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Cao KT, Cobos-Uribe C, Knight N, Jonnalagadda R, Robinette C, Jaspers I, Rebuli ME. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces an intranasal mucosal response characterized by neutralizing antibodies. J Allergy Clin Immunol Glob 2023; 2:100129. [PMID: 37781659 PMCID: PMC10290737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacig.2023.100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccine-induced systemic antibody profiles are well characterized; however, little is known about whether intranasal mucosal antibodies are induced or can neutralize virus in response to mRNA vaccination. Objective We sought to evaluate intranasal mucosal antibody production with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Methods SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgA concentrations and neutralization activity from sera and nasal mucosa via nasal epithelial lining fluid (NELF) collection were measured in SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-vaccinated healthy volunteers (N = 29) by using multiplex immunoassays. Data were compared before and after vaccination, between mRNA vaccine brands, and by sex. Results SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induced an intranasal immune response characterized by neutralizing mucosal antibodies. IgG antibodies displayed greater Spike 1 (S1) binding specificity than did IgA in serum and nasal mucosa. Nasal antibodies displayed greater neutralization activity against the receptor-binding domain than serum. Spikevax (Moderna)-vaccinated individuals displayed greater SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgA antibody concentrations than did Comirnaty (BioNTech/Pfizer)-vaccinated individuals in their serum and nasal epithelial lining fluid. Sex-dependent differences in antibody response were not observed. Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces a robust systemic and intranasal antibody production with neutralizing capacity. Spikevax vaccinations elicit a greater antibody response than does Comirnaty vaccination systemically and intranasally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T. Cao
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Catalina Cobos-Uribe
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Noelle Knight
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Rithika Jonnalagadda
- UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Carole Robinette
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Meghan E. Rebuli
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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Hickman E, Smyth T, Cobos-Uribe C, Immormino R, Rebuli ME, Moran T, Alexis NE, Jaspers I. Expanded characterization of in vitro polarized M0, M1, and M2 human monocyte-derived macrophages: Bioenergetic and secreted mediator profiles. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279037. [PMID: 36862675 PMCID: PMC9980743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory macrophage subpopulations exhibit unique phenotypes depending on their location within the respiratory tract, posing a challenge to in vitro macrophage model systems. Soluble mediator secretion, surface marker expression, gene signatures, and phagocytosis are among the characteristics that are typically independently measured to phenotype these cells. Bioenergetics is emerging as a key central regulator of macrophage function and phenotype but is often not included in the characterization of human monocyte-derived macrophage (hMDM) models. The objective of this study was to expand the phenotype characterization of naïve hMDMs, and their M1 and M2 subsets by measuring cellular bioenergetic outcomes and including an expanded cytokine profile. Known markers of M0, M1 and M2 phenotypes were also measured and integrated into the phenotype characterization. Peripheral blood monocytes from healthy volunteers were differentiated into hMDM and polarized with either IFN-γ + LPS (M1) or IL-4 (M2). As expected, our M0, M1, and M2 hMDMs exhibited cell surface marker, phagocytosis, and gene expression profiles indicative of their different phenotypes. M2 hMDMs however were uniquely characterized and different from M1 hMDMs by being preferentially dependent on oxidativte phosphorylation for their ATP generation and by secreting a distinct cluster of soluble mediators (MCP4, MDC, and TARC). In contrast, M1 hMDMs secreted prototypic pro-inflammatory cytokines (MCP1, eotaxin, eotaxin-3, IL12p70, IL-1α, IL15, TNF-β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL12p40, IL-13, and IL-2), but demonstrated a relatively constitutively heightened bioenergetic state, and relied on glycolysis for ATP generation. These data are similar to the bioenergetic profiles we previously observed in vivo in sputum (M1) and BAL (M2)-derived macrophages in healthy volunteers, supporting the notion that polarized hMDMs can provide an acceptable in vitro model to study specific human respiratory macrophage subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Hickman
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Timothy Smyth
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Catalina Cobos-Uribe
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert Immormino
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Meghan E. Rebuli
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Timothy Moran
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Neil E. Alexis
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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