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Affiliation(s)
- C L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, CNY149-3210, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, U.S.A.
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Klein OJ, Jung YK, Evans CL. Longitudinal, quantitative monitoring of therapeutic response in 3D in vitro tumor models with OCT for high-content therapeutic screening. Methods 2013; 66:299-311. [PMID: 24013042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro three-dimensional models of cancer have the ability to recapitulate many features of tumors found in vivo, including cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, microenvironments that become hypoxic and acidic, and other barriers to effective therapy. These model tumors can be large, highly complex, heterogeneous, and undergo time-dependent growth and treatment response processes that are difficult to track and quantify using standard imaging tools. Optical coherence tomography is an optical ranging technique that is ideally suited for visualizing, monitoring, and quantifying the growth and treatment response dynamics occurring in these informative model systems. By optimizing both optical coherence tomography and 3D culture systems, it is possible to continuously and non-perturbatively monitor advanced in vitro models without the use of labels over the course of hours and days. In this chapter, we describe approaches and methods for creating and carrying out quantitative therapeutic screens with in vitro 3D cultures using optical coherence tomography to gain insights into therapeutic mechanisms and build more effective treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Klein
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Y K Jung
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - C L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Murugkar S, Evans CL, Xie XS, Anis H. Chemically specific imaging of cryptosporidium oocysts using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. J Microsc 2009; 233:244-50. [PMID: 19220690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the application of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy for the rapid, label-free chemical imaging of waterborne pathogens. Chemically selective images of cryptosporidium were acquired in just a few seconds using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy, demonstrating its capability for the rapid detection of cryptosporidium at the single oocyst level. We discuss the applicability of such a technique in a near-real time automated water testing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Murugkar
- School of Information Technology and Engineering (SITE), University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward, P.O. Box 450, Stn A, Ottawa, Ontario K1N6N5, Canada.
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Abstract
We report the use of adaptive optics with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy for label-free deep tissue imaging based on molecular vibrational spectroscopy. The setup employs a deformable membrane mirror and a random search optimization algorithm to improve signal intensity and image quality at large sample depths. We demonstrate the ability to correct for both system and sample-induced aberrations in test samples as well as in muscle tissue in order to enhance the CARS signal. The combined system and sample-induced aberration correction increased the signal by an average factor of approximately 3x for the test samples at a depth of 700 microm and approximately 6x for muscle tissue at a depth of 260 microm. The enhanced signal and higher penetration depth offered by adaptive optics will augment CARS microscopy as an in vivo and in situ biomedical imaging modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Wright
- Institute of Photonics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow,G4 0NW, Scotland
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Evans CL, Murphy GE, Young FG. The behaviour of liver glycogen in experimental animals: V. Some factors affecting liver glycogen recovery in the decapitate cat. J Physiol 2007; 76:413-35. [PMID: 16994359 PMCID: PMC1394661 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1932.sp002937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Eggleton MG, Evans CL. The lactic acid content of the blood after muscular contraction under experimental conditions. J Physiol 2007; 70:269-93. [PMID: 16994142 PMCID: PMC1402986 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1930.sp002695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Evans CL, Underhill SW. Studies on the physiology of plain muscle: I. The effect of alteration of hydrogen-ion concentration on the tone and contractions of plain muscle. J Physiol 2007; 58:1-14. [PMID: 16993620 PMCID: PMC1405520 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1923.sp002094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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De Graff AC, Evans CL, Vacek T. THE BEHAVIOUR OF LIVER GLYCOGEN IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS: III. THE RELATIONSHIP OF