell line, defining B7 as a member of the U4 complementation group. Nevertheless, JAK1 mRNA was not detected in this mutant. Transcriptional regulator complexes such as IRF1/2 (IFN-regulatory factor) and ISGF3-gamma (IFN-stimulated gene factor) were constitutively formed in the B7 mutant and co-migrated with the IFN-induced complexes expressed in the parental cell line 2C4. Thus, this cell line seems to be useful for understanding cis-acting elements governing JAK1 mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Bonjardim
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil.
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19
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Abstract
The nucleotide changes present in a group of five cytochrome b mit- mutants were analyzed at the sequence level. Two single-base changes were found: one (M10-152) generated a nonsense codon in the first exon while the other (M8-181) created a missense substitution in the second exon. The other mutants all have multiple (three) substitutions that either resulted in a missense mutation in a coding region (M17-162) or else changed nucleotides in the last intron of the gene, so blocking its excision (M6-200 and M8-53). The synthesis of mitochondrial polypeptides and the steady state concentration of the complex-III subunits were examined. The Rieske protein and the core-4 and core-5 subunits were much reduced in all mutants. Consequently the overall stability of complex III is very sensitive even to amino-acid substitutions in the cytochrome b protein. Mutant M8-53 provides direct evidence for the proposed role of the P9.1 stem in the core structure of the group-I type last intron of this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Bonjardim
- Laboratório de Vírus, Depto. de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brasil
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Delouya D, Bonjardim CA, Nobrega FG. ARS activity along the yeast mitochondrial apocytochrome b region: correlation with the location of petite genomes and consensus sequences. Curr Genet 1987; 12:583-9. [PMID: 3332250 DOI: 10.1007/bf00368060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Seven MboI fragments spanning the mitochondrial apocytochrome b gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D273-10B were cloned in the BamHI site of the integrative yeast vector YIp5 and the capacity for autonomous replication was subsequently assayed in yeast. The positive correlation found between the ars-like activity in four fragments and the presence of regions common to multiple ethidium bromide-induced petite (rho-) genomes suggests that the mitochondrial sequences possibly active as origins of replication in low-complexity neutral or weakly suppressive rho- mutants could be functionally related to the yeast nuclear replicator 11 nucleotide motif defined by Broach et al. (1983).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Delouya
- Departmento de Bioquimica, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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21
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Bonjardim CA, Nóbrega FG. Nucleotide substitutions in a yeast mitochondria cis-acting mutant located in the last intron of the apocytochrome b gene. FEBS Lett 1984; 169:73-8. [PMID: 6325238 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(84)80292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The region of mitochondrial DNA corresponding to the intron mutant M6-200 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae D273-10B has been isolated, and the nucleotide sequence of a 519 bp RsaI fragment has been determined. Three nucleotide substitutions were found at nucleotides +2650 (G----T), +2668 (G----A) and +2798 (A----G), all within the genetically defined location in the gene. Particular significance can be attributed to the first two changes (+2650 and +2668), that can be genetically isolated from the third substitution and, in addition, alter conserved sequence features detected in a study [(1982) Biochimie 64, 867-881] of fungal mitochondrial introns.
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