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Sutthatarn P, Lapidus-Krol E, Smith C, Halaweish I, Rialon K, Ralls MW, Rentea RM, Madonna MB, Haddock C, Rocca AM, Gosain A, Frischer J, Piper H, Goldstein AM, Saadai P, Durham MM, Dickie B, Jafri M, Langer JC. Hirschsprung-associated inflammatory bowel disease: A multicenter study from the APSA Hirschsprung disease interest group. J Pediatr Surg 2023; 58:856-861. [PMID: 36801072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2023.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE A small number of Hirschsprung disease (HD) patients develop inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-like symptoms after pullthrough surgery. The etiology and pathophysiology of Hirschsprung-associated IBD (HD-IBD) remains unknown. This study aims to further characterize HD-IBD, to identify potential risk factors and to evaluate response to treatment in a large group of patients. METHODS Retrospective study of patients diagnosed with IBD after pullthrough surgery between 2000 and 2021 at 17 institutions. Data regarding clinical presentation and course of HD and IBD were reviewed. Effectiveness of medical therapy for IBD was recorded using a Likert scale. RESULTS There were 55 patients (78% male). 50% (n = 28) had long segment disease. Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC) was reported in 68% (n = 36). Ten patients (18%) had Trisomy 21. IBD was diagnosed after age 5 in 63% (n = 34). IBD presentation consisted of colonic or small bowel inflammation resembling IBD in 69% (n = 38), unexplained or persistent fistula in 18% (n = 10) and unexplained HAEC >5 years old or unresponsive to standard treatment in 13% (n = 7). Biological agents were the most effective (80%) medications. A third of patients required a surgical procedure for IBD. CONCLUSION More than half of the patients were diagnosed with HD-IBD after 5 years old. Long segment disease, HAEC after pull through operation and trisomy 21 may represent risk factors for this condition. Investigation for possible IBD should be considered in children with unexplained fistulae, HAEC beyond the age of 5 or unresponsive to standard therapy, and symptoms suggestive of IBD. Biological agents were the most effective medical treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattamon Sutthatarn
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eveline Lapidus-Krol
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Caitlin Smith
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, The University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ihab Halaweish
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kristy Rialon
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew W Ralls
- UMICH University of Michigan Section of Pediatric Surgery, C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca M Rentea
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Mary B Madonna
- Department of Surgery, Rush Medical College, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Candace Haddock
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Valley Children's Healthcare, Madera, CA, USA
| | | | - Ankush Gosain
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Children's Foundation Research Institute Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jason Frischer
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hannah Piper
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Payam Saadai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, UC Davis Children's Hospital, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Megan M Durham
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory Pediatric Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Belinda Dickie
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Children's Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mubeen Jafri
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jacob C Langer
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Zhang ZZ, Haddock C, Verchere C, Arneja JS, Skarsgard ED. Management of narrow stalked giant omphalocele using tissue expansion, staged closure, and amnion preservation technique. Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case Reports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.epsc.2019.101311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Ma V, Dhatt R, Haddock C, Skarsgard ED, Heran MK. Treatment of recurrent or persistent spontaneous pneumothorax in children with synthetic glue pleurodesis. Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case Reports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.epsc.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Sarsour M, Amadio J, Anderson E, Barrón-Palos L, Crawford B, Crawford C, Esposito D, Fox W, Francis I, Fry J, Gardiner H, Haddock C, Holly A, Hoogerheide S, Korsak K, Lieers J, Magers S, Maldonado-Velázquez M, Mayorov D, Mumm H, Nico J, Okudaira T, Paudel C, Santra S, Shimizu H, Snow W, Sprow A, Steen K, Swanson H, Tôvesson F, Vanderwerp J, Yergeau P. Neutron spin rotation measurements. EPJ Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201921906002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neutron spin rotation (NSR) collaboration used parity-violating spin rotation of transversely polarized neutrons transmitted through a 0.5 m liquid helium target to constrain weak coupling constants between nucleons. While consistent with theoretical expectation, the upper limit set by this measurement on the rotation angle is limited by statistical uncertainties. The NSR collaboration is preparing a new measurement to improve this statistically-limited result by about an order of magnitude. In addition to using the new high-flux NG-C beam at the NIST Center for Neutron Research, the apparatus was upgraded to take advantage of the larger-area and more divergent NG-C beam. Significant improvements are also being made to the cryogenic design. Details of these improvements and readiness of the upgraded apparatus are presented. We also comment on how recent theoretical work combining effective field theory techniques with the 1/Nc expansion of QCD along with previous NN weak measurements can be used to make a prediction for dϕ/dz in 4He.
