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Brosnan RJ, Watson G, Stuart W, Twentyman C, Kitic CM, Schmidt M. The Validity, Reliability, and Agreement of Global Positioning System Units-Can We Compare Research and Applied Data? J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3330-3338. [PMID: 34593728 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Brosnan, RJ, Watson, G, Stuart, W, Twentyman, C, Kitic, CM, and Schmidt, M. The validity, reliability, and agreement of GPS units-Can we compare research and applied data? J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3330-3338, 2022-This study's aim was to investigate the validity, within-brand interunit reliability, and between-brand agreement of movement indicators from 3 commonly used global positioning system (GPS) units used in applied and research settings. Forty-two units (GPSports EVO; 10 Hz, n = 13: GPSports HPU; 5 Hz, n = 14: and Catapult S5; 10 Hz, n = 15) were investigated across 3 experiments: a 40-m linear track with all units pushed on a trolley, a sport simulation circuit with all units pulled on a sled, and a similar circuit with 3 models of units placed in a modified GPS vest worn by an athlete between the scapulae. Distance, speed, and acceleration indices were obtained and analyzed with the level of significance set ( ρ < 0.05). The results demonstrated good to moderate (% mean difference; 0-6.5%) validity with criterion and good (coefficient of variation [CV] ± 90% confidence interval [CI]: 0-3.9%) interunit reliability for distance and speed in units. Ten hertz units demonstrated good to moderate (CV ± 90% CI: 0.21-5.58%) interunit reliability in all acceleration and deceleration measures, with 5 Hz units having good to poor (CV ± 90% CI: 4.54-12.78%) results. Agreement ranged from good to moderate (% mean difference; 0.01-7.8%) for distance, speed, and absolute acceleration/deceleration. Agreement ranged from good to poor (% mean difference; 2.21-32.74%) in average acceleration. The GPS units investigated can be compared within and between applied and research settings for distance and speed. However, caution is warranted in acceleration indices. This highlights the importance of testing other commonly used GPS models and brands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J Brosnan
- Sports and Performance Optimisation Research Team, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Greig Watson
- Sports and Performance Optimisation Research Team, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Will Stuart
- Australian Rugby Football Union, New South Wales; and
| | | | - Cecilia M Kitic
- Sports and Performance Optimisation Research Team, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Matthew Schmidt
- Sports and Performance Optimisation Research Team, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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Philp CP, Pitchford NW, Visentin DC, Kitic CM, Fell JW, Buchheit M, Minson CT, Gregory JR, Watson G. Can ten days of heat acclimation training improve temperate-condition rowing performance in national-level rowers? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273909. [PMID: 36048867 PMCID: PMC9436058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether heat acclimation (HA) could improve rowing performance in temperate conditions in national-level rowers. Using a parallel-group design, eleven rowers (3 female, 8 male, age: 21±3 years, height: 182.3±6.8cm, mass: 79.2±9.0kg, V˙O2peak: 61.4±5.1ml·kg·min-1) completed either a HA intervention (HEAT, n = 5) or acted as controls (CON, n = 6). The intervention replaced usual cross-training sessions and consisted of an hour of submaximal cycling or rowing ergometry in either 34±0°C for HEAT or 14±1°C for CON daily over two five-day blocks (10 sessions total), separated by 72h. Participants performed the ‘10+4’ test that consists of 10-min submaximal rowing and a 4-min time-trial (TT) in temperate conditions (20±0°C) before and after the intervention. Heat acclimation following the 10-session intervention was evidenced by large significant (p<0.05) decreases in maximum tympanic temperature (d = -1.68) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (d = -2.26), and a large significant increase in sweat loss (d = 0.91). Large non-significant (p>0.05) decreases were seen in average tympanic temperature (d = -3.08) and average heart rate (d = -1.53) in HEAT from session 2 to session 10 of the intervention. Furthermore, a large significant increase was seen in plasma volume (d = 3.74), with large significant decreases in haemoglobin concentration (d = -1.78) and hematocrit (d = -12.9). Following the intervention, large non-significant increases in respiratory exchange ratio (d = 0.87) and blood lactate (d = 1.40) as well as a large non-significant decrease in RPE (d = -1.23) were seen in HEAT during the 10-min submaximal rowing. A large significant decrease in peak heart rate (d = -2.27), as well as a large non-significant decrease in relative V˙O2peak (d = -0.90) and large non-significant increases in respiratory exchange ratio (d = 1.18), blood lactate concentration (d = 1.25) and power output (d = 0.96) were seen in HEAT during the 4-min TT. This study suggests that a 10-session HA intervention may elicit HA in national-level rowers, with potential to improve 4-min TT performance in temperate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin P. Philp
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Nathan W. Pitchford
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Denis C. Visentin
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Cecilia M. Kitic
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James W. Fell
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Martin Buchheit
- French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- HIIT Science, Revelstoke, BC, Canada
- Kitman Labs, Performance Research Intelligence Initiative, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christopher T. Minson
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - John R. Gregory
- Sports Performance Unit, Tasmanian Institute of Sport, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Greig Watson
