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Kwon Y, Salvo JJ, Anderson N, Holubecki AM, Lakshman M, Yoo K, Kay K, Gratton C, Braga RM. Situating the parietal memory network in the context of multiple parallel distributed networks using high-resolution functional connectivity. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.16.553585. [PMID: 37645962 PMCID: PMC10462098 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.16.553585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A principle of brain organization is that networks serving higher cognitive functions are widely distributed across the brain. One exception has been the parietal memory network (PMN), which plays a role in recognition memory but is often defined as being restricted to posteromedial association cortex. We hypothesized that high-resolution estimates of the PMN would reveal small regions that had been missed by prior approaches. High-field 7T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from extensively sampled participants was used to define the PMN within individuals. The PMN consistently extended beyond the core posteromedial set to include regions in the inferior parietal lobule; rostral, dorsal, medial, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex; the anterior insula; and ramus marginalis of the cingulate sulcus. The results suggest that, when fine-scale anatomy is considered, the PMN matches the expected distributed architecture of other association networks, reinforcing that parallel distributed networks are an organizing principle of association cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kwon
- Northwestern University Department of Neurology
| | - J J Salvo
- Northwestern University Department of Neurology
| | - N Anderson
- Northwestern University Department of Neurology
| | | | - M Lakshman
- Northwestern University Department of Neurology
| | - K Yoo
- Yale University Department of Psychology
| | - K Kay
- University of Minnesota Department of Radiology
| | - C Gratton
- Florida State University Department of Psychology
| | - R M Braga
- Northwestern University Department of Neurology
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2
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Tai TM, Kaldor A, Urbina D, Gratton C. Within-Year Effects of Prescribed Fire on Bumble Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Floral Resources. J Insect Sci 2022; 22:7. [PMID: 35039856 PMCID: PMC8763615 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of bumble bees (genus Bombus Latreille) for their services to natural and agricultural environments, we know little about the relationship between grassland management practices and bumble bee conservation. Prescribed fire is a common grassland maintenance tool, including in areas where endangered and threatened bumble bees are present. Thus, knowledge of the effects of prescribed fire on bumble bees is essential for designing management schemes that protect and bolster their populations. Using nonlethal surveys to record bumble bee species richness, abundance, and community composition, we evaluated the effects of spring controlled burns on summer bumble bee gynes and workers across five sites in southern Wisconsin. In addition, we explored the effects of fire on floral resources by measuring floral genus richness, abundance, ground cover, and proportion of transects containing blooming flowers in adjacent burned and unburned parcels. Prescribed fire had no measurable effects on bumble bee gyne or worker community composition, species richness, or abundance. However, consistent with previous studies prescribed fire increased floral genus richness and ground cover. The disconnect between bumble bee and floral responses to fire highlights some opportunities for improving our understanding of fire's effects on bumble bee diapause, nest site choice, and foraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Tai
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - A Kaldor
- University of Georgia, 120 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - D Urbina
- Universidad de Puerto Rico–Rio Piedras, 14, 2534 Av. Universidad Ste. 1401, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico
| | - C Gratton
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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3
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Wills BD, Kim TN, Fox AF, Gratton C, Landis DA. Reducing Native Ant Abundance Decreases Predation Rates in Midwestern Grasslands. Environ Entomol 2019; 48:1360-1368. [PMID: 31713603 PMCID: PMC6894410 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diverse and robust predator communities are important for effective prey suppression in natural and managed communities. Ants are ubiquitous components of terrestrial systems but their contributions to natural prey suppression is relatively understudied in temperate regions. Growing evidence suggests that ants can play a significant role in the removal of insect prey within grasslands, but their impact is difficult to separate from that of nonant predators. To test how ants may contribute to prey suppression in grasslands, we used poison baits (with physical exclosures) to selectively reduce the ant population in common garden settings, then tracked ant and nonant ground predator abundance and diversity, and removal of sentinel egg prey for 7 wk. We found that poison baits reduced ant abundance without a significant negative impact on abundance of nonant ground predators, and that a reduction in ant abundance decreased the proportion of sentinel prey eggs removed. Even a modest decrease (~20%) in abundance of several ant species, including the numerically dominant Lasius neoniger Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), significantly reduced sentinel prey removal rates. Our results suggest that ants disproportionately contribute to ground-based predation of arthropod prey in grasslands. Changes in the amount of grasslands on the landscape and its management may have important implications for ant prevalence and natural prey suppression services in agricultural landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Wills
- Department of Entomology and DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - T N Kim
- Department of Entomology and DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - A F Fox
- Department of Entomology and DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - C Gratton
- Department of Entomology and DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - D A Landis