BLOOD PHOSPHORUS TO LIVER GLYCOGEN AND BLOOD GLUCOSE IN THE DECAPITATE CAT. J Physiol 2007; 76:387-94. [PMID: 16994357 PMCID: PMC1394702 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1932.sp002934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Evans CL, Matsuoka Y. The effect of various mechanical conditions on the gaseous metabolism and efficiency of the mammalian heart. J Physiol 2007; 49:378-405. [PMID: 16993302 PMCID: PMC1420580 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1915.sp001716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Evans CL, Tsai C, Young FG. The behaviour of liver glycogen in experimental animals: II. Glycogen recovery after decapitation and decerebration. J Physiol 2007; 73:81-102. [PMID: 16994230 PMCID: PMC1394403 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1931.sp002798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Evans CL, De Graff AC, Kosaka T, Mackenzie K, Murphy GE, Vacek T, Williams DH, Young FG. The utilization of blood sugar and lactate by the heart-lung preparation. J Physiol 2007; 80:21-40. [PMID: 16994482 PMCID: PMC1394354 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1933.sp003068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Wilson TS, Bearinger JP, Herberg JL, Marion JE, Wright WJ, Evans CL, Maitland DJ. Shape memory polymers based on uniform aliphatic urethane networks. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Dudley
- The National Institute for Medical Research, Hampstead
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Evans
- The Harvey Physiological Laboratories, St Bartholomew's Medical College, London
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Mikolajczyk SD, Marker KM, Millar LS, Kumar A, Saedi MS, Payne JK, Evans CL, Gasior CL, Linton HJ, Carpenter P, Rittenhouse HG. A truncated precursor form of prostate-specific antigen is a more specific serum marker of prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2001; 61:6958-63. [PMID: 11559576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a widely used serum marker for prostate cancer (PCa) but has limited specificity for distinguishing early PCa from benign prostatic hyperplasia, because both PCa and benign prostatic hyperplasia release PSA into the serum. We have identified previously a truncated form of precursor PSA (pPSA) in prostate tumor extracts consisting of PSA with a serine-arginine pro leader peptide ([-2]pPSA) instead of the normally expressed 7 amino acid pro leader peptide. In the current study we developed monoclonal antibodies to detect [-2]pPSA and other isoforms of pPSA for Western blot analysis. PSA was immunoaffinity purified from 100 to 200 ml of serum from each of five men with biopsy-proven cancer and three biopsy-negative men, all with total PSA levels in the diagnostically relevant range near 10 ng/ml. The truncated [-2]pPSA was estimated to range from 25 to 95% of the free PSA in the five PCa samples but only 6-19% of the free PSA in the biopsy-negative men. Immunohistochemical studies showed positive staining for [-2]pPSA in PCa epithelium and that [-2]pPSA was enriched in cancer cell secretions. In vitro activation studies showed that human kallikrein 2 and trypsin readily activated full-length pPSA but were unable to activate [-2]pPSA to mature PSA. Thus, [-2]pPSA, once formed, is a stable but inactive isoform of PSA. Truncated [-2]pPSA may represent an important new diagnostic marker for the early detection of PCa.
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Finlay JA, Day JR, Evans CL, Carlson R, Kuus-Reichel K, Millar LS, Mikolajczyk SD, Goodmanson M, Klee GG, Rittenhouse HG. Development of a dual monoclonal antibody immunoassay for total human kallikrein 2. Clin Chem 2001; 47:1218-24. [PMID: 11427452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human kallikrein 2 (hK2) shares 80% sequence identity with prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Because both hK2 and hK2-alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin (hK2-ACT) complexes have been identified in patient sera, we devised an immunoassay for total hK2 [(thK2); hK2 and hK2-ACT] and evaluated it in healthy subjects and patients with prostate disease. METHODS We developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with high specificity for hK2 and hK2-ACT and minimal cross-reactivity to PSA. Using these mAbs, a sandwich assay was developed and its specificity for forms of hK2 was assessed. Serum samples (n = 1035) from healthy volunteers, patients with increased PSA, and men who had undergone radical prostatectomy were assayed for thK2. We also measured thK2 in samples before and after storage under common laboratory conditions. RESULTS The minimum detectable concentration in the thK2 assay was 0.008 microg/L, and PSA cross-reactivity was <0.001%. The assay detected prohK2 and three different hK2-serum protease complexes. The median serum concentration of thK2 in control samples (0.013 microg/L) was significantly lower than the median in samples from patients with increased PSA concentrations (0.085 microg/L). Immunoreactive hK2 changed little in samples stored for up to 1 month at -70 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS The thK2 assay recognizes all forms of hK2 that have been found in bodily fluids to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Finlay