An experiment using the same apparatus with a room-temperature target was carried out at LANSCE to place limits on parity-conserving rotations from possible fifth-force interactions to complement previous studies. We sought this interaction using a slow neutron polarimeter that passed transversely polarized slow neutrons by unpolarized slabs of material arranged so that this interaction would tilt the plane of polarization and develop a component along the neutron momentum. The results of this measurement and its impact on the neutron-matter coupling gA2 from such an interaction are presented. The NSR collaboration is also preparing a new measurement that uses an upgraded version of the room-temperature target to be run on the NG-C beamline; and it is expected to constrain gA2 by at least two additional orders of magnitude for λc between 1 cm and 1 μm.
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Haddock C, Al Maawali AG, Ting J, Bedford J, Afshar K, Skarsgard ED. Impact of Multidisciplinary Standardization of Care for Gastroschisis: Treatment, Outcomes, and Cost. J Pediatr Surg 2018; 53:892-897. [PMID: 29499843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Elimination of unnecessary practice variation through standardization creates opportunities for improved outcomes and cost-effectiveness. A quality improvement (QI) initiative at our institution used evidence and consensus to standardize management of gastroschisis (GS) from birth to discharge. METHODS An interdisciplinary team utilized best practice evidence and expert opinion to standardize GS care. Following stakeholder engagement and education, care standardization was implemented in September 2014. A comparative cohort study was conducted on consecutive patients treated before (n=33) and after (n=24) standardization. Demographic, treatment, and outcome measures were collected from a prospective GS registry. Direct costs were estimated, and protocol compliance was audited. RESULTS BW, GA, and bowel injury severity were comparable between groups. Key practice changes were: closure technique (pre-88% primary fascial, post-83% umbilical cord flap; p<0.001), closure location (pre-97% OR, post-67% NICU; p<0.001), and GA avoidance (pre-0%, post-48%; p<0.001). Median post-closure ventilation days were shorter (pre-4, post-1; p<0.001), and SSI rates trended lower (pre-21%, post-8%; p=0.3) in the post-implementation group with no differences in TPN days or LOS. No significant difference was seen in average per-patient costs: pre-$85,725 ($29,974-221,061), post-$76,329 ($14,205-176,856). CONCLUSION Care standardization for GS enables practice transformation, cost-effective outcome improvement, and supports an organizational culture dedicated to continuous improvement. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace Haddock
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia. Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Al Ghalgya Al Maawali
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia. Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joseph Ting
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julie Bedford
- Department of Quality and Safety, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kourosh Afshar
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Surgery, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erik D Skarsgard
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia. Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Abstract
Gastroschisis is the commonest developmental defect of the anterior abdominal wall in both developed and developing countries. The past 30 years have seen transformational improvements in outcome due to advances in neonatal intensive care and enhanced integration between the disciplines of maternal fetal medicine, neonatology and pediatric surgery. A review of gastroschisis, which emphasizes its epidemiology, multidisciplinary care strategies and contemporary outcomes is timely. Areas covered: This review discusses the current state of knowledge related to prevalence and causation, and postulated embryopathologic mechanisms contributing to the development of gastroschisis. Using relevant, current literature with an emphasis on high level evidence where it exists, we review modern techniques of prenatal diagnosis, pre and postnatal risk stratification, preferred timing and method of delivery, options for abdominal wall closure, nutritional management, and short and long term clinical and neurodevelopmental follow-up. Expert commentary: This section explores controversies in contemporary management which contribute to practice and cost variation and discusses the benefits of novel nutritional therapies and care standardization that target unnecessary practice variation and improve overall cost-effectiveness of gastroschisis care. The commentary concludes with a review of fertile areas of gastroschisis research, which represent opportunities for knowledge synthesis and further outcome improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace Haddock
- a Department of Surgery , British Columbia Children's Hospital , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Erik D Skarsgard
- a Department of Surgery , British Columbia Children's Hospital , Vancouver , Canada