- Department of Entomology and DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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4
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Gratton C, Neta M, Sun H, Ploran EJ, Schlaggar BL, Wheeler ME, Petersen SE, Nelson SM. Distinct Stages of Moment-to-Moment Processing in the Cinguloopercular and Frontoparietal Networks. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:2403-2417. [PMID: 27095824 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of goal-directed tasks is putatively carried out via the cinguloopercular (CO) and frontoparietal (FP) systems. However, it remains unclear whether these systems show dissociable moment-to-moment processing during distinct stages of a trial. Here, we characterize dynamics in the CO and FP networks in a meta-analysis of 5 decision-making tasks using fMRI, with a specialized "slow reveal" paradigm which allows us to measure the temporal characteristics of trial responses. We find that activations in left FP, right FP, and CO systems form separate clusters, pointing to distinct roles in decision-making. Left FP shows early "accumulator-like" responses, suggesting a role in pre-decision processing. CO has a late onset and transient response linked to the decision event, suggesting a role in performance reporting. The majority of right FP regions show late onsets with prolonged responses, suggesting a role in post-recognition processing. These findings expand upon past models, arguing that the CO and FP systems relate to distinct stages of processing within a trial. Furthermore, the findings provide evidence for a heterogeneous profile in the FP network, with left and right FP taking on specialized roles. This evidence informs our understanding of how distinct control networks may coordinate moment-to-moment components of complex actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Neta
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - H Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - E J Ploran
- Department of Psychology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - B L Schlaggar
- Department of Neurology.,Department of Radiology.,Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Neuroscience
| | - M E Wheeler
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S E Petersen
- Department of Neurology.,Department of Radiology.,Department of Neuroscience.,Department of Biomedical Engineering.,Department of Psychology and.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - S M Nelson
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, USA.,Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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5
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Bennett AB, Gratton C. Measuring natural pest suppression at different spatial scales affects the importance of local variables. Environ Entomol 2012; 41:1077-1085. [PMID: 23068163 DOI: 10.1603/en11328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The role biodiversity plays in the provision of ecosystem services is widely recognized, yet few ecological studies have identified characteristics of natural systems that support and maintain ecosystem services. The purpose of this study was to identify landscape variables correlated with natural pest suppression carried out by arthropod natural enemies, predators and parasitoids. We conducted two field experiments, one observational and one experimental, where landscape variables at broad and local scales were measured and related to natural pest suppression. The first experiment measured natural pest suppression at 16 sites across an urban to rural landscape gradient in south central Wisconsin. We found natural enemy diversity positively affected natural pest suppression, whereas flower diversity negatively affected pest suppression. No relationship was found between natural pest suppression and broad scale variables, which measured the percentage of different land cover classes in the surrounding landscape. In the second experiment, we established small (2- by 3-m) replicated plots that experimentally varied flower diversity (0, 1, or 7 species) within a plot. We found no significant relationship between natural pest suppression and the different levels of flower diversity. The fact that we only found differences in natural pest suppression in our first experiment, which measured natural pest suppression at sites separated by larger distances than our second experiment, suggests the more appropriate scale for measuring ecosystem services performed by mobile organisms like insects, is across broad spatial scales where variation in natural enemies communities and the factors that affect them become more apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Bennett
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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6
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Gratton C, Sreenivasan K, Silver M, D'Esposito M. Effects of feature-based attention on voxel tuning curves for individual faces. J Vis 2012. [DOI: 10.1167/12.9.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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7
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Mueller EE, Groves RL, Gratton C. Crop and Non-Crop Plants as Potential Reservoir Hosts of Alfalfa mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus for Spread to Commercial Snap Bean. Plant Dis 2012; 96:506-514. [PMID: 30727448 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-11-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by aphid-transmitted viruses such as Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) have increased in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the Midwestern United States. Plants immediately surrounding agricultural fields may serve as primary virus inocula for aphids to acquire and transmit to bean crops. The project objectives were to (i) identify potentially important AMV and CMV reservoirs among naturally infected plants and (ii) determine the relationship between the virus inoculum potential (VIP) in adjacent crop field margins and virus incidence in P. vulgaris. From 2006 to 2008, surveys were conducted to quantify the virus incidence and percentage cover (2008 only) of plants present within 5 m of the P. vulgaris crop. In all, 4,350 individual plants representing 44 species were assayed, with overall AMV and CMV incidences averaging 12 and 1.5%, respectively. A VIP index was developed and used to rank the importance of virus-susceptible plants in adjacent field margins. The overall VIP index for AMV in field margins was weakly associated with AMV incidence in P. vulgaris and no relationship was observed between local CMV inoculum and P. vulgaris incidence, suggesting that factors additional to local inoculum sources may influence CMV epidemics in P. vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Mueller