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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Philp CP, Pitchford NW, Fell JW, Kitic CM, Buchheit M, Petersen AC, Minson CT, Visentin DC, Watson G. Hot water immersion; potential to improve intermittent running performance and perception of in-game running ability in semi-professional Australian Rules Footballers? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263752. [PMID: 35171968 PMCID: PMC8849500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether hot water immersion (HWI) could heat acclimate athletes and improve intermittent running performance and perception of in-game running ability, during a competitive Australian Rules Football (ARF) season. Fifteen male semi-professional ARF athletes (Mean (SD); age: 22 (3) years, height: 182.3 (6.5) cm, mass: 80.5 (5.1) kg) completed either HWI (HEAT, N = 8, 13 (2) sessions, 322 (69) min exposure, 39.5 (0.3) °C) or acted as a control (CON, N = 7, no water immersion) over 6-weeks. Athletes completed a 30–15 Intermittent Fitness Test pre and post-intervention to assess intermittent running performance (VIFT), with perception of in-game running ability measured. Heat acclimation was determined via change in resting plasma volume, as well as physiological and perceptual responses during HWI. HEAT elicited large PV expansion (mean ± 90% CI: d = 1.03 ± 0.73), large decreases in heart rate (d = -0.89 ± 0.70), thermal sensation (d = -2.30 ± 1.15) and tympanic temperature (d = -1.18 ± 0.77). Large improvements in VIFT were seen in HEAT (d = 1.67 ± 0.93), with HEAT showing a greater improvement in VIFT when compared to CON (d = 0.81 ± 0.88). HEAT also showed greater belief that in-game running ability improved post-intervention (d = 2.15 ± 1.09) compared to CON. A 6-week HWI intervention can elicit heat acclimation, improve perception of in-game running ability, and potentially improve VIFT in semi-professional ARF athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin P. Philp
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
- Western Bulldogs Football Club, Footscray, Victoria
- * E-mail:
| | - Nathan W. Pitchford
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - James W. Fell
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Cecilia M. Kitic
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin Buchheit
- French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- HIITScience, Revelstoke, British Columbia, Canada
- Kitman Labs, Performance Research Intelligence Initiative, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aaron C. Petersen
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher T. Minson
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Denis C. Visentin
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Greig Watson
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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Edwards KH, Ahuja KD, Watson G, Dowling C, Musgrave H, Reyes J, Cherry J, Kitic CM. The influence of exercise intensity and exercise mode on gastrointestinal damage. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:1105-1110. [PMID: 33725465 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Strenuous exercise increases gastrointestinal damage, but the dose-response relationship is yet to be elucidated. It is also commonly believed that running causes greater gastrointestinal damage than cycling. Two randomised, crossover studies aimed to 1) quantify gastrointestinal damage with increasing exercise intensity, and 2) determine if running was associated with greater gastrointestinal damage than cycling. Following a maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) test, participants completed 3 cycling trials at different intensities (60 min at 40%, 60% and 80% V̇O2max; n = 10 (5 female, 5 male)) (INTENSITY), or 1 running and 1 cycling trial (45 min at 70% V̇O2max; n = 11 (3 female, 8 male)) (MODE). Venous blood samples were collected pre- and post-exercise to measure gastrointestinal damage via intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP). In INTENSITY, I-FABP magnitude of change was greater at 80% V̇O2max than 40% V̇O2max (p < 0.01). In MODE, I-FABP magnitude of change was greater with cycling (mean (SD)) (84.7 (133.2)% d = 1.07) compared with running (19.3 (33.1)%, d = 0.65) with a moderate effect (d = 0.68, p = 0.024). Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR) were higher during cycling (RPE p < 0.0001; HR p < 0.0001) but rectal temperature was not different between modes (p = 0.94). While gastrointestinal damage increases with increasing exercise intensity, running was not associated with greater gastrointestinal damage than cycling. Novelty: A fraction of the anaerobic threshold, rather than a fraction of V̇O2max, may be more predictive of intensity that results in exercise induced gastrointestinal damage. The mode of exercise may not be as important as intensity for inducing gastrointestinal damage. Improving anaerobic threshold may reduce susceptibility to gastrointestinal damage when exercising at high intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate H Edwards
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Kiran D Ahuja
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Greig Watson
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Courtney Dowling
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Harrison Musgrave
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Jessica Reyes
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - James Cherry
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Cecilia M Kitic
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
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5