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Snow WM, Anderson E, Barrón-Palos L, Bass CD, Bass TD, Crawford BE, Crawford C, Dawkins JM, Esposito D, Fry J, Gardiner H, Gan K, Haddock C, Heckel BR, Holley AT, Horton JC, Huffer C, Lieffers J, Luo D, Maldonado-Velázquez M, Markoff DM, Micherdzinska AM, Mumm HP, Nico JS, Sarsour M, Santra S, Sharapov EI, Swanson HE, Walbridge SB, Zhumabekova V. A slow neutron polarimeter for the measurement of parity-odd neutron rotary power. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:055101. [PMID: 26026552 DOI: 10.1063/1.4919412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present the design, description, calibration procedure, and an analysis of systematic effects for an apparatus designed to measure the rotation of the plane of polarization of a transversely polarized slow neutron beam as it passes through unpolarized matter. This device is the neutron optical equivalent of a crossed polarizer/analyzer pair familiar from light optics. This apparatus has been used to search for parity violation in the interaction of polarized slow neutrons in matter. Given the brightness of existing slow neutron sources, this apparatus is capable of measuring a neutron rotary power of dϕ/dz = 1 × 10(-7) rad/m.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Snow
- Indiana University and Center for the Exploration of Energy and Matter, 2401 Milo B. Sampson Lane, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, USA
| | - E Anderson
- Indiana University and Center for the Exploration of Energy and Matter, 2401 Milo B. Sampson Lane, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, USA
| | - L Barrón-Palos
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, D.F. 04510, México
| | - C D Bass
- LeMoyne College, 1419 Salt Springs Road, Syracuse, New York 13214, USA
| | - T D Bass
- Indiana University and Center for the Exploration of Energy and Matter, 2401 Milo B. Sampson Lane, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, USA
| | - B E Crawford
- Gettysburg College, 300 North Washington Street, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania 17325, USA
| | - C Crawford
- University of Kentucky, 177 Chem.-Phys. Building, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - J M Dawkins
- Indiana University and Center for the Exploration of Energy and Matter, 2401 Milo B. Sampson Lane, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, USA
| | - D Esposito
- University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, Ohio 45469, USA
| | - J Fry
- Indiana University and Center for the Exploration of Energy and Matter, 2401 Milo B. Sampson Lane, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, USA
| | - H Gardiner
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - K Gan
- The George Washington University, 2121 I Street N.W., Washington, District of Columbia 20052, USA
| | - C Haddock
- Indiana University and Center for the Exploration of Energy and Matter, 2401 Milo B. Sampson Lane, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, USA
| | - B R Heckel
- University of Washington/Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, Box 354290, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - A T Holley
- Tennessee Tech University, 1 William L. Jones Drive, Cookeville, Tennessee 38505, USA
| | - J C Horton
- Indiana University and Center for the Exploration of Energy and Matter, 2401 Milo B. Sampson Lane, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, USA
| | - C Huffer
- North Carolina State University, 2401 Stinson Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - J Lieffers
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, 600 South Clyde Morris Blvd., Daytona Beach, Florida 32114, USA
| | - D Luo
- Indiana University and Center for the Exploration of Energy and Matter, 2401 Milo B. Sampson Lane, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, USA
| | - M Maldonado-Velázquez
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, D.F. 04510, México
| | - D M Markoff
- North Carolina Central University/Triangle Universities Nuclear Lab, 1801 Fayetteville Street, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA
| | - A M Micherdzinska
- Indiana University and Center for the Exploration of Energy and Matter, 2401 Milo B. Sampson Lane, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, USA
| | - H P Mumm
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - J S Nico
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - M Sarsour
- Georgia State University, 29 Peachtree Center Avenue, Atlanta, Georgia 30303-4106, USA
| | - S Santra
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - E I Sharapov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, 141980 Dubna, Russia
| | - H E Swanson
- University of Washington/Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, Box 354290, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - S B Walbridge
- Indiana University and Center for the Exploration of Energy and Matter, 2401 Milo B. Sampson Lane, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, USA
| | - V Zhumabekova
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Ave. 71, 050038 Almaty, Kazakhstan