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706
| | - R L Groves
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706
| | - C Gratton
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706
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8
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Hong SC, MacGuidwin A, Gratton C. Soybean aphid and soybean cyst nematode interactions in the field and effects on soybean yield. J Econ Entomol 2011; 104:1568-74. [PMID: 22066186 DOI: 10.1603/ec11084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
How above- and belowground plant pests interact with each other and how these interactions affect productivity is a relatively understudied aspect of crop production. Soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, a root parasite of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., is the most threatening pathogen in soybean production and soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, an aboveground phloem-feeding insect that appeared in North America in 2000, is the key aboveground herbivore of soybean in the midwestern United States. Now, both soybean aphid and soybean cyst nematode co-occur in soybean-growing areas in the Upper Midwest. The objectives of this study were to examine aphid colonization patterns and population growth on soybean across a natural gradient of nematode density (range, approximately 900 and 27,000 eggs per 100 cm3 soil), and to investigate the effect of this pest complex on soybean productivity. Alate (winged) soybean aphid colonization of soybean was negatively correlated to soybean cyst nematode egg density (r = -0.363, P = 0.0095) at the end of July, at the onset of peak alate colonization. However, both a manipulative cage study and openly colonized plants showed that soybean cyst nematode density below ground was unrelated to variation in aphid population growth (r approximately -0.01). Based on regression analyses, soybean aphids and cyst nematodes had independent effects on soybean yield through effects on different yield components. High soybean cyst nematode density was associated with a decline in soybean yield (kg ha(-1)), whereas increasing soybean aphid density (both alate and apterous) significantly decreased seed weight (g 100 seeds(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Hong
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; 237 Russell Labs, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
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9
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Hong SC, Donaldson J, Gratton C. Soybean cyst nematode effects on soybean aphid preference and performance in the laboratory. Environ Entomol 2010; 39:1561-9. [PMID: 22546453 DOI: 10.1603/en10091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Herbivores on plants frequently interact via shared resources. Studies that have examined performance of herbivores in the presence of other herbivores, however, have often focused on above-ground feeding guilds and relatively less research has examined interactions between below- and above-ground consumers. We examine how soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Matsumura) an above-ground phloem-feeding herbivore, interacts with a below-ground plant parasite, soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines (Ichinohe) through their shared host plant, soybean (Glycine max L). Laboratory experiments evaluated the preference of alate (flight-capable) soybean aphids toward plants either infected with soybean cyst nematode or uninfected controls in a simple choice arena. Alate soybean aphids preferred uninfected soybean over soybean cyst nematode-infected plants: 48 h after the releases of alate aphids in the center of the arena, 67% more aphids were found on control soybean compared with nematode infected plants. No-choice feeding assays were also conducted using clip cages and apterous (flight-incapable) aphids to investigate effect of soybean cyst nematode infection of soybean on aphid performance. These studies had mixed results: in one set of experiments overall aphid population growth at 7 d was not statistically different between control and soybean cyst nematode-infected plants. A different experiment using a life-table analysis found that apterous aphids feeding on soybean cyst nematode-infected plants had significantly greater finite rate of increase (λ), intrinsic rate of increase (r(m)), and net reproductive rate (R(o)) compared with aphids reared on uninfected (control) soybean plants. We conclude that the below-ground herbivore, soybean cyst nematode, primarily influences soybean aphid behavior rather than performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Hong
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin/Madison, 237 Russell Labs, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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10
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Mueller EE, Frost KE, Esker PD, Gratton C. Seasonal phenology of Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and other aphid species in cultivated bean and noncrop habitats in Wisconsin. J Econ Entomol 2010; 103:1670-81. [PMID: 21061967 DOI: 10.1603/ec09411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of aphid-transmitted viruses in agricultural crops of the Midwest and northeastern United States has become more frequent since the arrival and establishment of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae). A. glycines is a competent vector of plant viruses and may be responsible for recent virus epidemics in Wisconsin snap bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., fields. To determine whether vegetation surrounding crop fields could serve as sources of virus inocula, we examined the settling activity ofA. glycines and other aphid species in agricultural crops and noncrop field margins adjacent to snap bean fields. Noncrop field margins were made up of numerous virus-susceptible plant species within 10 m from snap bean field edges. During summers 2006 and 2007, horizontal pan traps were placed in commercial soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], snap bean, and surrounding field margins to characterize aphid flight activity patterns in the different habitat types. Alate abundance and peak occurrence across years varied between crop and noncrop field margins and differed among patches of plants in field margins. Overall aphid activity peaked late in the season (21 August in 2006 and 28 July in 2007); with the majority (52%) of total aphids trapped in all habitats being A. glycines. Susceptibility to viral infection and confirmed visitation of A. glycines to these forage plants suggests the importance ofnoncrop habitats as potential sources of primary virus inoculum. Viral disease onset followed peak aphid flights and further implicates A. glycines as a likely vector of viruses in commercial bean and other crops in Wisconsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Mueller