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Zadow EK, Edwards KH, Kitic CM, Fell JW, Adams MJ, Singh I, Kundur A, Johnston ANB, Crilly J, Bulmer AC, Halson SL, Wu SSX. Compression Socks Reduce Running-Induced Intestinal Damage. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2461-2464. [PMID: 33065702 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Zadow, EK, Edwards, KH, Kitic, CM, Fell, JW, Adams, MJ, Singh, I, Kundur, A, Johnstone, ANB, Crilly, J, Bulmer, AC, Halson, SL, and, and Wu, SSX. Compression socks reduce running-induced intestinal damage. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Exercise is associated with a reduction in splanchnic blood flow that leads to the disruption of intestinal epithelium integrity, contributing to exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome. Strategies that promote intestinal blood flow during exercise may reduce intestinal damage, which may be advantageous for subsequent recovery and performance. This study aimed to explore if exercise-associated intestinal damage was influenced by wearing compression garments, which may improve central blood flow. Subjects were randomly allocated to wear compression socks (n = 23) or no compression socks (control, n = 23) during a marathon race. Blood samples were collected 24 hours before and immediately after marathon and analyzed for intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) concentration as a marker of intestinal damage. The magnitude of increase in postmarathon plasma I-FABP concentration was significantly greater in control group (107%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 72-428%) when compared with runners wearing compression socks (38%; 95% CI, 20-120%; p = 0.046; d = 0.59). Wearing compression socks during a marathon run reduced exercise-associated intestinal damage. Compression socks may prove an effective strategy to minimize the intestinal damage component of exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Zadow
- Holsworth Research Initiative, College Science Health and Engineering, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Kate H Edwards
- School of Health Sciences, Sports Performance Optimization Research Team, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Cecilia M Kitic
- School of Health Sciences, Sports Performance Optimization Research Team, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - James W Fell
- School of Health Sciences, Sports Performance Optimization Research Team, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Murray J Adams
- School of Health Sciences, Sports Performance Optimization Research Team, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Indu Singh
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Avinash Kundur
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Amy N B Johnston
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Julia Crilly
- School of Nursing and Midwifery and Menzies Health Institute, Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Andrew C Bulmer
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Shona L Halson
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, Australia.,School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, McAuley at Banyo, Australia
| | - Sam S X Wu
- School of Health Sciences, Sports Performance Optimization Research Team, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract
Ultra-endurance athletes accumulate an energy deficit throughout their events and those competing in self-sufficient multi-stage races are particularly vulnerable due to load carriage considerations. Whilst urinary ketones have previously been noted in ultra-endurance exercise and attributed to insufficient carbohydrate (CHO) availability, not all studies have reported concomitant CHO intake. Our aim was to determine changes in blood glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations over five days (240 km) of a self-sufficient multi-stage ultramarathon in combination with quantification of energy and macronutrient intakes, estimated energy expenditure and evaluation of energy balance. Thirteen runners (8 male, 5 female, mean age 40 ± 8 years) participated in the study. Glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate were measured every day immediately post-running, and food diaries completed daily. CHO intakes of 301 ± 106 g·day-1 (4.3 ± 1.8 g·kg-1·day-1) were not sufficient to avoid ketosis (5-day mean β-hydroxybutyrate: 1.1 ± 0.6 mmol.L-1). Furthermore, ketosis was not attenuated even when CHO intake was high (9 g·kg-1·day-1). This suggests that competing in a state of ketosis may be inevitable during multi-stage events where load reduction is prioritised over energy provisions. Attenuating negative impacts associated with such a metabolic shift in athletes unaccustomed to CHO and energy restriction requires further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate H Edwards
- Translational Physiology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Bradley T Elliott
- Translational Physiology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Cecilia M Kitic
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
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Kitic CM, Selig S, Davison K, Best TLB, Parmenter B, Pumpa K, Furzer B, Rice V, Hardcastle S, Cheney M, Palmer AJ, Fraser S, Williams AD. Study protocol for a multicentre, controlled non-randomised trial: benefits of exercise physiology services for type 2 diabetes (BEST). BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027610. [PMID: 31439600 PMCID: PMC6707671 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Controlled trials support the efficacy of exercise as a treatment modality for chronic conditions, yet effectiveness of real-world Exercise Physiology services is yet to be determined. This study will investigate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of services provided by Accredited Exercise Physiologists (AEPs) for clients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in clinical practice. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A non-randomised, opportunistic control, longitudinal design trial will be conducted at ten Exercise Physiology Clinics. Participants will be individuals with T2D attending one of the Exercise Physiology Clinics for routine AEP services (exercise prescription and counselling) (intervention) or individuals with T2D not receiving AEP services (usual care) (control). The experimental period will be 6 months with measurements performed at baseline and at 6 months. Primary outcome measures will be glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), resting brachial blood pressure (BP), body mass index, waist circumference, 6 min walk test, grip strength, 30 s sit to stand, Medical Outcomes Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey and Active Australia Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes will be medication usage, out-of-pocket expenses, incidental, billable and non-billable health professional encounters and work missed through ill health. Healthcare utilisation will be measured for 12 months prior to, during and 12 months after trial participation using linked data from Medicare Benefits Schedule and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme data. