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Shaw J, Rade CB, Fisher BW, Freund N, Tompsett CJ. Criminal Justice and Community Psychology: Our Values and Our Work-The Introduction to the Special Issue. Am J Community Psychol 2021; 67:3-6. [PMID: 33720435 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This special issue of The American Journal of Community Psychology originated from the Society for Community Research and Action Criminal Justice interest group, with a goal of exploring the work of community psychologists intersecting with criminal justice research, practice, and policy and shaped by our shared values-equity, collaboration, creative maladjustment, social justice, and social science in the service of social justice. In this introduction, we discuss the socio-historical context of the special issue, followed by an outline of the special issue organization, and brief summary of the included papers. Across 13 papers and an invited commentary, we see the ways in which community psychologists are: (1) delivering and evaluating services, programming, or other supports to address the needs of system-involved people; and (2) working to improve the systems, structures, and interactions with units of criminal justice systems. Across these two sections, authors highlight the guiding role of our values to influence change within and outside of criminal-legal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Shaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Candalyn B Rade
- School of Behavioral Science & Education, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin W Fisher
- Department of Criminal Justice, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Nicole Freund
- Center for Applied Research and Evaluation, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Carolyn J Tompsett
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
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Lowder EM, Rade CB, Ware D, Desmarais SL. Barriers and facilitators to the use of the SSI/SSDI Outreach, Access, and Recovery (SOAR) model with justice-involved adults. Psychiatr Rehabil J 2020; 43:244-252. [PMID: 31904247 DOI: 10.1037/prj0000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify barriers and facilitators to use of the SSI/SSDI Outreach, Access, and Recovery (SOAR) model with justice-involved adults. METHOD Using a modified snowball sampling strategy, we distributed an online mixed-methods survey to SOAR providers with known criminal justice collaborations. Participants were 58 providers who completed or supervised completion of SOAR applications for justice-involved adults and who represented unique agencies across 29 states. Content analysis identified conceptual categories in qualitative data. Descriptive statistics were produced for all study variables. RESULTS Although most agencies currently completed applications for justice-involved adults (n = 50, 86.2%), few reported collaborations with justice agencies (n = 19, 32.8%). Commonly cited barriers to successful applications included gaps in care for justice-involved populations and incomplete or unavailable medical records. Facilitators included strong leadership, agency communication and relationship building, and access to medical-especially psychiatric-staff. Most participants rated the SOAR model as successful in facilitating benefits access (n = 37 of 57, 64.9%). CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Despite obstacles to serving this high-risk population, practitioners have developed strategies to facilitate use of the SOAR model with justice-involved adults. These strategies offer promise for the implementation of SOAR in other criminal justice settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Lowder
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University
| | - Candalyn B Rade
- School of Behavioral Sciences & Education, Penn State Harrisburg
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mental health courts (MHCs) were developed to address the overrepresentation of adults with mental illnesses in the U.S. criminal justice system through diversion into community-based treatment. Research on MHCs has proliferated in recent years, and there is a need to synthesize contemporary literature on MHC effectiveness. The authors conducted a meta-analytic investigation of the effect on criminal recidivism of adult MHC participation compared with traditional criminal processing. METHODS Systematic search of three databases yielded 17 studies (N=16,129) published between 2004 and 2015. Study characteristics and potential moderators (that is, publication type, recidivism outcome, and length and timing of follow-up) were independently extracted by two of four raters for each study. Two raters coded each study for quality and extracted between-group effect sizes for measures of recidivism (that is, arrest, charge, conviction, and jail time; k=25). Results were synthesized by using random-effects meta-analysis. Heterogeneity and publication bias were also assessed. RESULTS Results showed a small effect of MHC participation on recidivism (d=-.20) relative to traditional criminal processing. MHCs were most effective with respect to jail time and charge outcomes compared with arrest and conviction, in studies measuring recidivism after MHC exit rather than at entry, and in lower-quality studies compared with moderate- and high-quality studies. Results showed significant heterogeneity in effect sizes across studies (I2=73.33) but little evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS Overall, a small effect of MHC participation on recidivism was noted, compared with traditional criminal processing. Findings suggest the need for research to identify additional sources of variability in the effectiveness of MHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Lowder
- The authors were with the Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, at the time of the study. Dr. Lowder is now with the School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Indianapolis. Dr. Rade is now with the Department of Psychology, School of Behavior Sciences and Education, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown
| | - Candalyn B Rade
- The authors were with the Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, at the time of the study. Dr. Lowder is now with the School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Indianapolis. Dr. Rade is now with the Department of Psychology, School of Behavior Sciences and Education, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown
| | - Sarah L Desmarais
- The authors were with the Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, at the time of the study. Dr. Lowder is now with the School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Indianapolis. Dr. Rade is now with the Department of Psychology, School of Behavior Sciences and Education, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown