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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11
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Gardiner MM, Landis DA, Gratton C, Schmidt N, O’Neal M, Mueller E, Chacon J, Heimpel GE, DiFonzo CD. Landscape composition influences patterns of native and exotic lady beetle abundance. DIVERS DISTRIB 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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12
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Nomura EM, Gratton C, D'Esposito M. Effect of r-TMS on Coherence of Resting State Networks. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)72216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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13
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Gardiner MM, Landis DA, Gratton C, DiFonzo CD, O'Neal M, Chacon JM, Wayo MT, Schmidt NP, Mueller EE, Heimpel GE. Landscape diversity enhances biological control of an introduced crop pest in the north-central USA. Ecol Appl 2009; 19:143-154. [PMID: 19323179 DOI: 10.1890/07-1265.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod predators and parasitoids provide valuable ecosystem services in agricultural crops by suppressing populations of insect herbivores. Many natural enemies are influenced by non-crop habitat surrounding agricultural fields, and understanding if, and at what scales, land use patterns influence natural enemies is essential to predicting how landscape alters biological control services. Here we focus on biological control of soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matumura, a specialist crop pest recently introduced to the north-central United States. We measured the amount of biological control service supplied to soybean in 26 replicate fields across Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota across two years (2005-2006). We measured the impact of natural enemies by experimentally excluding or allowing access to soybean aphid infested plants and comparing aphid population growth over 14 days. We also monitored aphid and natural enemy populations at large in each field. Predators, principally coccinellid beetles, dominated the natural enemy community of soybean in both years. In the absence of aphid predators, A. glycines increased significantly, with 5.3-fold higher aphid populations on plants in exclusion cages vs. the open field after 14 days. We calculated a biological control services index (BSI) based on relative suppression of aphid populations and related it to landscape diversity and composition at multiple spatial scales surrounding each site. We found that BSI values increased with landscape diversity, measured as Simpson's D. Landscapes dominated by corn and soybean fields provided less biocontrol service to soybean compared with landscapes with an abundance of crop and non-crop habitats. The abundance of Coccinellidae was related to landscape composition, with beetles being more abundant in landscapes with an abundance of forest and grassland compared with landscapes dominated by agricultural crops. Landscape diversity and composition at a scale of 1.5 km surrounding the focal field explained the greatest proportion of the variation in BSI and Coccinellidae abundance. This study indicates that natural enemies provide a regionally important ecosystem service by suppressing a key soybean pest, reducing the need for insecticide applications. Furthermore, it suggests that management to maintain or enhance landscape diversity has the potential to stabilize or increase biocontrol services.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Gardiner
- Department of Entomology, 204 Center for Integrated Plant Systems, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1311, USA.
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14
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Gratton C. Advocacy and rationing are compatible. Healthc Pap 2003; 2:62-7; discussion 69-75. [PMID: 12811148 DOI: 10.12927/hcpap..17460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In his paper, Peter Ubel attempts to make the case for "bedside rationing" by clinicians in order to help control healthcare costs. This commentary addresses a number of conceptual, logical and linguistic problems with Dr. Ubel's paper, challenges his apparently "heretical" view of advocacy, but provides additional support for his central claim that physicians should do bedside rationing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gratton
- Logic and Critical Thinking, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
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15
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16
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Gratton C. Letting and making death happen, withholding and withdrawing life-support: morally irrelevant distinctions. J Med Humanit 1990; 11:75-80. [PMID: 10107000 DOI: 10.1007/bf01650687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The author argues that there is no morally relevant distinction between letting and making death happen, and between withholding and withdrawing life-support. There is a discussion of possible adverse consequences in believing that there are moral distinctions. And then he shows that acknowledging the absence of such a distinction does not necessarily imply any endorsement of active euthanasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gratton
- Clinical Ethics Committee, Toronto General Hospital, Ontario
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