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study is a multicentre trial comprising: University of Tasmania, University of New South Wales Lifestyle Clinic, University of Canberra, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (covered under the ethics approval of University of Tasmania Health and Medical Ethics Committee H0015266), Deakin University (Approval number: 2016-187), Australian Catholic University (2016-304R), Queensland University of Technology (1600000049), University of South Australia (0000035306), University of Western Australia (RA/4/1/8282) and Canberra Hospital (ETH.8.17.170). The findings of this clinical trial will be communicated via peer-reviewed journal articles, conference presentations, social media and broadcast media. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12616000264482.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia M Kitic
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Steve Selig
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kade Davison
- School of Health Sciences, Univesity of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tania L B Best
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Belinda Parmenter
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kate Pumpa
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Bonnie Furzer
- School of Health Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Vanessa Rice
- Faculty of Health Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sibella Hardcastle
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michael Cheney
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Andrew J Palmer
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Steve Fraser
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew D Williams
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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Fazackerley LA, Fell JW, Kitic CM. The effect of an ultra-endurance running race on heart rate variability. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2001-2009. [PMID: 31321510 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an ultra-marathon on heart rate variability (HRV) and psychometric indices in endurance runners. In addition, we aimed to determine the magnitude of change and subsequent recovery for 7 days following the race. METHODS Recreationally trained runners (n = 13 (8M); age = 36.6 ± 7.6 years; height = 174 ± 9 cm; weight = 70.5 ± 9.3 kg) completed measures of HRV upon waking in the morning for 1 week prior to and 1 week following a 64-km running race. Profile of mood states, wellbeing, and muscular soreness were also measured throughout the study period to further contextualise recovery. RESULTS An increase in heart rate accompanied by decreased LnSDNN, LnRMSSD, LnLF, LnHF, and LnLF/HF from baseline were observed 1 day post-race (p < 0.05). Indices of HRV had returned to baseline on day 2 of recovery. Perceptual fatigue and muscle soreness increased post-race (immediately following and on day 1 of recovery) (p < 0.05) and took until day 5 of recovery to return to baseline. CONCLUSION The results indicate that cardiac autonomic control is significantly altered in response to a 64 km ultra-marathon. Specifically, parasympathetic activity is suppressed. The change in autonomic control was relatively short-lived, and parasympathetic-related indices had returned to baseline 2 days after the event. Subjective measures of fatigue and wellbeing suggest that athletes were not completely recovered until day 5 post-event, with muscular soreness remaining prominent during this period. A combination of physiological and psychological parameters is important to contextualise recovery in ultra-endurance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis A Fazackerley
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Science, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia.
| | - James W Fell
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Science, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Cecilia M Kitic
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Science, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
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9
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Martin AC, Heazlewood IT, Kitic CM, Lys I, Johnson L. Possible Hormone Predictors of Physical Performance in Adolescent Team Sport Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:417-425. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
While athletes are often considered the epitome of health due to their physique and lowered potential for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, they may also be at risk for the onset and development of venous thromboembolism (VTE). In an attempt to achieve and remain competitive, athletes are frequently exposed to numerous athlete-specific risk factors, which may predispose them to VTE through the disruption of factors associated with Virchow's triad (i.e., hypercoagulability, venous stasis, and vessel wall injury). Indeed, hypercoagulability within an athletic population has been well documented to occur due to a combination of multiple factors including exercise, dehydration, and polycythemia. Furthermore, venous stasis within an athletic population may occur as a direct result of prolonged periods of immobilization experienced when undertaking long-distance travels for training and competition, recovery from injury, and overdevelopment of musculature. While all components of Virchow's triad are disrupted, injury to the vessel wall has emerged as the most important factor contributing to thrombosis formation within an athletic population, due to its ability to influence multiple hemostatic mechanisms. Vessel wall injury within an athletic population is often related to repetitive microtrauma to the venous and arterial walls as a direct result of sport-dependent trauma, in addition to high metabolic rates and repetitive blood monitoring. Although disturbances to Virchow's triad may not be detrimental to most individuals, approximately 1 in 1,000 athletes will experience a potentially fatal post-exercise thrombotic incidence. When acquired factors are considered in conjunction with genetic predispositions to hypercoagulability present in some athletes, an overall increased risk for VTE is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kate Zadow