- Research Department, Hybritech Inc., a subsidiary of Beckman Coulter, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Brown TM, Cho SY, Evans CL, Park S, Pimprale SS, Bryson PK. A single gene (yes) controls pigmentation of eyes and scales in Heliothis virescens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 1:1. [PMID: 15455061 PMCID: PMC355885 DOI: 10.1673/031.001.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2000] [Accepted: 12/15/2000] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A yellow-eyed mutant was discovered in a strain of Heliothis virescens, the tobacco budworm, that already exhibited a mutation for yellow scale, y. We investigated the inheritance of these visible mutations as candidate markers for transgenesis. Yellow eye was controlled by a single, recessive, autosomal factor, the same type of inheritance previously known for y. Presence of the recombinant mutants with yellow scales and wild type eyes in test crosses indicated independent segregation of genes for these traits. The recombinant class with wild type scales and yellow eyes was completely absent and there was a corresponding increase of the double mutant parental class having yellow scales and yellow eyes. These results indicated that a single factor for yellow eye also controlled yellow scales independently of y. This gene was named yes, for yellow eye and scale. We hypothesize that yes controls both eye and scale color through a deficiency in transport of pigment precursors in both the ommochrome and melanin pathways. The unlinked gene y likely controls an enzyme affecting the melanin pathway only. Both y and yes segregated independently of AceIn, acetylcholinesterase insensitivity, and sodium channel hscp, which are genes related to insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Brown
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A variant of the 'inner speech' theory of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia suggests that there is an abnormality of the relationship between the 'inner voice' and 'inner ear', such that hallucinators are unable to distinguish inner 'imagined' speech from real external speech, and so misrecognize inner speech as alien. METHODS Five experiments were carried out comparing 12 schizophrenic patients who were highly prone to hallucinate, with seven patients who were not, on a series of auditory imagery tasks that are differentially dependent on inner voice/inner ear partnership for successful performance: parsing meaningful letter/number strings; the verbal transformation effect; phoneme judgements; pitch judgements, and homophony and rhyme judgements. RESULTS Contrary to our hypothesis, there was no evidence that the group with the propensity to hallucinate were impaired on tasks requiring normal inner ear/inner voice partnership. CONCLUSIONS Together with previous work indicating no impairment of the phonological loop in patients who hallucinate, these results suggest that inner speech and auditory verbal hallucinations are not connected in a simplistic or direct way. Indeed, a reappraisal of psychological models of hallucinations in general may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Evans
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, London
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Abstract
A boy aged 11 years 11 months, with normal premorbid personality, presented with a severe depressive episode with somatic and psychotic features. A clinical response to amitriptyline was complicated by ECG changes leading to the abrupt withdrawal of amitriptyline, with the development of a withdrawal syndrome. Further trials of antidepressant medication were unsuccessful, including paroxetine (clinical deterioration), lofepramine (ECG changes and clinical deterioration), and trazodone (priapism). Finally, a good clinical response to dothiepin augmented with lithium was achieved. ECG changes were assessed as being idiosyncratic responses to medication, rather than ischaemic in nature. A dose/response relationship with dothiepin was observed. All medication was successfully stopped after 26 months of treatment. Clinical phenomena relevant to the development of guidelines for use of tricyclic antidepressants in childhood and adolescence are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Evans
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