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Haddock C, Konkin DE, Blair NP. Management of the open abdomen with the Abdominal Reapproximation Anchor dynamic fascial closure system. Am J Surg 2013; 205:528-33; discussion 533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Michalak E, Livingston JD, Hole R, Suto M, Hale S, Haddock C. 'It's something that I manage but it is not who I am': reflections on internalized stigma in individuals with bipolar disorder. Chronic Illn 2011; 7:209-24. [PMID: 21357643 DOI: 10.1177/1742395310395959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex chronic condition associated with substantial costs, both at a personal and societal level. Growing research indicates that experiences with stigma may play a significant role in contributing to the distress, disability, and poor quality of life (QoL) often experienced in people with BD. Here, we present a sub-set of findings from a qualitative study of self-management strategies utilized by high functioning Canadian individuals with BD. Specifically, we describe a theme relating to participants' experiences and understandings of internalized stigma. Descriptive qualitative methods were used including purposeful sampling and thematic analysis. High functioning individuals with BD type I or II (N = 32) completed quantitative scales to assess symptoms, functioning and QoL, and participated in an individual interview or focus group to discuss the self-management strategies that they use to maintain or regain wellness. Thematic analysis identified several themes, including one relating to internalized stigma. Within this, four additional themes were identified: stigma expectations and experiences, sense of self/identity, judicious disclosure, and moving beyond internalised stigma. One of the more unique aspects of the study is that it involves a participant sample that is managing well with their illness, which differs from the norm in biomedical research that typically focuses on pathology, problems and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Michalak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Rao DD, Maples PB, Senzer N, Kumar P, Wang Z, Pappen BO, Yu Y, Haddock C, Jay C, Phadke AP, Chen S, Kuhn J, Dylewski D, Scott S, Monsma D, Webb C, Tong A, Shanahan D, Nemunaitis J. Enhanced target gene knockdown by a bifunctional shRNA: a novel approach of RNA interference. Cancer Gene Ther 2010; 17:780-91. [PMID: 20596090 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2010.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural cellular regulatory process that inhibits gene expression by transcriptional, post-transcriptional and translational mechanisms. Synthetic approaches that emulate this process (small interfering RNA (siRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA)) have been shown to be similarly effective in this regard. We developed a novel 'bifunctional' RNAi strategy, which further optimizes target gene knockdown outcome. A bifunctional construct (bi-sh-STMN1) was generated against Stathmin1, a critical tubulin modulator that is overexpressed in human cancers. The bifunctional construct is postulated to concurrently repress the translation of the target mRNA (cleavage-independent, mRNA sequestration and degradation) and degrade (through RNase H-like cleavage) post-transcriptional mRNA through cleavage-dependent activities. Bi-sh-STMN1 showed enhanced potency and durability in parallel comparisons with conventional shRNA and siRNAs targeting the same sequence. Enhanced STMN1 protein knockdown by bi-sh-STMN1 was accompanied by target site cleavage at the mRNA level showed by the rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends (RACE) assay. Bi-sh-STMN1 also showed knockdown kinetics at the mRNA level consistent with its multieffector silencing mechanisms. The bifunctional shRNA is a highly effective and advantageous approach mediating RNAi at concentrations significantly lower than conventional shRNA or siRNA. These results support further evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Rao
- Gradalis, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA
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Cory J, Bottum C, Haddock C. Evaluating print health education materials. Cancer Pract 1995; 3:54-6. [PMID: 7704062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of hearing impairment on the utilization of physician and hospital services in the U.S. adult population. Andersen's behavioral model of health services utilization served as the conceptual framework for the study, and data used for the analyses were taken from two years (1971, 1977) of the Health Interview Survey. Hearing impaired persons used significantly more physician services than hearing persons. Hearing impairment had no effect on the number of hospitals days used but had a significant, positive effect on hospital contact and hospital episodes. In addition, neither the type nor the severity of the impairment had a consistent effect on utilization. These findings were consistent for both years of study data. The study's findings, implications, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Kurz
- School of Public Health, St. Louis University Medical Center, MO 63104
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