- School of Health Sciences, Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Murray John Adams
- School of Health Sciences, Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia.,School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
| | - Cecilia M Kitic
- School of Health Sciences, Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sam Shi Xuan Wu
- School of Health Sciences, Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia.,Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - James William Fell
- School of Health Sciences, Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
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11
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Sheahen BL, Fell JW, Zadow EK, Hartley TF, Kitic CM. Intestinal damage following short-duration exercise at the same relative intensity is similar in temperate and hot environments. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:1314-1320. [PMID: 29874478 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing temperature and exercise disrupt tight junctions of the gastrointestinal tract although the contribution of environmental temperature to intestinal damage when exercising is unknown. This study investigated the effect of 2 different environmental temperatures on intestinal damage when exercising at the same relative intensity. Twelve men (mean ± SD; body mass, 81.98 ± 7.95 kg; height, 182.6 ± 7.4 cm) completed randomised cycling trials (45 min, 70% maximal oxygen uptake) in 30 °C/40% relative humidity (RH) and 20 °C/40%RH. A subset of participants (n = 5) also completed a seated passive trial (30 °C/40%RH). Rectal temperature and thermal sensation (TSS) were recorded during each trial and venous blood samples collected at pre- and post-trial for the analysis of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) level as a marker of intestinal damage. Oxygen uptake was similar between 30 °C and 20 °C exercise trials, as intended (p = 0.94). I-FABP increased after exercise at 30 °C (pre-exercise: 585 ± 188 pg·mL-1; postexercise: 954 ± 411 pg·mL-1) and 20 °C (pre-exercise: 571 ± 175 pg·mL-1; postexercise: 852 ± 317 pg·mL-1) (p < 0.0001) but the magnitude of damage was similar between temperatures (p = 0.58). There was no significant increase in I-FABP concentration following passive heat exposure (p = 0.59). Rectal temperature increased during exercise trials (p < 0.001), but not the passive trial (p = 0.084). TSS increased more when exercising in 30 °C compared with 20 °C (p < 0.001). There was an increase in TSS during the passive heat trial (p = 0.03). Intestinal damage, as measured by I-FABP, following exercise in the heat was similar to when exercising in a cooler environment at the same relative intensity. Passive heat exposure did not increase I-FABP. It is suggested that when exercising in conditions of compensable heat stress, the increase in intestinal damage is predominantly attributable to the exercise component, rather than environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brodie L Sheahen
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania
| | - James W Fell
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania
| | - Emma K Zadow
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania
| | - Thomas F Hartley
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania
| | - Cecilia M Kitic
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania
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12
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Lis DM, Stellingwerff T, Kitic CM, Fell JW, Ahuja KDK. Low FODMAP: A Preliminary Strategy to Reduce Gastrointestinal Distress in Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:116-123. [PMID: 28891824 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastrointestinal (GI) distress in endurance athletes is prevalent and detrimental to performance. Adverse GI symptomatology can be analogous with irritable bowel syndrome, where fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyols (FODMAP) reduction has demonstrated efficacy. This study investigated the effects of low FODMAP (LFOD) diet on GI distress parameters in runners with a history of nonclinical exercise-associated GI symptoms. METHODS Eleven recreationally competitive runners (five men, six women; 5-km personal best 23:00 ± 4:02 min:s) participated in the study. Runners were allocated to a randomized 6-d LFOD or high FODMAP (HFOD) diet separated by a 1-d wash-out in a controlled, single-blinded cross-over study. In each period participants completed two strenuous running sessions consisting of 5 × 1000 m and a 7-km threshold run. GI symptoms (during-exercise and daily) and the Daily Analysis of Life Demand for Athletes questionnaires were completed. Area under the curve was calculated for daily GI symptoms across each dietary period and analysis was conducted using multilevel mixed-effects linear regression for comparison between the two diets. RESULTS A significantly smaller area under the curve for daily GI symptoms 6 d during the LFOD compared with HFOD (mean difference, -13.4; 95% confidence interval, -22 to -4.60; P = 0.003) was observed. The daily GI symptoms that were significantly lower during LFOD were flatulence (P < 0.001), urge to defecate (P = 0.04), loose stool (P = 0.03), and diarrhea (P = 0.004). No significant differences in during exercise symptoms or Daily Analysis of Life Demand for Athletes responses were observed between diets (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Preliminary findings suggest that short-term FODMAP reduction may be a beneficial intervention to minimize daily GI symptoms in runners with exercise-related GI distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Lis
- 1 Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, AUSTRALIA; and 2Canadian Sports Institute-Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, CANADA
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13