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Finlay JA, Evans CL, Day JR, Payne JK, Mikolajczyk SD, Millar LS, Kuus-Reichel K, Wolfert RL, Rittenhouse HG. Development of monoclonal antibodies specific for human glandular kallikrein (hK2): development of a dual antibody immunoassay for hK2 with negligible prostate-specific antigen cross-reactivity. Urology 1998; 51:804-9. [PMID: 9610595 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(98)00107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human glandular kallikrein (hK2) is a protein that is 80% homologous to prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and, like PSA, is localized to the prostate. We developed a specific immunoassay for hK2 that can be used to evaluate its clinical diagnostic utility. METHODS We developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for hK2 by immunizing with hK2 and screening for clones reactive with hK2 and not PSA. Prototype sandwich assays using these mAbs were tested, and the optimum pair selected. Purified hK2 was used as standard and PSA cross-reactivity was assessed in the assay. Both hK2 and hK2-alpha1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) complexes have been identified in sera of patients with prostate cancer (PCa). Serum samples (n = 671) from healthy volunteers and patients with prostate disease were assayed for hK2 and PSA levels. RESULTS The assay had a detection limit of less than 0.12 ng/mL and a less than 0.5% cross-reactivity with PSA. The assay preferentially detected free hK2 with a 3.5-fold higher molar response than with hK2-ACT. The mean serum concentration of hK2 in normal control samples was low (0.33 and 0.37 ng/mL for normal healthy men and women, respectively) but was elevated in patients with prostate disease (0.86 and 6.77 ng/mL for patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and PCa, respectively). Negligible cross-reactivity to hK2 was measured by Tandem PSA assays (Hybritech). CONCLUSIONS Significant concentrations of hK2, relative to PSA, were detected in human serum, especially in patients with prostate disease. Serum hK2 concentrations were not proportional to PSA concentration. Therefore, hK2 has the potential to be an independent and clinically useful marker for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Finlay
- Hybritech Incorporated, San Diego, California 92196-9006, USA
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Pannek J, Rittenhouse HG, Evans CL, Finlay JA, Bruzek DJ, Cox JL, Chan DW, Subong EN, Partin AW. Molecular forms of prostate-specific antigen and human kallikrein 2 (hK2) in urine are not clinically useful for early detection and staging of prostate cancer. Urology 1997; 50:715-21. [PMID: 9372881 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(97)00324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a member of the human kallikrein (hK) family, is the most important tumor marker for early detection, staging, and monitoring of men with prostate cancer today. However, the sensitivity of serum PSA is not sufficient to be used alone for prostate cancer screening. Recently, it was reported that the serum-to-urinary total PSA ratio improves the detection of men with prostate cancer, especially in men with a serum total PSA level between 4.0 and 10.0 ng/mL. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating the clinical usefulness of this PSA ratio as well as the use of the different molecular forms of PSA and human kallikrein 2 (hK2) in urine for detection and staging of prostate cancer. METHODS One hundred ten fresh, midstream urine specimens (prostate cancer 62, benign prostatic hyperplasia [BPH] 38, healthy male control 5, women 5) were collected. Serum total PSA, urine total PSA, urinary free PSA, urinary alpha 1-antichymotrypsin-bound PSA, and urinary hK2 levels were determined by monoclonal antibody assays (Hybritech Inc.). The serum-to-urinary total PSA ratio was calculated. RESULTS The serum-to-urinary total PSA ratio did not accurately distinguish between men with BPH and men with prostate cancer. There was no significant difference between the urinary levels of any of the molecular forms of PSA or hK2 between men with prostate cancer and men with BPH. Among men with prostate cancer, neither urinary hK2 nor urinary levels of any of the molecular forms of PSA correlated with age, pathologic stage, or Gleason grade. CONCLUSIONS In our study, the serum-to-urinary total PSA ratio did not improve the detection of men with prostate cancer. Furthermore, measurement of the molecular forms of PSA and hK2 in urine did not improve the detection or staging of prostate cancer over serum PSA alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pannek
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD 21287-2101, USA
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Aldridge PK, Evans CL, Ward HW, Colgan ST, Boyer N, Gemperline PJ. Near-IR Detection of Polymorphism and Process-Related Substances. Anal Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ac950993x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Rumination has been reported to be a relatively rare disorder of eating during infancy. Over the past decade, there appears to be a renewed interest in and recognition of adult rumination. Although some authors believe adult rumination is benign, others have begun to link it with both eating disorders and depressive symptoms. This paper presents two adult cases whose rumination was associated with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. More identification and study of adult rumination is needed to clarify its course and medical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Tamburrino
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699-0008
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