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Van Dorn RA, Desmarais SL, Rade CB, Burris EN, Cuddeback GS, Johnson KL, Tueller SJ, Comfort ML, Mueser KT. Jail-to-community treatment continuum for adults with co-occurring substance use and mental disorders: study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017; 18:365. [PMID: 28778175 PMCID: PMC5545037 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-2088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults with co-occurring mental and substance use disorders (CODs) are overrepresented in jails. In-custody barriers to treatment, including a lack of evidence-based treatment options and the often short periods of incarceration, and limited communication between jails and community-based treatment agencies that can hinder immediate enrollment into community care once released have contributed to a cycle of limited treatment engagement, unaddressed criminogenic risks, and (re)arrest among this vulnerable and high-risk population. This paper describes a study that will develop research and communication protocols and adapt two evidence-based treatments, dual-diagnosis motivational interviewing (DDMI) and integrated group therapy (IGT), for delivery to adults with CODs across a jail-to-community treatment continuum. METHODS/DESIGN Adaptations to DDMI and IGT were guided by the Risk-Need-Responsivity model and the National Institute of Corrections' implementation competencies; the development of the implementation framework and communication protocols were guided by the Evidence-Based Interagency Implementation Model for community corrections and the Inter-organizational Relationship model, respectively. Implementation and evaluation of the protocols and adapted interventions will occur via an open trial and a pilot randomized trial. The clinical intervention consists of two in-jail DDMI sessions and 12 in-community IGT sessions. Twelve adults with CODs and four clinicians will participate in the open trial to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of, and fidelity to, the interventions and research and communication protocols. The pilot controlled trial will be conducted with 60 inmates who will be randomized to either DDMI-IGT or treatment as usual. A baseline assessment will be conducted in jail, and four community-based assessments will be conducted during a 6-month follow-up period. Implementation, clinical, public health, and treatment preference outcomes will be evaluated. DISCUSSION Findings have the potential to improve both jail- and community-based treatment services for adults with CODs as well as inform methods for conducting rigorous pilot implementation and evaluation research in correctional settings and as inmates re-enter the community. Findings will contribute to a growing area of work focused on interrupting the cycle of limited treatment engagement, unaddressed criminogenic risks, and (re)arrest among adults with CODs. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02214667 . Registered on 10 August 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Van Dorn
- Urban Health Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Sarah L Desmarais
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Candalyn B Rade
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Burris
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Gary S Cuddeback
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Kiersten L Johnson
- Urban Health Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Stephen J Tueller
- Risk Behavior and Family Research Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Megan L Comfort
- Urban Health Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Kim T Mueser
- Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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Lowder EM, Desmarais SL, Rade CB, Johnson KL, Van Dorn RA. Reliability and Validity of START and LSI-R Assessments in Mental Health Jail Diversion Clients. Assessment 2017; 26:1347-1361. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191117704505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Risk assessment instruments are increasingly used in mental health jail diversion programs. This study examined the reliability and validity of Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START) and Level of Service Inventory–Revised (LSI-R) assessments overall and by client race. Research assistants completed START and LSI-R assessments for 95 diversion clients. Arrests and jail days were collected via official records and self-report 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months after baseline. Assessments demonstrated good interrater reliability and convergent validity. START strength total scores and LSI-R risk estimates were the strongest predictors of recidivism. Total scores and risk estimates did not differ as a function of client race, but there were some differences in accuracy of START vulnerability and LSI-R total scores and risk estimates in predicting jail days (but not arrests), over shorter follow-ups. No such differences were found for START strength total scores across any follow-up period or recidivism measure.
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Desmarais SL, Gray JS, Rade CB, Cohn AM, Doherty S, Knight K. Medication-Assisted Treatment and Violent Outcomes in Community-Based Offenders with Alcohol and Drug Use Problems. Psychol Violence 2016; 6:378-389. [PMID: 27525168 PMCID: PMC4979558 DOI: 10.1037/vio0000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explored medication-assisted treatment (MAT), the combined use of medication and psychosocial treatment, as a strategy for reducing violent outcomes in community-based offenders. The primary aims were to: 1) examine associations between participant characteristics and treatment adherence; 2) examine associations between treatment adherence and substance use; 3) examine associations between treatment adherence and violent outcomes; and 4) determine whether associations between treatment adherence and violent outcomes may be attributable to reductions in substance use. METHOD Baseline interviews were completed with 129 male offenders in community-based treatment prior to their first MAT appointment. Follow-up interviews (n = 91) were conducted approximately 90 days later. RESULTS Participant age was associated with medication adherence. Medication nonadherence was associated with at least occasional alcohol use, but not drug use. Conversely, missing several counseling sessions was associated with at least occasional drug use, but not alcohol use. Results of multivariable analyses suggested MAT may be effective in reducing violent outcomes, and victimization specifically, through reductions in alcohol use. CONCLUSION Findings provide evidence supporting MAT as an intervention for victimization. Continued efforts are needed to explore strategies to promote treatment adherence and reduce violent outcomes in community-based offenders with alcohol and drug use problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie S Gray
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University
| | | | - Amy M Cohn
- Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, American Legacy Foundation
| | | | - Kevin Knight
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University
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Rade CB, Desmarais SL, Van Dorn RA, Lutnick A, Kral AH, Lorvick J. Mental health correlates of drug treatment among women who use methamphetamine. Am J Addict 2015; 24:646-53. [DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Candalyn B. Rade
- Department of Psychology; North Carolina State University; Raleigh 27695 North Carolina
| | - Sarah L. Desmarais
- Department of Psychology; North Carolina State University; Raleigh 27695 North Carolina
| | - Richard A. Van Dorn
- Behavioral Health Epidemiology Program; RTI International; Research Triangle Park 27709 North Carolina
| | - Alexandra Lutnick
- Urban Health Program; RTI International; San Francisco 94104 California
| | - Alex H. Kral
- Urban Health Program; RTI International; San Francisco 94104 California
| | - Jennifer Lorvick
- Urban Health Program; RTI International; San Francisco 94104 California
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