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Snipe RMJ, Khoo A, Kitic CM, Gibson PR, Costa RJS. The Impact of Mild Heat Stress During Prolonged Running On Gastrointestinal Integrity, Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Systemic Endotoxin and Cytokine Profiles. Int J Sports Med 2018; 39:255-263. [PMID: 29415294 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-122742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the effects of mild exertional heat stress on intestinal injury, permeability, gastrointestinal symptoms, and systemic endotoxin and cytokine responses. Ten endurance runners completed 2 h of running at 60% V̇O2max in warm (WARM: 30°C) and temperate (TEMP: 22°C) ambient conditions. Rectal temperature (Tre) and gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded every 10 min during exercise. Blood samples were collected pre- and post-exercise, and during recovery to determine plasma intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) and cortisol concentrations, and systemic endotoxin and inflammatory cytokine profiles. Urinary lactulose:L-rhamnose ratio (L/R) was used to measure small intestine permeability. Compared with TEMP, WARM significantly increased Tre from 50 min onwards (38.1±0.3°C vs. 38.4±0.5°C, respectively; p<0.01), gastrointestinal symptoms (p=0.017), post-exercise plasma cortisol (26% vs. 59%, respectively; p<0.001) and I-FABP (127% vs. 184%, respectively; p<0.001) concentrations. Circulatory anti-endotoxin antibodies increased post-exercise (p<0.001) on WARM (20%) and TEMP (28%). No differences were observed for plasma endotoxin concentration (6% vs. 5% increase, respectively) or small intestine permeability (L/R 0.026±0.010 and 0.025±0.015, respectively). Both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines increased post-exercise, with inflammatory response cytokines TNF-α (p=0.015) and IL-8 (p=0.044), and compensatory anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 (p=0.065), and IL-1ra higher on WARM than TEMP. Findings suggest that exposure to warm ambient conditions during prolonged submaximal running induces transient intestinal epithelial injury, increases gastrointestinal symptoms, and promotes greater perturbations to the systemic cytokine profile compared to running in temperate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon M J Snipe
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Australia
| | - Anthony Khoo
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Australia
| | - Cecilia M Kitic
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Peter R Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ricardo J S Costa
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Australia
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14
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Snipe RMJ, Khoo A, Kitic CM, Gibson PR, Costa RJS. The impact of exertional-heat stress on gastrointestinal integrity, gastrointestinal symptoms, systemic endotoxin and cytokine profile. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:389-400. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3781-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Snipe RM, Khoo A, Kitic CM, Gibson PR, Costa RJ. Carbohydrate and protein intake during exertional heat stress ameliorates intestinal epithelial injury and small intestine permeability. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:1283-1292. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Exertional heat stress (EHS) disturbs the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract leading to endotoxaemia and cytokinaemia, which have symptomatic and health implications. This study aimed to determine the effects of carbohydrate and protein intake during EHS on gastrointestinal integrity, symptoms, and systemic responses. Eleven (male, n = 6; female, n = 5) endurance runners completed 2 h of running at 60% maximal oxygen uptake in 35 °C ambient temperature on 3 occasions in randomised order, consuming water (WATER), 15 g glucose (GLUC), or energy-matched whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) before and every 20 min during EHS. Rectal temperature and gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded every 10 min during EHS. Blood was collected pre- and post-EHS, and during recovery to determine plasma concentrations of intestinal fatty-acid binding protein (I-FABP) as a marker of intestinal epithelial injury, cortisol, endotoxin, and inflammatory cytokines. Urinary lactulose/l-rhamnose ratio was used to measure small intestine permeability. Compared with WATER, GLUC, and WPH ameliorated EHS associated intestinal epithelial injury (I-FABP: 897 ± 478 pg·mL−1 vs. 123 ± 197 pg·mL−1 and 82 ± 156 pg·mL−1, respectively, p < 0.001) and small intestine permeability (lactulose/l-rhamnose ratio: 0.034 ± 0.014 vs. 0.017 ± 0.005 and 0.008 ± 0.002, respectively, p = 0.001). Endotoxaemia was observed post-EHS in all trials (10.2 pg·mL−1, p = 0.001). Post-EHS anti-endotoxin antibodies were higher (p < 0.01) and cortisol and interleukin-6 lower (p < 0.05) on GLUC than WATER only. Total and upper gastrointestinal symptoms were greater on WPH, compared with GLUC and WATER (p < 0.05), in response to EHS. In conclusion, carbohydrate and protein intake during EHS ameliorates intestinal injury and permeability. Carbohydrate also supports endotoxin clearance and reduces stress markers, while protein appears to increase gastrointestinal symptoms, suggesting that carbohydrate is a more appropriate option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon M.J. Snipe
- Monash University, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Anthony Khoo
- Monash University, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Cecilia M. Kitic
- University of Tasmania, Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, Locked Bag 1322, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Peter R. Gibson
- Monash University, Department of Gastroenterology - The Alfred Hospital, 55 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004 Victoria, Australia
| | - Ricardo J.S. Costa
- Monash University, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
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16
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Costa RJS, Snipe RMJ, Kitic CM, Gibson PR. Letter: low-FODMAP diet for exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome-Authors' reply. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 46:1023-1024. [PMID: 29052859 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R J S Costa
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - R M J Snipe
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - C M Kitic
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - P R Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Costa RJS, Snipe RMJ, Kitic CM, Gibson PR. Systematic review: exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome-implications for health and intestinal disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 46:246-265. [PMID: 28589631 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome" refers to disturbances of gastrointestinal integrity and function that are common features of strenuous exercise. AIM To systematically review the literature to establish the impact of acute exercise on markers of gastrointestinal integrity and function in healthy populations and those with chronic gastrointestinal conditions. METHODS Search literature using five databases (PubMed, EBSCO, Web of Science, SPORTSdiscus, and Ovid Medline) to review publications that focused on the impact of acute exercise on markers of gastrointestinal injury, permeability, endotoxaemia, motility and malabsorption in healthy populations and populations with gastrointestinal diseases/disorders. RESULTS As exercise intensity and duration increases, there is considerable evidence for increases in indices of intestinal injury, permeability and endotoxaemia, together with impairment of gastric emptying, slowing of small intestinal transit and malabsorption. The addition of heat stress and running mode appears to exacerbate these markers of gastrointestinal disturbance. Exercise stress of ≥2 hours at 60% VO2max appears to be the threshold whereby significant gastrointestinal perturbations manifest, irrespective of fitness status. Gastrointestinal symptoms, referable to upper- and lower-gastrointestinal tract, are common and a limiting factor in prolonged strenuous exercise. While there is evidence for health benefits of moderate exercise in patients with inflammatory bowel disease or functional gastrointestinal disorders, the safety of more strenuous exercise has not been established. CONCLUSIONS Strenuous exercise has a major reversible impact on gastrointestinal integrity and function of healthy populations. The safety and health implications of prolonged strenuous exercise in patients with chronic gastrointestinal diseases/disorders, while hypothetically worrying, has not been elucidated and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J S Costa
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - R M J Snipe
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - C M Kitic
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - P R Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology- The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Lee NA, Fell JW, Pitchford NW, Hall AH, Leveritt MD, Kitic CM. Combined Carbohydrate and Protein Ingestion During Australian Rules Football Matches and Training Sessions Does Not Reduce Fatigue or Accelerate Recovery Throughout a Weeklong Junior Tournament. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 32:344-355. [PMID: 28368955 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lee, NA, Fell, JW, Pitchford, NW, Hall, AH, Leveritt, MD, and Kitic, CM. Combined carbohydrate and protein ingestion during Australian rules football matches and training sessions does not reduce fatigue or accelerate recovery throughout a weeklong junior tournament. J Strength Cond Res 32(2): 344-355, 2018-Australian rules football (ARF) is a physically demanding sport that can induce high levels of fatigue. Fatigue may be intensified during periods where multiple matches are played with limited recovery time. Combined carbohydrate and protein (CHO + PRO) intake during physical activity may provide performance and recovery benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CHO + PRO ingestion during ARF matches and training sessions throughout a tournament would enhance performance or recovery in comparison with CHO-only ingestion. Australian rules football players (n = 21) competing in a 7-day national tournament participated in this randomized and double-blinded study. Beverages containing either CHO (n = 10) or CHO + PRO (n = 11) were provided during matches (day 1, day 4, and day 7) and training sessions (day 2 and day 3). Countermovement jumps (CMJs), ratings of muscle soreness, and autonomic function were assessed throughout the tournament. Gastrointestinal tract (GI) discomfort was measured after matches. Countermovement jump peak velocity increased in the CHO + PRO group (p = 0.01) but not in the CHO group. There were no differences in the other CMJ variables. In both groups, muscle soreness increased from days 0 and 1 to day 2 (p ≤ 0.05) but did not remain elevated. R-R intervals (time elapsed between successive peaks in QRS complexes) increased in both groups from day 1 to day 7 (mean difference = 59.85 ms, p < 0.01). Postmatch GI discomfort was not different (p > 0.05) between groups. When daily dietary protein is adequate (>1.8 g·kg·d), the ingestion of CHO + PRO during matches and training sessions throughout a tournament does not reduce muscle soreness nor have clear benefits for neuromuscular recovery or modulate autonomic function in junior ARF athletes, compared with that of CHO alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Lee
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Sports Performance Unit, Tasmanian Institute of Sport, Launceston, Australia
| | - James W Fell
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Nathan W Pitchford
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,AFL Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Andrew H Hall
- Apple to Zucchini Sports Nutrition, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael D Leveritt
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cecilia M Kitic
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
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Bermon S, Castell LM, Calder PC, Bishop NC, Blomstrand E, Mooren FC, Krüger K, Kavazis AN, Quindry JC, Senchina DS, Nieman DC, Gleeson M, Pyne DB, Kitic CM, Close GL, Larson-Meyer DE, Marcos A, Meydani SN, Wu D, Walsh NP, Nagatomi R. Consensus Statement Immunonutrition and Exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev 2017; 23:8-50. [PMID: 28224969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this consensus statement on immunonutrition and exercise, a panel of knowledgeable contributors from across the globe provides a consensus of updated science, including the background, the aspects for which a consensus actually exists, the controversies and, when possible, suggested directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Bermon
- Monaco Institute of Sports Medicine and Surgery, Monaco, and University Cote d'Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France
| | | | - Philip C Calder
- Human Development & Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Nicolette C Bishop
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leics, UK
| | - Eva Blomstrand
- Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank C Mooren
- Department of Sports Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Sports Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - John C Quindry
- Health and Human Performance, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - David S Senchina
- Kinesiology Program, Biology Department, Drake University, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - David C Nieman
- Appalachian State University, Human Performance Laboratory, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Gleeson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leics, UK
| | | | - Cecilia M Kitic
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - D Enette Larson-Meyer
- Nutrition & Exercise Laboratory, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Ascension Marcos
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Simin N Meydani
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, US
| | - Dayong Wu
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, US
| | - Neil P Walsh
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Ryochi Nagatomi
- Laboratory of Health & Sports Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Japan
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Pedersen SJ, Kitic CM, Bird ML, Mainsbridge CP, Cooley PD. Is self-reporting workplace activity worthwhile? Validity and reliability of occupational sitting and physical activity questionnaire in desk-based workers. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:836. [PMID: 27542603 PMCID: PMC4992189 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the advent of workplace health and wellbeing programs designed to address prolonged occupational sitting, tools to measure behaviour change within this environment should derive from empirical evidence. In this study we measured aspects of validity and reliability for the Occupational Sitting and Physical Activity Questionnaire that asks employees to recount the percentage of work time they spend in the seated, standing, and walking postures during a typical workday. Methods Three separate cohort samples (N = 236) were drawn from a population of government desk-based employees across several departmental agencies. These volunteers were part of a larger state-wide intervention study. Workplace sitting and physical activity behaviour was measured both subjectively against the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and objectively against ActivPal accelerometers before the intervention began. Criterion validity and concurrent validity for each of the three posture categories were assessed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients, and a bias comparison with 95 % limits of agreement. Test-retest reliability of the survey was reported with intraclass correlation coefficients. Results Criterion validity for this survey was strong for sitting and standing estimates, but weak for walking. Participants significantly overestimated the amount of walking they did at work. Concurrent validity was moderate for sitting and standing, but low for walking. Test-retest reliability of this survey proved to be questionable for our sample. Conclusions Based on our findings we must caution occupational health and safety professionals about the use of employee self-report data to estimate workplace physical activity. While the survey produced accurate measurements for time spent sitting at work it was more difficult for employees to estimate their workplace physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Pedersen
- Active Work Laboratory, Faculty of Education, University of Tasmania, Newnham Dr., Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia.
| | - Cecilia M Kitic
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Marie-Louise Bird
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Casey P Mainsbridge
- Active Work Laboratory, Faculty of Education, University of Tasmania, Newnham Dr., Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - P Dean Cooley
- Active Work Laboratory, Faculty of Education, University of Tasmania, Newnham Dr., Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
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Lis DM, Fell JW, Ahuja KD, Kitic CM, Stellingwerff T. Commercial Hype Versus Reality: Our Current Scientific Understanding of Gluten and Athletic Performance. Curr Sports Med Rep 2016; 15:262-8. [DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
We surveyed 910 athletes to assess behaviours towards self-selected food/ingredient avoidance to minimize gastrointestinal distress. Fifty-five percent eliminated at least 1 high fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) food/category, with up to 82.6% reporting symptom improvement. In athletes indicating that high FODMAP foods trigger gastrointestinal symptoms, lactose (86.5%) was most frequently eliminated, followed by galactooligosaccharides (23.9%), fructose (23.0%), fructans (6.2%), and polyols (5.4%). Athletes avoid predominantly lactose and to a lesser extent other high FODMAP foods to reduce gastrointestinal distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Lis
- a Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Kiran D K Ahuja
- a Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- a Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.,b Canadian Sports Institute - Pacific, Victoria, BC V9E 2C5, Canada
| | - Cecilia M Kitic
- a Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - James Fell
- a Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
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